CMPT771 Introduction 1 Introduction Jiangchuan Liu Spring 2015 CMPT 771 Internet Architecture and...

CMPT771 Introduction 1

Introduction

Jiangchuan LiuSpring 2015

CMPT 771 Internet Architecture and Protocols


CMPT 771 Internet Architecture and Protocols

Jiangchuan (JC) Liu Professor

School of Computing Science TASC9005

E-mail: [email protected]

Class Period and Venue: Mon/Wed/Fri 12:30-1:20pm AQ4150

Office Hours: 10:45-11:45am, Wed You can always send me email to ask questions or schedule

a meeting Course Web: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~jcliu/cmpt771


Q: What is Network?

Telephone network Dialup Local area network (e.g., home network) Internet Mobile phone …

Nodes -- Interconnected


Motivation: Communication

Need some common interface to communicate network protocol

A->B: Hi B->A: Hi A->B: What time is it ? B->A: 1:00pm

What if no protocol… Woi kx ioa nio ? #@!>? … …


An Example: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Scenario Email client: Outlook, TheBat, NetscapeMail … Email server: in Unix, Windows …

Messages from a client to a mail server HELO MAIL FROM: <email address> RCPT TO: <email address> DATA

<This is the text (mail body) end with a line with a single .>

QUIT Messages from a mail server to a client

status code– 1xx - Informative message– 2xx - Command ok– 3xx - Command ok so far, send the rest of it.– 4xx - Command was correct, but couldn't be performed for

some reason.– 5xx - Command unimplemented, or incorrect, or a serious

program error occurred. mail body

user mailbox

outgoing message queue

mailserver

useragent

useragent

useragent

mailserver

useragentuser

agent

mailserver

useragent

SMTP

SMTP

SMTP

POP3,IMAPSMTP


Why Internet ?

The most successful network Open Heterogeneous

• Interconnects different networks Simple network, complex end-terminals

• Computer based• End-to-end argument

How about other networks? Telephone Mobile phone Wireless LAN Cable TV

IP convergence…


Questions (not a test) Briefly explain the “end-to-end” argument.

What’s the key difference between the Internet and telephone networks ?

What’s the difference between congestion control and flow control ?

What’s the difference between interior gateway routing and border gateway routing ?

What’s the basic functionality of UDP ?

Why cloud ?


A Brief History of the Internet

1957 USSR launches Sputnik, US formed Advanced Research Projects

Agency (ARPA) as a response 1968

Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) was awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) for ARPANET


1969 ARPANET commissioned: 4 nodes, 50kbps

A Brief History of the Internet


Initial Expansion of the ARPANET

Dec. 1969 March 1971July 1970

Apr. 1972 Sep. 1972


Multiple Networks

1974: Initial design of TCP to connect multiple networks 1986: NSF builds NSFNET as backbone, links 6

supercomputer centers, 56 kbps; this allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities

1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts

WELCOME by Leonard Kleinrock …


Web and Commercialization of the Internet

1991: NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net; World Wide Web released

1992: 1 million hosts Today: backbones run at 10Gbps, 100s millions

computers in 150 countries an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the

Internet

Internet history and Timeline http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/


Growth of the Internet in Terms of Number of Hosts (early time)

Number of Hosts on the Internet:

Aug. 1981 213Oct. 1984 1,024Dec. 1987 28,174 Oct. 1990 313,000 Jul. 1993 1,776,000Jul. 1996 19,540,000Jul. 2000 93,047,000Jul. 2002 162,128,493

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

19811984198719901993199619992002


Growth of Internet Hosts *Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

Time Period

No

. of

Ho

sts

The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which timethere were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.

Chart by William F. Slater, III

Sept. 1, 2002

Dot-Com Bust Begins

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA


Growth of Internet Hosts *Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

Time Period

No

. of

Ho

sts


Backbone:National ISP

Local/RegionalISP

Local/RegionalISP

Internet Physical Infrastructure

Residential Access

Modem DSL Cable modem

Access to ISP, Backbone transmission T1/T3, OC-3, OC-12 ATM, SONET, WDM

Internet Service Providers Local/Regional/

National They exchange

packets at Point of Presence (POP)

Campus network access

Ethernet FDDI Wireless


Local Access: ADSL

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Telephone company’s solution to “last mile problem”


Local Access: Cable Modems

Fiber node: 500 - 1K homes Distribution hub: 20K - 40 K homes Regional headend: 200 K - 400 K homes


AT&T

Telus


ATT Global Backbone IP Network

From http://www.business.att.com


Web and Commercialization of the Internet

http://research.lumeta.com/ches/map/


Internet Pioneers

Vannevar Bush(APARNet)

Claude Shannon(Information theory)

Paul Baran(Packet switching)

Leonard Kleinrock(Pakcet switching)

Ted Nelson(Hypertext)

Lawrence Roberts(APARNet)

Vinton Cerf(TCP/IP)

Robert Kahn(TCP/IP)

Tim Berners-Lee(WWW)

Mark Andreesen(Mosaic/Netscape)

Microsoft, Google, BitTorrent, YouTube …


Killer applications - Email


Killer applications - FTP


Killer applications – WWW 1990-


Killer applications- what’s next ?


Killer applications – P2P 2000-



Web2.0/Media streaming (Internet TV) YouTube, Pandora, Netflix, Hulu

E-commerce Ebay, Amazon, Craigslist, Groupon

Online game PS3, XBOX 360, Wii App

…

Social networking (2004-) Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp…



Cloud computing/Data center (2006-) Microsoft, Google, Amazon …

Total cost of building a large data center: $100 to $200 million Total cost of powering data center servers: about 0.6% of total electrical use within US

• 1.2% with additional costs of cooling and other usage • 14% annual growth in electrical use

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) report: • power consumption is on track to double by 2011 to more than 100 billion kWh, for a total energy bill of $7.4 billion

annually.



Green Internet Smart power grid



Mobile Internet iPhone/Android/Windows 8 End of PC ?

Pervasive/ubiquitous Anywhere, any time, any person, any device

1G/2G/3G/4G/5G …


Killer applications- what’s next ? Wireless sensor networking


Killer applications- what’s next ? Machine to Human Machine to Machine (M2M)


Killer applications- what’s next ? Cyber Physical System (CPS)/Internet of Things (物联网 )



Crowdsourcing



Twitch TV (2011 -)• start from Justin.tv• thousands of live channels, particularly live gaming, from users of PCs, PS3/Xbox

… • 44+ million visitors per month, and• 4th largest source of US Internet traffic

Twitch Plays Pokémon (Feb 2014)• a crowdsourced attempt to play Pokémon Red • system translating chat commands into game controls• 6.5+ million total views (5 days)• 70K+ online viewers, 10%+ participating


Technologies/Applications change fast, but

The fundamental design philosophy of data communication networks, in particular, the Internet, has no significant

change, nor will change in the near future

- dramatic change in the application/user level - slow change in the network access level - little change in the network core level (except for bandwidth

increase)

- difficulty in change ? - should not change ? - are we studying old stuff ? No. It’s the state-of-the-art and the (at least, near)

future Then what’s the “real” old stuff ?


Internet Evolution

Architecture/Infrastructure Layers (ISO 7 layer, Internet 4 layer) : Cross layer State : stateless End-to-end : hop-by-hop Core : Edge Centralized : distributed Client/server : P2P -> Cloud Wired : wireless Static : mobile Throughput : energy …


Internet Evolution cont’d

Application Killer application

• Telnet, FTP, email, WWW, P2P, UGC Video, Social networking, Cloud …

Media Byte – Text – Hypertext Audio (VoIP) Video (Live, on-demand) 3D Video Social media (hyper media)

Application/media driven design (top-down approach)


Case study: Multimedia Networking

Key issue: Media Streaming: Media (audio/video) at source transmitted to client streaming: client playout

begins before all data has arrived


Streaming Multimedia: What’s it ?C

um

ula

tive

data

streaming: at this time, client playing out early part of video, while server still sending laterpart of video

time


MM Networking Applications

Fundamental characteristics:

Typically delay sensitive end-to-end delay delay jitter

But loss tolerant: infrequent losses cause minor glitches

Opposite to data, which are loss intolerant but delay tolerant.

Classes of MM applications:

1) Streaming stored audio and video (YouTube, GoogleVideo …)

2) Streaming live audio and video (IPTV, P2PTV)

3) Real-time interactive audio and video (Online game, distance learning)Jitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream


(1) Streaming Stored Multimedia

1. videorecorded

2. videosent

3. video received,played out at client

Cum

ula

tive

data

streaming: at this time, client playing out early part of video, while server still sending laterpart of video

networkdelay

time


(1) Streaming Stored Multimedia: Interactivity

VCR-like functionality: client can pause, rewind, FF, push slider bar 10 sec initial delay OK 1-2 sec until command effect OK RTSP often used (more later)

timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout


(2) Streaming Live Multimedia

Examples: Internet radio talk show Live sporting eventStreaming playback buffer playback can lag tens of seconds after

transmission still have timing constraintInteractivity fast forward impossible rewind, pause possible!


(3) Interactive, Real-Time Multimedia

end-end delay requirements: audio: < 150 msec good, < 400 msec OK

• includes application-level (packetization) and network delays• higher delays noticeable, impair interactivity

session initialization how does callee advertise its IP address, port number, encoding

algorithms?

applications: IP telephony, video conference, distributed interactive worlds


When media meet Internet …

Multimedia applications: network audio and video(“continuous media”)

network provides application with Quality-of-Service needed for application to function.

QoS


Internet: Vehicle for Media Distribution

Heterogeneous network Protocols, routing, links, network technologies, end-hosts,

bandwidth, delay, etc Best effort service

Available BW is unknown and variable Loss rate and loss pattern are unknown and variable

Resources are shared TCP/IP is the dominating protocol stack


Multimedia Over Today’s InternetTCP/UDP/IP: “best-effort service” no guarantees on delay, loss

But you said multimedia apps requiresthem to be effective!

?? ???

?

? ??

?

?


The Reality

Rapid growth of multimedia streaming Popularity of the Web and the Internet High-bandwidth access (Cable, DSL, LAN)

High overhead imposed on the Internet Long, high-bandwidth streams Unfriendly to traditional TCP traffic

Poor and inconsistent quality of streams Small picture size Low frame rate Fluctuation in quality


How should the Internet evolve to better support multimedia?

1. Laissez-faire no major changes more bandwidth when

needed

2. Integrated services philosophy:

Fundamental changes in Internet so that apps can reserve end-to-end bandwidth

3. Differentiated services philosophy:

Fewer changes to Internet infrastructure, yet provide 1st and 2nd class service.

What’s your opinion?


Alternatively…

Media adaptation Can media (audio/video) adapt to network ? How to do ?

Network monitoring Adaptive coding …

Where to do ? Source Enroute …


Architecture: Client-Server?

Limited scalability Single point of failure Limited & unstable quality Asynchronous access could be

inefficient Increasing network capacity doesn’t

solve these problems? Multicasting ?

Server

ClientClientClient

Internet


New Distribution Architectures

Extending client-server architecture Proxy Caching Content Distribution Networks (CDN)

Replacing client-server architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks


Proxy Caching for Streaming Media

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Server1Internet

Server2

Client

Client

Proxy

Proxy

ISP

Campus


CDN for Streaming Media

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Server1Internet

Server2

Client

Client

Server1

Server1

ISP

Campus


Peer-to-peer Streaming

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Server1Internet

Client

Client

ISP

Server2


Social Media ?


Cloud Media ?

PS4: November 15, 2013


What will be covered in this course ?

Transport layer issues UDP/TCP protocol TCP fairness/TCP modeling/TCP friendly rate control ITU/IETF media streaming protocols

• H.323 video conferencing • Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP)/RTCP/RTSP, SAP/SDP

Digital media background Digitization Transform coding and entropy coding Motion estimation and compensation Video/audio standards MPEG-1,2,4,7, H.261/263/264, JPEG, MP3

Network layer issues Current and next-generation Internet Best-effort model Integrated Service (IntServ) model: RSVP Differential Service (DiffServ) model Multicasting: routing and scalable video multicast


What will be covered in this course ?

Application layer issues Proxy caching Peer-to-peer networks

Wireless Basics Wireless basics TDMA/FDMA/CDMA From 1G to 4G wireless networks Media over wireless

Advanced topics Wireless mesh/sensor networking Data center/Cloud/Social networking

Research in the general networking area How to select a topic ? Important journals/conferences


Class Information

Class structure Lectures (midterm exam) Paper presentation and summary (survey) Project

Goals: To become familiar with fundamental and advanced

issues, design and evaluation methodologies of Internet architecture and protocols

To evaluate previous work and identify interesting open research problems in this area


Grading Scheme

Course participation 25%

Midterm 30%

Survey, presentation/Summary/Project 45%

Most important: what you have learnt in this course?


Grading Scheme

Course participation 25%

Midterm 30%

Survey, presentation/Summary/Project 45%

Plagiarism is absolutely unacceptable !

Violators will have FD score (failed for academic dishonesty) !

A simple rule: Every single sentence in your report/homework must be written by yourself !Check: www.sfu.ca/students/academicintegrity/resources/academichonestyguide.html

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