CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 1 CMPE 257 Spring 2006 Bluetooth Wireless and Mobile...
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1CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
CMPE 257
Spring 2006Bluetooth
Wireless and Mobile Networks
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2CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Announcements
• Access to QualNet.– Two options:
• Get a CD from the helpdesk (BE 240).– Contains license and necessary instructions.
• Or, remote access via ssh.
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3CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Today
• Bluetooth.
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4CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth
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5CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Overview
• Cable replacement technology.– Connect devices such as phone handsets,
headsets, computer peripherals, etc.
• Industry standard.– Allows wireless communication between
devices.
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6CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Applications: Cable Replacement
1 Mb/s.• Range ~10 meters.• PANs• Single chip radio.
– Low power & low cost.
Why not use Wireless LANs?- power- cost
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7CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Applications: Synchronization
• Automatic synchronization of calendars, address books, business cards.
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8CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Applications: Cordless Headset
• Multiple device access.
• Hands-free operation.
Cordlessheadset
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9CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
More applications…
• Conference table.• Cordless computer.• Instant photo transmission.• Cordless phone.
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10CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth Origins• Study by Ericsson Mobile Communications in
1994.– Alternatives to cables connecting mobile
phones to accessories.– Use of radio links instead of infrared.
• Why?– Transmission of data and voice.
• Result: Bluetooth spec.– Named after Harald Blatand (Danish for
Bluetooth).– 10th century Viking king who united Denmark
and Norway.
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11CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth SIG History
• Early 1998: Bluetooth SIG is formed.– Promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM,
Intel, Nokia, Toshiba.
– Goal: develop license-free technology for universal wireless connectivity.
– Target: handheld market.
– Bluetooth spec: defines RF wireless communication interface and protocols.
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12CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth SIG History
• May 1998: Public announcement of Bluetooth SIG.• July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) published.• December 1999: version 1.0B released.• December 1999: promoters increases to 9.
– 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola• February 2000: 1,800+ adopters.• February 2001: version 1.1 out.
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13CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
More History…
• Recently, IEEE 803.15.1 standard for Wireless PANs (WPANs)– Only MAC and PHY.
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14CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Goals• Open spec.• Low cost.
– In order to replace cables, should have similar cost.
– Cell phone cable is ~ $10.
• Power efficiency.• Lightweight and small form factor.• Easy to use.• Reliable and resilient to failures.
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15CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
The Bluetooth Standard
• Defines a protocol stack to enable heterogeneous devices to communicate.
• The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for the radio layer all the way up to device discovery, service discovery, etc.
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16CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
PHY
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session LayerPresentation Layer
Application
OSI/ISO
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17CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth Layers
• Radio: physically transmits/receives data.• Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY.• Link Manager: controls links to other devices.• Host Controller:e2e communication. • Logical Link Control:
multiplexes/demultiplexes data from higher layers.
• RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface.• SDP: allows service discovery among
Bluetooth devices.
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18CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
The Bluetooth PHY
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19CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Radio Band
• 2.4 GHz license-free ISM band.• Available worldwide.• Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band.
– Unlicensed, globally available.
– Centered around 2.4 GHz.
• Resilient to interference.• Frequency hopping.• Range: 10, 20, and 100m.• 1MB/s.
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20CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Unlicensed Radio Spectrum
902 Mhz
928 Mhz
26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz
2.4 Ghz
2.4835 Ghz5.725 Ghz
5.785 Ghz
cordless phonesbaby monitorsWireless LANs
802.11BluetoothMicrowave oven
unused
33cm 12cm 5cm
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21CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth Radio Link
• MA scheme: Frequency hopping spread spectrum.– 2.402 GHz + k MHz, k=0, …, 78– 1,600 hops per second.– 1 Mb/s data rate.
. . .
1Mhz
1 2 3 79
83.5 Mhz
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22CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
BT Radio Link (Cont’d)
• Time-division duplex (TDD)– Separation of Xmission and reception in time.– Units alternate transmits and receives.
• Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (G-FSK) modulation.– ‘1’s as positive frequency deviations from
carrier frequency; ‘0’s as negative deviations.
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23CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Multiple Access
• BT targets large number of independent communications active in the same area at the same time.
• Single FH channel: 1 Mb/s.• Each 1Mb/s channel shared by limited number of
participants.– In target user scenarios, it’s unlikely that all units in-
range will share data among all of them.– 1 MB/s is reasonable. (is it?)
• Theoretically, total bandwidth is 79 Mb/s.– In practice, < 79 Mb/s since codes are non-orthogonal.
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24CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Baseband
Carries out MACfunctions.
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Control end of baseband+link controller=Data link layer
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25CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Master and Slaves
• Communicating devices must agree on hopping sequence.
• BT devices can operate as masters or slaves.• Master node defines sequence to be used.• Slave units use master id to pick sequence.• Master also controls when devices are
allowed to transmit.– Master allocates slots to slaves.– Allocates total available bandwidth among
slaves.
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26CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Piconets
• BT communication takes place over piconets.• Piconet formation initiated by master.• All other participants are slaves.• Number of participants limited to 8 (1 master and 7
slaves).– Channel capacity and addressing overhead.– Each slave assigned a locally unique ID.
• Master/slave roles last for the duration of the piconet.
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27CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
More on Piconets
• On a piconet, slaves only have direct links to master.
• Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections.
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28CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Piconets: Considerations
• Most target applications involve local communication among small group of devices.
• Piconets with up to 8 nodes match well.• If many groups of devices active
simultaneously, each group as separate piconet.
• Overlapping piconets can coexist.
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29CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Contention-Free MA
• Master and slaves.• Master performs medium access control.
– Schedules traffic through polling.• Time slots alternate between master and slave
transmission.– Master-slave: master includes slave address.– Slave-master: only slave chosen by master in previous
master-slave slot allowed to transmit.– If master has data to send to a slave, slave polled
implicitly; otherwise, explicit poll.
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30CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
BT States
Standby
Inquiry Page
Transmit Connected
Park Hold Sniff
Unconnected
Connecting
Active
Low power
. Initially, all nodes in standby.. Node (master) can begininquiry to find nearbydevices.. Piconet is then formed.. Devices join by paging.
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31CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Inquiry
• Device discovery• Listeners respond with
their address.
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32CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
PagingMaster
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
• Device enters paging to invite others to join its piconet.
• Establishes links with nodes in proximity.• Paging message unicast to selected receiver.• Receiver sends ACK.• Sender becomes master, receiver slave.
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33CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Piconet New Node Admission
• Master can actively try to discover new nodes or wait (in scan/listen mode) to be discovered.
• Communication in the current piconet suspended.
• Admission latency versus piconet capacity tradeoff.
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34CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Bluetooth Link Formation
• Point-to-point link:– Master-slave relationship. m s
ss
m
s
• Piconet:– 8 units: channel capacity.– Master (establishes piconet) can connect to up to 7 slaves.– Master/slave relationship lasts while link/piconet lasts.– No slave-to-slave communication.
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35CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Link Types
• 2 types of links:– Synchronous (SCO) links:
• Point-to-point between master and slave.• Link established by reserving slots in either direction
periodically.• Used to carry real-time traffic (voice).
– Asynchronous (ACL) links:• Point-to-multipoint between master and slaves.• Use remaining slots on channel.• Traffic scheduled by master.
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36CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Error Control
• Supports both FEC and retransmission.• FEC for SCO packets.• ARQ for ACL traffic.
– If no ACKs, retransmit.
– Stop-and-wait ARQ.• Fast-ARQ: ACK included in RX slot
immediately following the TX slot in which packet was sent.
– CRC to check for errors.
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37CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Packet Format
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bitsAccess code
Header Payload
DataVoice CRCNo CRCNo retries
625 µs
master
slave
header
ARQFEC (optional)
FEC (optional)
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38CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Access Code
• Address of piconet master.
Access code
Header Payload
72 bits
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39CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Packet Header
• Addressing (3)• Packet type (4)• Flow control (1)• 1-bit ARQ (1)• Sequencing (1)• HEC (8)
Access code
Header Payload
54 bits
Purpose
Broadcast packets are not ACKed
For filtering retransmitted packets
18 bitstotal
ss
m
s
16 packet types (some unused)
Max 7 active slaves
Verify header integrity
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40CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Multiple Piconets
• Piconets may overlap in space and time.• They can work independently.
– Each with its own hopping sequence.
– Packets with different access codes.
• Or they can overlap, i.e., nodes can participate in more than 1 piconet.– “Time sharing”.
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41CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Scatternets
• Interconnection of multiple piconets.
Master
Slave
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42CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Scatternets (cont’d…)
• Interconnection by bridge nodes.– Bridge nodes are members of piconets they
interconnect.– Bridge node “stay” in a piconet for some time,
then switch to another piconet by changing hop sequence.
– Do this for all member piconets.– Send and receive in each piconet.– Forward from one piconet to another.
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43CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Link Controller and Link Manager
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Carries out inquiry and paging operations; manages multiple links and different piconets.
Attaching/detaching slaves frompiconet; power management; security.
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44CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Power Management
• Low-power modes: prolong battery life.– Devices can be turned-off when idle.
– Devices wake up periodically to send/receive data.
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45CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Low-Power Operation• 3 modes:
– Hold: node sleeps for specified interval.• Master can put slaves in hold while searching for new
members, attending another piconet, etc.• No ACL packets.
– Sniff: slave low-duty cycle mode.• Slave wakes up periodically to talk to master.• Fixed “sniff” intervals.
– Park: • Very low power state.• Used to admit more than 7 slaves in piconet.
– Slave gives up its active member address.– Receives “parked” member address.
• Wakes up periodically listening for broadcasts which can be used to “unpark” node.
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46CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Security
• Authentication and encryption.• LMP provides mechanisms for negotiation of
encryption modes, keys, etc.
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47CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Host Controller Interface
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Optional interface layerbetween higher and lower layers of the BT stack.
E.g., when lower- and higherBT layers run on different Devices: PCMCIA card and PC’s processor.
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48CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
L2CAP
Logical Link Control andAdaptation Protocol=
Session Layer.
L2CAP provides• Protocol multiplexing• Quality of service negotiationRF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
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49CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
RFCOMM/SDP
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller InterfaceService discovery, serial port interface.
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50CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
References:
• Bluetooth papers in reading list.• Johansson and Gerla’s Bluetooth Tutorial at
Mobicom 2001.• Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray
and Sturman.
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51CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
Features Cost20 dBm (~100 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
ApplicationsFile Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, …
169 $
---
200 $
0 dBm (~10 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, …169 $
---
CompanyToshiba,
Motorola,
Digianswer
IBM, TDK
3COM
10 m user-user;
100 m user-Base Station
Point-to-multipoint
SW- & FW-upgradeable
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection
149 $
Nokia
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point
Connectivity Battery
for the cell phone
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection
149 $
Ericsson,
Sigma
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point;
ARM processor;
USB; RFCOMM ports
Basic BT Radio stack
Embedded or Host stack
Programmable
500 $
1500$
Bluetooth on the market:Bluetooth on the market:PC cards, Cell phones, Head sets, Chip sets,…