cmd Vincent 2011-12 - Bibliothèque et Archives nationales ...

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ArcticNet Annual Research Compendium (2011-12)

Freshwater Resources

2.1 Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian Arctic (Freshwater Reources)

Project LeaderWarwick Vincent (Université Laval)

Project Team

Network InvestigatorsDerek Mueller (Carleton University); Yves Bégin, Isabelle Laurion (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Connie Lovejoy, Reinhard Pienitz (Université Laval); Luke Copland (University of Ottawa); Kathy Young (York University)

Collaborators and Research AssociatesAntoine Nicault (Centre d’études nordiques); Joël Guiot (Centre national de recherche scientifi que); Luc Perreault (Hydro-Québec); Pierre Fran-cus, Thibault Labarre, Joëlle Marion (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Christian Bégin, Martine M. Savard (Natural Resources Canada - Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)); Daniel Caya, René Roy (Ouranos); Scott Lamoureux (Queen's University); Jean-Jacques Boreux (University de Liège); Dominique Arseneault (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Michel Allard, Dermot Antoniades, Etienne Boucher, Pierre Galand, Anne-Dorothee Jungblut, Nicolas Rolland, Julie Veillette (Université Laval); Bernard Laval (Uni-versity of British Columbia); Derek Muir (University of Guelph); Antonio Quesada

Postdoctoral FellowsDavid Fortin, Paul-Georges Rossi (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); André Comeau, Marie Lionard (Université Laval)

PhD StudentsSandy Erni, Maud Naulier, Karita Negandhi, Toni Roiha (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Alex Mat-veev (Université du Québec à Montréal); Fabio Gennaretti (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Frédéric Bouchard, Sophie Crevecoeur, Biljana Narancic, Anna Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, Varin Thibault, David Velazquez, Shohei Watanabe (Université Laval); Andrew Hamilton (University of British Columbia); Nicole Schaffer, Laura Thomson, Wesley Van Wychen (University of Ottawa); Anna Abnizova (York University)

MSc StudentsAnna Crawford (Carleton University); Anne-Marie Wagner (Centre d’études nordiques); Cristian Alvarez, Nanie Ayotte, Yves Bouthillier, Ga-briel Rodrigue (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Julia Autin (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Noémie Bélanger (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières); Sébastien Bourget, Sophie Charvet, Tommy Harding (Université Laval); Tyler de Jong, Adrienne White (University of Ottawa); Jane Assini, Alison Croft, Elizabeth Miller (York University)

Undergraduate StudentsAnne Beaudoin (Centre d’études nordiques); Paschale Noël Bégin, Catherine Girard, Lennie Boutet (Institut national de la recherche scienti-fi que - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Gabrièle Deslongchamps (Institut national de la recherche scientifi que - Institut Armand-Frappier); Miriam Richer McCallum (University of Ottawa)

Technical and Project Staff Josée Michaud (ArcticNet Inc.); Christine Barnard, Luc Cournoyer, Denis Sarrazin, Claudia Zimmermann (Centre d'études nordiques); Marie-Josée Martineau, Marianne Potvin (Université Laval); Elizabeth Olah, Valen Steer (York University)

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ABSTRACT

Lakes and wetlands are major ecological features of the circumpolar Arctic, and they provide many essential services including habitats for aquatic wildlife, drinking water supplies for northern residents, and water for in-dustrial activities. Inuit communities and northern sci-entists have increasingly observed that these resources are highly vulnerable to ongoing climate change. This project extends our observations on lakes and wetlands at key sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic, to iden-tify and measure aquatic indicators of environmental change in the past and present. These studies will allow us to make assessments of future changes in northern freshwater ecosystems to help guide the formulation of environmental management policies. We are continu-ing our research on lakes, ice shelves and contaminants along the northern Ellesmere Island coastline based out of Ward Hunt Island Observatory, where we will work with Parks Canada to develop facilities, indicators and protocols for long term monitoring. This coastline lies at latitude 83°N, at the northern limit of Nunavut and thus North America, and it is characterized by many climate-sensitive aquatic ecosystems that are highly de-pendent on ice. We are extending our research to wet-lands by assessing the snow storage and melt patterns in Polar Bear Pass on Bathurst Island (75°N). This Wild-life Sanctuary is composed of a mosaic of lakes and ponds, and seasonal snowmelt is considered the most important source of water to this wetland. The resultant models and understanding should be of broad applica-tion to arctic wetland wildlife habitats that have begun to respond strongly to climate change. Permafrost thaw lakes are a prominent component of northern wetland ecosystems, and we are working at several sites includ-ing Bylot Island (73°N) and Kuujjuarapik (55°N), to determine the environmental factors that control their ecosystem metabolism and net production of green-house gases in the present and future. We are analyzing sediment cores from northern waters in the Foxe Ba-sin region (65-70°N) to assess the natural climate vari-ability in arctic and subarctic Canada, and to identify regional variations in climate sensitivity. Additionally, we are documenting past climate changes in the eastern

Canadian subarctic by way of an extensive network of tree-ring analysis sites. Finally we are developing and applying new DNA-based techniques to assess the di-versity and function of microscopic life in lakes and wetlands and to develop state-of-the-art molecular in-dicators of climate responses by northern aquatic eco-systems. We are contributing our fi ndings and expertise on Canadian arctic water resources to the ArcticNet IRISs and panArctic climate impact assessments (e.g. the SWIPA report).

KEY MESSAGES

• Ice shelves, glacier tongues and multiyear land-fast sea ice along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island are in a period of rapid break-up which co-incides with climatic and oceanic warming in the Arctic. Since the beginning of ArcticNet, Cana-da's ice shelves have lost nearly 50% of their area.

• Ice islands, large tabular icebergs from ice shelves and fl oating glacier tongues, are more common than they have been in decades. These ice types are a hazard to navigation and may threaten in-frastructure both in the eastern and western Arc-tic. Their characteristics (thickness, shape and strength) are poorly known and this makes key processes (drift, melt and break-up) hard to pre-dict.

• Our newly published research on the history of ice shelves in the High Arctic indicates large vari-ability in ice conditions over the Holocene. How-ever, the synchronicity of their current break-up with the collapse of ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula region is without precedent over the last 8000 years, implying the onset of a new phase of pole-to-pole deglaciation.

• Thaw ponds harbour diverse assemblages of mi-crobes, but this rich biodiversity has been little explored. These waterbodies are 'hot spots' on the tundra, as sites for wildlife as well as signifi cant emitters of greenhouse gases and sites of rapid transformation of organic matter. These processes

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need to be taken into account in global carbon cycling analyses. Our published work this year shows that their stricking variations in colour are due to differences in dissolved organic carbon and soil-derived particles, and provide a remote sens-ing approach for estimates of limnological prop-erties linked to greenhouse gas fl uxes.

• Microbial mats play a major role in many northern aquatic ecosystems, and often dominate the total biomass, productivity, and food availability in shallow water ecosystems such as Arctic streams and ponds. Our molecular analyses of High Arctic microbial mats using advanced high-throughput DNA analysis showed that they produce special-ized stress proteins that allow them to survive and thrive in the polar environment.

• High Arctic wetlands are critical habitats for wildlife and depend on snowpack distribution and dynamics. Our research shows that inter-annual variation continues to be the norm for snowcover receipt and melt at Polar Bear Pass (PBP) owing to local micro-topographical and climatic condi-tions. A sensitivity study based on recent climate change scenarios (air temperature/precipitation) suggests that snowmelt could be advanced by three weeks at this site, and we have developed a wetland algorithm for satellite remote sensing of snowmelt timing and duration.

• Paleolimnological records are used to defi ne the potential responses of northern lakes and their watersheds to past climate changes, and to help predict the future impacts of climate change. New information on the timing and magnitude of cli-matic and environmental changes in the Foxe Basin (Nunavut) and surrounding areas, a remote and little known region of the eastern Canadian Arctic, provides evidence of climatic stability and ecosystem resilience since the last deglaciation about 6500 yr BP and throughout the mid- and late Holocene period. However, lake sediment re-cords reveal rapid shifts in aquatic communities (including algae and insect larvae) over the past 30 years, especially increases of planktonic dia-tom taxa, thereby showing signs of the impacts

of recent warming on the physical conditions (e.g., elongated ice-free season and thermal strati-fi cation) in these arctic systems. Our new pale-olimnological records are defi ning the potential responses of northern lakes and their watersheds to past climate changes, and will help predict the future impacts of climate change.

OBJECTIVES

• Establish a network of Arctic terrestrial monitor-ing/research stations and complete the installation of laboratory Ward Hunt Island Observatory.

• Develop indicators of carbon pools from perma-frost melting, including remote sensing options.

• Estimate thaw lake contribution to atmospheric greenhouse gases in eastern Canadian Arctic.

• Describe the microbial diversity in arctic thaw ponds, identify functional microbes, and deter-mine if specifi c microbial assemblages are asso-ciated to specifi c types of aquatic ecosystems or limnological conditions.

• Determine the source of carbon and its availabil-ity to microbes using 13C, 14C, and incubation experiments on DOM reactivity to sunlight and microbial degradation.

• Assess the effect an increasing temperature will have on CH4 and CO2 emissions from arctic thaw ponds.

• Analyze bio- and lithostratigraphic data and com-plete production of illustrations for diatom publi-cations.

• Interpret and synthesize data within the research project team, followed by publication of results in peer-reviewed international journals.

• Contribute to ArcticNet syntheses and interpreta-tions for the IRIS assessments and SWIPA.

• Synthesize information on Arctic ice shelves as extreme habitats for life and as sentinels of cli-mate change in the Arctic.

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• Maintain automated weather station for CEN’s SILA Network In Nunavut (Bylot island; Ward Hunt Island, Nettilling Lake).

• Improve understanding of the seasonal hydrology of Polar Bear Pass (PBP), an extensive, gradient wetland; specifcally we aim to improve under-standing of: the snowcover and melt processes of PBP; hydrology of hillslope creeks draining into the low-lying wetland, including vegetated vs. bare catchments; document terrestrial carbon and hydrologic fl ows, and the soil moisture stor-age and the surface energy budget of extensive wetlands.

• Qualify and quantify runoff from PBP and Alison Inlet (AI), SW Bathurst Island, into arctic coastal waters.

• Update climate weather station instrumentation at PBP; and obtain key climate information for esti-mates of snowmelt and evaporation.

• Describe and quantify the natural biological, physical and chemical variability of northern freshwater ecosystems over post-glacial times (i.e., since the last deglaciation), in order to pro-vide the necessary framework (background or baseline) against which to assess future ecosys-tem responses and water quality changes in the context of human-induced warming of the Arctic.

• Examine the degradation of Ellesmere Island ice shelves with respect to changes in thickness and extent (mass balance) and determine the climato-logical (air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) and oceanographic (stratifi cation and mixing of heat and salt) infl uence on this process. Evaluate these changes in the context of long term variability in ice conditions, over the last 8000 years.

• Investigate the drift and deterioration of frag-ments of the Petermann (2010) Ice Island with tracking beacons, satellite imagery, repeat thick-ness measurements and telemetered in situ micro-climate measurements.

INTRODUCTION

Lakes, rivers and wetlands are major ecosystem fea-tures of the circumpolar Arctic. These vital resources provide many essential services including drinking wa-ter supplies for northern residents, habitats for Arctic char and other aquatic wildlife, transport routes by boat in summer and surface vehicles in winter, and water for industries including hydroelectricity, recreational fi sh-ing, eco-tourism and mining. High latitude freshwater ecosystems are intrinsically important as rich sites of biodiversity (including the diverse microscopic life), and they also provide records of change in the past and present that will help guide environmental monitoring and management. They are also biogeochemical hot-spots in the tundra, and major sources of greenhouse gases, which may represent a signifi cant positive feed-back mechanism on climate. These diverse aquatic re-sources are vulnerable to ongoing climate change, and changes in water supply and quality are increasingly observed with concern by Inuit communities. This pro-ject examines the range of aquatic resources of the east-ern subarctic and arctic Canada, their biodiversity (with emphasis on microbial communities), ecosystem struc-ture, functioning and potential ecological responses to climate change.

Wetlands are important ecological niches in High Arctic environments providing habitats for fauna and migra-tory birds. However, these sites are sensitive to dis-turbance and can constrain northern development. To date, the hydrogeomorphology (Woo and Young 2003) and the hydrology of small patchy wetlands in polar desert environments are well documented (e.g. Woo et al. 2006). More recent studies have started to focus on wetland complexes at the meso-scale (ca. 20-25 km2) under diverse climatic conditions (Woo et al. 2008, Ab-nizova and Young 2010) and at the regional scale (e.g. 100 km2-Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island).

Polar Bear Pass is located in the central part of Bathurst Island and has been designated a wildlife sanctuary pro-viding food and shelter for migratory birds, and grazing caribou and muskox. It is an important hunting ground

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for Inuit. Polar bears den in the pass and often travel through the area to get to feeding grounds on the west-ern coast of Bathurst Island. While the biology is well known (see Nettleship and Smith 1975), its hydrology is less understood. Detailed hydrology studies initiated in 2007 have sought to improve understanding of the snowcover and melt patterns of this wetland, seasonal pond water storage, hillslope-wetland hydrologic link-ages and terrestrial carbon movement. Novel approaches (e.g. remote sensing imagery, a physically-based snow-melt model, DOC techniques) have been employed, and results are starting to emerge which will help to assess its present hydrology and future sustainability under a warmer climate (see Young and Labine 2010, Young et al. 2010, Assini and Young, in press).

Evidence of rapid climate change at northern latitudes has focused research efforts on arctic and subarctic environments. Due to possible feedback mechanisms, such as snow and sea ice extent (albedo changes), these regions are particularly sensitive to global warming. Many studies have already shown that some arctic ar-eas have undergone major modifi cations of their annual thermal budget during the second half of the last cen-tury. They specifi cally showed an increase of surface air temperatures during summer, and a drastic reduction of winter sea ice cover thickness and summer extent. On the other hand, regions surrounding the Foxe Ba-sin, the Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait were so far only slightly affected by such global warming effects, showing only slight increases (< 0.5°C) in mean annual air temperature over the last 50 years and even a cool-ing during the winter season. These contrasting climate scenarios revealed the necessity to extend our knowl-edge of past and present environmental conditions to this important transition region between the High Arctic and Low Arctic in order to be able to refi ne our abil-ity to model past, present and future environmental changes in the Canadian North. The main purpose of our research is to reconstruct past climates using sedi-ment records from a series of lakes in the Foxe Basin region. Using biological, chemical and physical data extracted from these records, we will determine the po-tential responses of northern lakes and their watersheds

to past climate changes, in order to predict future im-pacts of climate change. We will couple this research to sampling and analyses of the modern-day limnological properties of freshwater ecosystems in this little studied transition region.

Over the last decade there have been substantial chang-es to the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island. In 2005, the Ayles Ice Shelf calved away (Copland et al. 2007), in 2008 the Markham Ice Shelf was lost (Muel-ler et al. 2008), in 2010 the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf calved (Vincent et al. 2011) and the Serson Ice Shelf is now nearly gone due to calving in 2011. A lack of regenera-tion suggests that ice shelf loss is irreversible (Copland et al. 2007), after being in largely in place for milen-nia (Antoniades et al. 2011, England et al. 2008). Since 2002, ice shelf break-up has led to the loss of layers of freshwater that have been held in place between coastal ice and the shore (Mueller et al. 2003). The Milne Fiord epishelf lake is the last of its kind, and it is opportune to study the properties of an intact lake to draw con-clusions regarding former epishelf lakes in the region. Our research focuses on the past and current state of the ice shelves and the epishelf lakes and examines the link between their recent decline and climate as well as oceanographic warming/change.

The trajectory and distribution of ice islands (large tabular icebergs) is relevant to the operational mandate of the Canadian Ice Service (CIS), and this informa-tion is used in turn by industry. Calving rates of gla-cier ice tongues and ice shelves are increasing dramati-cally (Mueller et al. 2008, Peterson 2005) at a time of increased Arctic marine traffi c creating an increased demand for ice hazard information. Operational mod-els of iceberg drift and deterioration must therefore be extended to the ice island case with appropriate param-eters such as geometric characteristics and model out-puts must be validated against observations. In order to improve models and to better understand the ice island deterioration process, we instrumented several ice is-lands to follow their drift and melt.

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ACTIVITIES

This was a year of heavy fi eld program commitments at all sites, as well as a major year for laboratory analysis and for writing up, including the production of major syntheses (please see the list of publications for this year: 18 papers published and 20 in press or submit-ted). We achieved all of our milestones as listed in the proposal. The following provides details for each site.

Polar Bear Pass

A short fi eld season at the end of August/11 allowed re-trieval of deployed water level loggers at the outlets of small and large creeks at both PBP and AI capturing the timing of freeze-back (2010), in addition to melt initia-tion, peak fl ood and duration of the open water season for 2011.

At PBP, we downloaded the 2010 and 2011 climate data and updated the weather station replacing all of the meteorological equipment with new Campbell Scien-tifi c (CS) instrumentation (an in-kind contribution from Claude Labine of about $25,000). We also instrumented the site with a cold adapted CS digital camera which will take hourly photos of the upland and wetland area.

Prior to going to the fi eld, Valen Steer completed the water chemistry analysis (major cations, anions) for Anna Abnizova (a PhD candidate, on maternity leave) checked and synthesized the frost table data set from pond, plateau wet meadow and other wetland terrain from 2007 to 2010. These data along with climate infor-mation are being utilized in active layer studies (Philip Bonnaventure, Post-Doc, Queen’s U) and to evaluate the performance of ERA-INTERM re-analysis products (Moritz Langer, Post-Doc, Alfred Wegner Institute) for permafrost monitoring schemes.

While an excellent digitized map now exists for Polar Bear Pass (Assini and Young, in press), prior to 2011 none existed for Alison Inlet. This made it diffi cult to model snowmelt or evaporation losses. During sum-mer 2011, Elizabeth Olah digitized the Alison Inlet

map dividing it into lakes and ponds (small, medium, large), wet meadow zones and stream valleys of differ-ent slopes and aspects. This map will allow snow sur-vey sites to be selected (May 2012) and for estimates of catchment snowmelt and evaporation.

Bylot Island

• We measured spatiotemporal variation in GHG emissions from thaw ponds including measure-ments just after ice melts and undertook estima-tions of methane ebullition using submerged coni-cal chambers.

• We began the cartography of the different types of aquatic systems in the valley of glacier C-79 (runnel ponds, polygon ponds, lakes, rivers) using satellite imagery (Ikonos 2007 and 2010 or 2011) and ground truth validation.

• We estimated of summer GHG fl uxes at the scale of the valley for the aquatic portion of the area.

• PhD student Karita Negandhi completed her sam-pling for carbon cycling and microbial commu-nity structure in thaw ponds.

Ward Hunt region, Nunavut

• We returned to the Ward Hunt Island region in June-July 2011, with complementary studies on the microbial mats of shallow freshwater lakes at Resolute Bay. The team undertook research in limnology, microbial ecology, climate change and geomorphology, and also completed the usual en-vironmental monitoring tasks on Ward Hunt Is-land and the northern Ellesmere Island region.

• Geomorphology of High Arctic catchments. Michel Paquette, a graduate student from the Uni-versity of Montreal, started his M.Sc. under the supervision of D. Fortier and the co-supervision by W.F. Vincent. Michel is working on the de-tailed geomorphological characterization of per-iglacial landforms of the WHI lake watershed us-ing a differential GPS, and methods as in Fortier et al. 2006. He is also collect soil and ground water samples to characterize the physical and chemical

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properties of slo pe sediments and soil solutions. His research project is aimed at modeling the fl ux of matter and nutrients to the WHI lake to sup-port current limnological studies on extremophile biology and climate change.

• We continued the project led by Dr. Marie Lio-nard (postdoctoral researcher supervised by Dr. Vincent), to examine the ecophysiological charac-teristics of microbial mats. In many of the aquatic environments found along the northern Elles-mere Island coastline, mat-forming cyanobacteria dominate the total ecosystem biomass stocks (e.g. Ward Hunt Lake, Bonilla et al. 2005), as else-where in the Arctic. These communities are com-plex consortia made up of a diverse assemblage of microbes (e.g. Bottos et al. 2008) that live in as-sociation with the cyanobacteria, which we have recently shown to be genetically distinct ecotypes distributed throughout the cold biosphere (Jung-blut et al. 2010) They are also the food source for microinvertebrates, and even some some larger invertebrates (e.g., crustaceans and chironomids), which in turn can be the food for fi sh and birds. Given the pivotal role of these assemblages in high latitude aquatic ecosystems there is a press-ing need to understand their responses to ongo-ing environmental change. To date our research has adopted HPLC-pigment, stable isotope, ra-dioisotopic and molecular techniques to address hypotheses concerning Arctic microbial mat structure and processes. We will continue to ap-ply oxygen, pH and Eh microsensors (reviewed in Revsbech 2005, Steunou et al. 2006) to measure photosynthesis, respiration and redox gradients in these microbial consortia. We have done some preliminary work with larger oxygen probes on the mats of Ward Hunt Lake and this has confi rmed the presence of gradients. For fi ner work and metabolic rate measurements, we applied the microsensor system from Unisense, the company that has pioneered the development of microsen-sor technology for microbial mats studies.

• We continued our profi ling, coastal ice shelf and climate station observations (including by CEN

technician Denis Sarrazin) at this furthest-North environmental monitoring site for Canada (as synthesized in Vincent et al. 2009). Additional sampling for microbiological DNA and RNA analysis was conducted in the meromictic lakes of Northern Ellesmere Island to detect the signals of ongoing change. We installed automated cam-eras on Ward Hunt Island in 2011 to evaluate late season ice shelf dynamics.

Nunavik

• We continued our studies on permaforst thaw lakes in the Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq regions, with new PhD student Anna Pryztulska, focused on water quality, sediment characteristics, food web interactions and cyanobacterial ecology, with joint fi eld operations involving W. Vincent, C. Lovejoy, R. Pienitz and collaborators.

• We completed a survey of additional, new thaw lake systems in the Rivière Seconde region, in-cluding basic limnological and water sampling for the characterization of water isotopic signa-tures across a vast latitudinal gradient in the east-ern Canadian Arctic.

Ellesmere Island ice shelves and epishelf lakes

• Loss of ice shelves in summer 2011 was docu-mented with remote sensing imagery. Petersen Ice Shelf extent was documented for all years on record.

• The glacial dynamics of the Petersen Ice Shelf was examined with Radarsat-2 speckle tracking, and validated with differential GPS measure-ments.

• Water column profi les of Milne Fiord epishelf lake as well as former epishelf lakes in Petersen and Serson bays were completed.

• The ice shelf surface ablation stake network (Pe-tersen and Milne ice shelves) was improved and measured.

• The thickness on Petersen Ice Shelf was measured using ground penetrating radar.

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• We installed a 27-level mooring (3 x conductivity and 25 x temperature) in Milne Fiord that extends from air temperature to 340 m depth.

• We installed a pressure transducer at the bottom of Neige Bay to record tides.

• We measured currents in the upper 50 m of the Milne Fiord water column using an acoustic dop-pler current profi ler (ADCP) for several days in May.

• An analysis of the prevalence of shore leads off the coast of northern Ellesmere Island is being carried out using data from the Canadian Ice Ser-vice.

Ice island drift and deterioration

• Through collaboration with C-CORE the thick-ness of Petermann Ice Island A (PII-A) was measured off the coast of Labrador in June using ground penetrating radar. Ablation stakes were in-stalled along with ten satellite tracking beacons.

• From the Amundsen (Leg1a) PII-A was re-visited in July near the Strait of Belle Isle. Repeat ice thickness measurements were conducted and sur-face ablation was determined at the beacon loca-tions.

• On July 30, a small ice island fragment (named Berghaus) in Lancaster Sound was visited. Four GPS tracking devices were installed along with a climate station and mooring. Five thickness measurements were taken using ground penetrat-ing radar. Note: Below-water survey activities are detailed in the Marine Biological Hotspots report.

• A tracking beacon was installed on Peterman Ice Island Ba (PII-Ba) in Lancaster Sound (by Louis Fortier and dignitaries).

• PII-Ba thickness was measured by radar in Lan-caster Sound in October (Leg3b). Three ablation stakes and two tracking beacons were installed.

• A grounded ice island off the coast of Baffi n Is-land near Clyde River (PII-B) was visited. The thickness was determined in two locations by

radar and three tracking beacons deployed along with ablation stakes.

RESULTS

The progress on our proposed Milestones was as fol-lows (for completion by 31 March 2012):

• Develop indicators of carbon pools from perma-frost melting and publish a paper on optical char-acterization of thaw pond DOC and other constit-uents.Now published as Watanabe et al. (2011).

• Analyze bio- and lithostratigraphic data for Nuna-vik thermokarst lakes: now published as Boucha-rd et al. (2011).

• Interpret and synthesize data within the research project team, followed by publication of results in peer-reviewed international journals. Major Arc-ticNet synthesis articles were published for Nu-navik (Bhiry et al. 2011, Rautio et al 2011) and Nunavut (Vincent et al. 2011).

• Contribute to ArcticNet syntheses and interpre-tations for the IRISs and assessments. This was an ongoing time commitment in 2011-12 ands our chapter is now in press in the Subarctic IRIS; considerable progress was also made in data man-agement planning, protocols and outreach.

• Undertake a synthesis of Ellesmere Island fjord work. This was completed and published in a pres-tigious journal: Antoniades (an Arcticnet postdoc) et al. in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. (PNAS). It was selected as the lead story with an ArcticNet photograph in the weekly reviews by PNAS, and was the subject of a PNAS Commentary (Hodgson et al. 2011) that noted the importance of the observations and the unprecedented synchronicity of ice shelf break-up in the Arctic and Antarctic, consistent with human induced warming throughout the planet. A syn-thesis article was also published on Milne Fiord, by Veillette (ArcticNet PhD student) et al.

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• Ongoing work was conducted on Lakes Ward Hunt, A, C1 and Milne on the North coast of the Ellesmere Island as well as Lake Char, Resolute and Meretta on Cornwallis Island within the Reso-lute Bay area were sampled, for analysis of micro-bial community structure by HPLC pigments and fl ux cytometer analyses. The fi rst block of work by Sophie Charvet (PhD student) on mixotrophs of these lakes was published (Charvet et al. 2012). Mixotrophs are remarkable plankton species that alternate between plant and animal modes of en-ergy supply, and while this ecological strategy would seem well suited to life in the Arctic, little is known about their diversity in the high Arctic. We undertook sampling at Lake A and Ward Hunt Lake these are currently under analysis using DNA and RNA techniques to determine genetic diversity and gene expression.

• Results from Polar Bear Pass show that under pre-sent conditions, timing of modelled melt agrees with remote sensing imagery -QuickScat by 1 or 2 days (2008, 2009). A reliable algorithm for snowcover/melt at an extensive High Arctic wet-land system has been developed (Howell et al. in press). Howell et al. were able to map the tim-ing and duration of snowmelt for Bathurst Island using QuikSCAT imagery over a 10 year period (2000 to 2009).Under future modelled conditions (temperature/precipitation conditions-Jane Assi-ni’s MSc research), snowmelt could be advanced by up to three weeks at Polar Bear Pass (Young et al. submitted). Preliminary analysis of water level data suggests that creeks draining Alison Inlet (SW Bathurst Island) peak a few days ear-lier (June 12-15th) than at Polar Bear Pass (June 16-19th). In the latter case, a small streamlet (an incised frost crack) drained even earlier, June 9th. This pattern is not unusual, suggesting a limited catchment area. Climate data from PBP are being used to evaluate the fall-winter climatology of Po-lar Bear Pass (Young and Labine, in preparation). Preliminary analysis suggests that the summer of 2011 was even warmer than 2007.

• Our paleolimnological studies initiated in 2004 on Southampton Island, in 2008 on the Foxe Pen-insula, in 2009 on the Melville Peninsula, as well as in 2010 in the Dewey Soper Migratory Bird Sanctuary and on a Penny Ice Cap outlet stream located west and east of Nettilling Lake, respec-tively. The analysis of this large collection of short and long sediment cores from more than 15 lakes has provided invaluable insights into past climate variability in the greater Foxe Basin re-gion. Data have been presented worldwide in a series of symposia, workshops and international conferences as part of our scientifi c participation within ArcticNet, CEN and the IPY. Some of the results have already been published in various peer-reviewed journals (e.g. Rolland et al. 2008, Rolland et al. 2009) and many other papers have been submitted or are in preparation (Rolland et al. 2012).

• Our analysis of ice shelf dynamics along the north-ern coast of Ellesmere Island, with related work on ice island production, was substantially ad-vanced over the 2011 season, and major changes were observed including almost complete loss of the Serson Ice Shelf and massive break up of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf. These observations were the subject of a press release (http://bit.ly/nz5WqZ; D. Mueller & L. Copland), which attracted consider-able media attention within Canada and abroad. Print media reports included Nunatsiaq News, Canadian North's infl ight magazine (Northern Flyer), New York Times, Washington Post, the Globe and Mail and Canwest papers as well as many others via the Associated Press. Television coverage included Aboriginal People's Television Network daily news, CTVs Canada AM, CBC Newsworld, CBC evening news (across Canada).

• Petersen Ice Shelf average thickness was de-termined to be 21.8 m. However, much spatial variability exists, with maximum thickness at the front of tributary glaciers (> 100 m) and thinner areas to the south near the back of the ice shelf (< 30 m). Petersen Ice Shelf areal extent has re-duced over 41% since 1959 based on an analysis

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of Radarsat and ASTER imagery along with aerial photography.

• Profi les behind former Serson Ice Shelf confi rm that there was no longer a substantial freshwater layer as observed in 2005. Profi les in Petersen Bay indicate inter-annual variability in the forma-tion of a freshwater layer (2008: ~5 m deep, 2009: 0 m deep and 2011: ~2 m deep). Profi les in Milne Fiord show the continued existence of an epishelf lake system.

• The small (250 x 400 m) Petermann Ice Island fragment (Berghaus) was found to be ~127 m thick with a freeboard of 18-24 m. A climate station re-corded hourly observations including wind speed/direction, air temperature, humidity, net radiation, downwelling and upwelling shortwave radiation, fi ve ice temperature levels and ice ablation. A dif-ferential GPS measured position, heading, pitch, roll and heave. These data were telemetered via Iridium up until the iceberg broke apart on August 27. A mooring with conductivity, temperature and depth logged for several weeks before sink-ing (data were lost). Our data indicate a surface ablation of 90 cm over a 4 week period. The ice-berg heeled over during that time (as recorded by tilt sensors and elevation of the climate station). Photos of the iceberg on September 8 show that roughly two thirds had calved away from the re-maining tracking beacon. Berghaus was tracked from Lancaster Sound (just north of Navy Board Inlet) to just east of Eclipse Sound after traveling east around Bylot Island in a looping track.

• PII-Ba measured 3 x 6 km and was found to be 80 m thick on average. In late October it drifted from Lancaster Sound into Wellington Channel and is now off the SW tip of Cornwallis Island. PII-B measured 6 x 12 km and had an average thick-ness of 87 m. It was grounded in late October but a large piece broke away and drifted south with a beacon on it. This piece is now grounded near Qikiqtarjuaq.

DISCUSSION

The surface energy-budget snowmelt model developed by Woo and Young (2004) is applicable at Polar Bear Pass. It successfully modelled snowmelt across the wetland and for adjacent hillslope watersheds (Young et al. 2010, Assini and Young, in press). Our results were validated by remote sensing imagery (QuikSCAT-see Howell et al., in press and Terra-SarX-Muster, per-sonal communication+data). Under future warmer and elevated snow conditions (increased Tair, increased snowcover), snowmelt will be early and the thaw sea-son could be extended by up to three weeks. This could eventually lead to enhanced evaporation and deeper ground thaw. Subsequently, pond water storage will be reduced and runoff into polar sea channels will be di-minished. Future fi eld and modeling work is required to determine if the Woo and Young (2004) model and oth-er hydrologic models (e.g. Cold Regions Hydrological Model-CRHM-Pomeroy et al. 2007, GEOTop-Endrizzi and Marsh 2010, Endrizzi et al. 2011) can reproduce snowmelt and runoff from other extensive wetland sites (i.e. Alison Inlet, SW Bathurst Island).

In addition to Arcticnet fi eldwork at many sites, we made a large commitment of time to complete, up-date and revise our chapter contribution (co-authored by Vincent, Laurion, Pienitz, Young, Bégin et al.) on Freshwater Resources to the ArcticNet IRIS for Nuna-vik-Nunatsiavut (now 'in press'). Our recommendations given in this chapter were as follows:

• Nunavik and Nunatsiavut have a rich natural her-itage of lakes, rivers and wetlands that require ongoing stewardship and protection. Northern communities and authorities should continue to develop their leadership and managerial roles in this process.

• Permafrost thaw lakes (thermokarst ponds) are a major category of northern freshwater ecosys-tems, and they appear to be increasing in abun-dance and total surface area in parts of the circum-polar North, including Nunavik, as the permafrost continues to warm and degrade. Given their very

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active production of greenhouse gases as well as their importance for aquatic plants and wildlife, they will require close ongoing monitoring and research.

• The creation and management of parks is an ef-fective way to achieve the best possible protection in the face of climate change and ongoing devel-opment of the North, as well as a way to stimulate eco-tourism and the associated economic activity. Research and monitoring should be essential parts of the strategic management plan for these north-ern parks.

• The avoidance and mitigation of chemical pol-lution of northern aquatic ecosystems requires ongoing vigilance. The continuing rise in some long range contaminants such as mercury requires surveillance, in partnership and consultation with northern communities.

• A variety of drinking water problems have been identifi ed throughout Nunavik, and a set of rec-ommendations has been communicated to reduce these problems. Raw water from rivers, lakes and creeks could be at risk and should always be boiled before drinking Raw water stored in plastic containers is frequently contaminated, containers should be cleaned on a regular basis and water should always be boiled before drinking.

• The North continues to offer considerable poten-tial for hydroelectricity development at both small and large scales. Such projects will require close and timely consultation with all stakeholders, and especially local communities to assess the envi-ronmental and social impacts, including effects on wilderness values. These and currently operat-ing hydroelectricity complexes will also require ongoing research to project future water supply. These needs include downscaled, local projec-tions of future precipitation, evaluation of evapo-ration scenarios in the changing northern climate, and analyses of interannual and other natural fl uc-tuations. Paleoclimate tools will continue to play a valuable role in these analyses.

Calving of ice shelves in 2011 marks the 5th summer since 2004 with major ice shelf loss (Copland et al. 2007, Mueller et al. 2008, Vincent et al. 2011). Nearly half of the surface area of these ice shelves has calved since 2004 (Mueller et al. 2006) and almost 500 square km of ice islands were released into the Arctic Ocean. Since the eastern and western Ward Hunt Ice Shelf have separated, there is now an open connection between the Arctic Ocean and Disraeli Fiord. Meanwhile open wa-ter surrounded Ward Hunt Island, perhaps for the fi rst time in millennia (Antoniades et al. 2011).

Thickness measurements over Petersen Ice Shelf sug-gest that glacial input from the north of the ice shelf was once important and may still be adding mass to this feature. Thin ice along the southern perimeter and ice extent changes in this region over recent years are rem-iniscent of changes in the Milne Ice Shelf inner unit/epishelf lake (Mortimer et al. In review).

Our water column profi les in both Petersen and Serson bays showed thin, ephemeral stratifi cation of freshwa-ter or very little stratifi cation and this is consistent with our expectations. A cursory examination reveals that the Radarsat-2 imagery acquired prior to these profi les are indicative of the stratifi cation conditions below the ice (cf. Veillette et al. 2008) although further verifi cation is required.

CONCLUSION

Inter-annual variation continues to be the norm for snowcover receipt and melt in the High Arctic owing to local micro-topographical and climatic conditions (Assini & Young). A sensitivity study based on recent IPCC climate change scenarios indicates that snowmelt could be at least three weeks earlier at PBP (Young et al. submitted).

• Good agreement exists between modelled melt and remote sensing imagery at PBP (Terra-SARX, QuickSCAT). The development of a reliable al-gorithm (QuickSCAT) for assessing snowcover depths, and melt timing/duration in a High Arctic

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wetland environment has been achieved (Howell et al. in press).

• The timing and duration of snowcover across Ba-thurst Island, Nunavut over a 10-year period has been evaluated (Howell et al. in press).

Greenhouse gas emissions at Bylot Island and Nunavik sites show that:

• Remote sensing has the potential to help scaling up GHG emissions from northern lakes (Watan-abe et al. 2011) if we get a better understanding on the links between carbon released from drainage basin and GHG produced by lakes, and after vali-dating the developed algorithms on other aquatic systems.

• Thaw lakes are not always drained when perma-frost has disappeared (e.g., such is the case for thermokarst ponds in the region of Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq). Thus the aquatic state can per-sist, and the total area of systems acting as GHG sources may be maintained or may expand.

• There is a need for improved estimations of sea-sonal and diurnal dynamics in GHG emissions from lakes and ponds, including estimates of methane ebullition (e.g., we have indications that temporal variations are large and that ebullition from Bylot Island ponds in June-July may not be as important as shown for Siberian thaw lakes).

• There is a need to better understand how func-tional diversity infl uence GHG production and consumption (e.g., we have indications that pond methane concentration is inversely related to the relative abundance of methanotrophs in Bylot Is-land ponds).

• Because the "health" of northern freshwaters is of fundamental importance to native communities, our lake monitoring program contributes to a bet-ter understanding of the potential social and eco-nomic impacts of global climate change. It also provides an "early warning system" for northern freshwater ecosystems that helps guide conserva-tion and management measures and direct future research initiatives.

Work on the Ellesmere Island ice shelves indicates ongoing rapid attrition of these extreme ice features. Our published work this year (Antoniades et al. 2011) identifi es their genesis at 4000 years before the present, with some fracturing and break-up about 1400 years ago. Their current loss in synchrony with the break-up of Antarctic i ce shelves is unprecedented for the last 8000 years, and implies that our planet has now entered a new phase of global deglaciation (Hodgson 2011).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank NSERC, Canada Research Chair program, FQRNT, CEN, ArcticNet, Northern Student Train-ing Program (NSTP), Polar Continental Shelf Project, York University, Canadian Ice Service, Canadian Space Agency SOAR-E and Parks Canada.

REFERENCES

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. 2010. Sustainability of High Arctic ponds in a polar desert environment. Arctic 63(1): 67-84.

Antoniades, D., Francus, P., Pienitz, R., St. Onge, G., Vincent, W.F. 2011. Holocene dynamics of the Arctic’s largest ice shelf. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 108: 18899-18904.

Antoniades, D., Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P. 2003. The physical and chemical limnology of 24 ponds and one lake from Isachsen, Ellef Ringnes Island, Canadian High Arctic. International Review 0of Hydrobiology 88: 519–538.

Assini, Young, K.L, 2012 Snow cover and snowmelt of an extensive High Arctic setland: spatila and temporal seasonal patterns. Hydrological Sciences Journal 57 (4): 738-755, DOI 10.1080/02626667.2012.666853.

Bonilla, S., Villeneuve, V., Vincent W.F. 2005. Benthic and planktonic algal communities in a high Arctic lake:

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pigment structure and contrasting responses to nutrient enrichment. Journal of Phycology, 41 (6): 1120-1130. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00154x.

Bottos, E., Greer, C.W., Vincent, W.F., Whyte, L.G., 2008. Prokaryotic diversity of Arctic ice shelf microbial mats. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 950-966.

Copland, L., Mueller, D.R., Weir, L. 2007. Rapid loss of the Ayles Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Geo-physical Research Letters 34, L21501.

Endrizzi, S., Quinton, W.L., Marsh, P., 2011. Modelling the spatial pattern of ground thaw in a small basin in the arctic tundra. The Cryosphere Discussions 5:367-400.

Endrizzi, W., Marsh, P. 2010. Observations and mod-eling of turbulent fl uxes during melt at the shrub- tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations. Hydrology Re-search 41(6): 471-491.

England, J. H. and Lakeman, T. R. and Lemmen, D. S. and Bednarski, J. M., Stewart, T. G., Evans, D.J.A., 2008. A millennial-scale record of Arctic Ocean sea ice variability and the demise of the Ellesmere Island ice shelves. Geophysical research letters 35 L19502, doi:10.1029/2008GL034470.

Hodgson, D.A. 2011. First synchronous retreat of ice shelves marks a new phase of polar deglaciation. Pro-ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 108: 18859-18860.

Howell, S.E.L., Assini, J., Young, K.L., Abnizova, A., Derksen, C. 2012. Snowmelt variability in Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada, from QuickSCAT: 2000-2009. Hydrological Processes 26 (23): 3477-3488. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8365.

Mortimer, C.A., Copland, L., Mueller, D.R. 2012 Vol-ume and area changes of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950. Journal of Geo- physical Research - Earth Surface. In review.

Mueller, D.R., Copland, L., Hamilton, A., Stern, D.R., 2008. Examining Arctic ice shelves prior to 2008 breakup. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysi-cal Union, 89(49): 502-503.

Mueller, D.R., Vincent, W.F., Jeffries, M.O. 2003. Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake . Geophysical Reseach Letters 30:2031.

Mueller, D.R, Vincent, W.F., Jeffries, M.O. 2006. Envi-ronmental gradients, fragmented habitats and microbiota of a Northern Ice Shlef cryoecosystem, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 38 (4): 593-607. DOI: 10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[593:EGF-HAM]2.0.CO;2.

Peterson, I.K., 2005. Large tabular icebergs and ice is-lands off Eastern Canada in 2001-2003 and their prob-able source, Proceedings of the 18th International Con-ference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Ottawa, pp. 143-152.

Pomeroy, J.W., Gray, D.M. Brown, T., Hedstrom, N.R., Quinton, W.L., Granger, R.J., Carey, S.K. 2007. The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence. Hydrological Processes 21: 2650-2667.

Revsbech, N.P. 2005. Analysis of microbial communi-ties with electrochemical microsensors and microscale biosensors. Methods in Enzymology, 397: 147-166.

Steunou , A.S., Bhaya, D., Bateson, M.M, Melendrez, M.C., Ward, D.M., Brecht, E. et al. 2006. In situ anal-ysis of nitrogen fi xation and metabolic switching in unicellular thermophilic cyanobacteria inhabiting hot spring microbial mats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 2398-2403.

Steven, B., Briggs, G., Mckay, C. P., Pollard, W.H., Greer, C.W., Whyte, L.G. 2007. Characterization of the microbial diversity in a permafrost sample from the Ca-nadian high Arctic using culture-dependent and culture-

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independent methods. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59: 513-523.

Veillette, J., Mueller, D.R., Antoniades, D., Vincent, W.F. 2008. Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel ecosystems: Past, present and future. Journal of Geophysical Re-search 13:G04014, doi:10.1029/2008jg000730.

Vincent, W.F., Whyte L.G., Lovejoy, C. Greer, C.W., Laurion, I., Suttle, C.A., Corbeil, J., Mueller, D.R. Arc-tic microbial ecosystems and impacts of extreme warm-ing during the International Polar Year, Polar Science, 3 (3): 171-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2009.05.004.

Watanabe, S., Laurion, I., Pienitz, R., Chokmani, K., Vincent, W.F. 2011. Optical Diversity of Thaw Ponds in Discontinuous Permafrost: A Model Sys-tem for Water Color Analysis, Journal of Geophysi-cal Research-Biogeosciences 116: G02003, 17 p, doi:10.1029/2010JG001380.

Woo, M.K.,Young, K.L., 2004, Modelling arctic snow distribution and melt at the 1-km grid scale. Nordic Hy-drology 35 (4): 295-307.

Woo, M.K., Thompson, D.K., Guan, X.J., Young, K.L. 2008. Hydrology, hydrochemistry, and vegetation of a High Arctic wetland complex. Proceedings, Ninth In-ternational Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alas-ka: 1951-1956.

Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., 2003, Hydrogeomorphology of patchy wetlands in the High Arctic, polar desert en-vironment. Wetlands 23(2): 291-309.

Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., Brown, 2006, High Arctic patchy wetlands: Hydrologic variability and their sus-tainability. Physical Geography 27(2): 1-11.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Miller, E., Inves- tigation of snowcover and melt patterns at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada. In prepration.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Abnizova, A., De Miranda. 2010. Hydrology of hillslope-wetland

streams, Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada. Hydrologi-cal Processes 24: 3345-3358.

Young, K.L., Labine, C. 2010. Summer hydroclimatol-ogy of an extensive low-gradient wetland: Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Islans, Nunavut, Canada. Hydrology Re-search 41 (6): 492-502.

2011-12 PUBLICATIONS

All ArcticNet refereed publications are available on the ASTIS website (http://www.aina.ucalgary.ca/arcticnet/).

Abnizova, A. and Young, K.L., 2011, Seasonal Hydrol-ogy and DOC Dynamics at an Extensive Low-gradient Wetland, Polar Bear pass, Nunavut, Canada., Canadian Geophysical Union AGM, Banff, May 14-17, 1.

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Lafreniere, M., 2011, Pond Hydrology and Dissolved Carbon Dynamics at Polar Bear Pass Wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut., Ecohydrology.

Antoniades, D., Francus, P., Pienitz, R., St. Onge, G. and Vincent, W.F, 2011, Holocene Dynamics of the Arctic’s Largest Ice Shelf, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., v.108, 18899-18904.

Antoniades, D., Michelutti, N., Quinlan, R., Blais, J.M., Bonilla, S., Douglas, M.S.V., Pienitz, R., Smol, J.P. and Vincent. W.F., 2011, Cultural Eutrophication, Anoxia, and Ecosystem Recovery in Meretta Lake, High Arctic Canada., Limnology and Oceanography, v.56, 639–650.

Assini, J., and Young, K.L., 2011, Snowcover and Snowmelt of an Extensive High Arctic wetland: Spa-tial and Temporal Seasonal Patterns., Hydrological Sci-ences Journal.

Aznar, J-.C., Gloaguen, E., Tapsoba, D., Hachem, S., Caya, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Interpolation of monthly mean temperatures using cokriging in spherical coordi-nates, International Journal of Climatology.

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Bhiry, N., Delwaide, A. Allard, M., Bégin, Y., Filion, L., Lavoie, M., Payette, R. Pienitz, R., Nozais, C., Saulni-er-Talbot, É. and Vincent, W.F., 2011, Environmental Change in the Great Whale River Region, Hudson Bay: Five Decades of Multi-disciplinary Research by Centre d’Études Nordiques (CEN), Écoscience, v.18, 182-203.

Bouchard, F., Francus, P., Pienitz, R., Laurion, I., 2011, Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Thermokarst Ponds in Discontinuous Permafrost, Subarctic Que-bec, Canada, Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeo-sciences, v. 116, doi:10.1029/2011JG001675.

Boucher, É., Bégin, Y., Arseneault, D. and Ouarda, T.B.M.J., 2012, Long-term and Large-scale River-ice Processes in Cold-region Watersheds, In Church, M., Biron, P.M. & Roy, A., Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes, Tools, Environments. First Edition, Chap. 39: 546-554.

Boucher, É., Ouarda T.B.M.J., Bégin, Y. and Nicault, A., 2011, Spring fl ood reconstruction from continuous and discrete tree ring series, Water Resources Research, 47 : W07516, doi:10.1029/2010WR010131.

Derksen, C., Smith, S.L., Sharp, M., Howell, S., Brown, L., Fletcher, C., Mueller, D., Copland, L., Gauthier, Y., Bernier, M., Brown, R., Burn, C.R., Duguay, C.R., Lan-glois, A., Walker, A., Lewkowicz, A.G. and Bourgeois, J., 2012, Variability and change in the Canadian cryo-sphere, Climatic Change.

Falkner, K.K., Melling, H., Munchow, A.M., Box, J.E., Wohlleben, T., Johnson, H., Gudmandsen, P., Samel-son, R. Copland, L., Steffen, K., Rignot, E. and Higgins, A.K., 2011, Context for the Recent Massive Petermann Glacier Calving Event., EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 92, no. 114, 117-118.

Harding, T., Jungblut, A.D., Lovejoy, C., and Vincent, W.F., 2011, Microbes in High Arctic Snow and Implica-tions for the Cold Biosphere, Applied and Environmen-tal Microbiology, v.77, 3234-3243.

Helama, S., Bégin, Y., Vartiainen, M., Peltola, H., Kol-ström, T. and Meriläinen, J., 2011, Tracing alterations in dendrochronological information from contrasting densitometric measuring circumstances of experimen-tal wood samples, Dendrochronologia.

Herdes, E., Copland, L., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M., 2011, Relationships between iceberg plumes and sea-ice conditions on northeast Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Annals of Glaciology, v. 53, no. 60.

Howell, S.E.I., Assini, J., Young, K.L., Abnizova, A. and Derksen, C., 2011, Snowmelt Variability over Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada from QuickSCAT: 2000 to 2009, Hydrological Processes.

Kirk, J.L., Muir, D.C.M., Antoniades, D., Douglas, M.S.V., Evans, M.S., Jackson, T.A., Kling, H., Lam-oureux, S., Lim, D.S.S., Pienitz, R., Smol, J.P., Stew-art, K., Wang, X. & Yang, F., 2011, Climate change and mercury accumulation in Canadian high and subarctic lakes., Environmental Science & Technology, v.45, no.3, 964-970.

Lemay, M. and Bégin, Y., 2011, Using ice-scars as in-dicators of exposure to physical riparian disturbances, Corvette Lake, northern Québec, Canada, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

Miller, E. and Young, K.L., 2011, The infl uence of veg-etation on frost table and runoff processes in hillslope streams at Polar Bear Pass, Canadian Geophysical Un-ion (CGU) AGM, Banff, May 14-17, 1.

Mladenov, N., Morales-Baquero, R., Camarero, L., Sommaruga, R., Laurion, I., Dieguez, M., Camacho, A., Delgado, A., Felip, M., Torres, O., Reche, I., 2011, Dusty skies infl uence dissolved organic matter in glob-ally-distributed remote lakes., Nature Communications, v.1411, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1411.

Mortimer, C., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2011, Vol-ume and area changes of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950, Journal of Geo-physical Research – Earth Surface.

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Pope, S., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2011, Loss of multiyear sea ice from Yelverton Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Re-search.

Prowse, T. et al., 2011, Changing lake and river ice: trends, effects and implications., AMAP-SWIPA Re-port, Component 3, Module 4.

Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B., Du-guay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Pienitz, R., Vin-cent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V. & Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2011, Past and future changes in arctic lake and river ice., AMBIO, doi: 10.1007/s13280-011-0216-7.

Rautio, M., Dufresne, F., Laurion, I., Bonilla, S., Vin-cent, W.F., Christoffersen, K., 2011, Shallow freshwater ecosystems of the circumpolar Arctic, Ecoscience, v.18, 204-222.

Rolland, N., Laperrière, L. & Pienitz, R., 2012, Diatom-based reconstruction of late Holocene environmental changes in the south-western Foxe Basin, Southampton Island (Nunavut, Canada)., Journal of Paleolimnology.

Rolland, N., Larocque-Tobler, I., Beaudoin, A. & Pien-itz, R., 2012, The use of lake morphometric parameters in paleolimnology: a suggestion of an ArcGIS perspec-tive for chironomid-based studies., Journal of Paleolim-nology.

Rouillard, A., Rosén, P., Douglas, M.S.V., Pienitz, R. & Smol, J.P., 2011, A model for inferring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in lakewater from visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) measures in lake sedi-ment., Journal of Paleolimnology, v.46, 187-202.

Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2011, Evaluating the integrity of C and O iso-topic series in sub-fossil wood deposited in boreal lakes – Required work for reconstructing long climatic series, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology.

Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2011, Sub-fossil trees of boreal lakes as natural archives of climate - Assessing the integrity of their C and O isotopic ratios over the last millennium., Proceedings of Geohydro 2011, Quebec City, August 2011, 12 p.

Sylvestre, T., Copland, L., Gray, L., Demuth, M.N. and Sharp, M., 2011, Determination of spatial patterns of snow accumulation across Belcher Glacier, Devon Ice Cap, with ground-penetrating radar, Journal of Glaciol-ogy.

VanWychen, W., Copland, L., Gray, L., Burgess, D., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M., 2012, Spatial variation of ice motion and ice fl ux from Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, Journal of Glaciology.

Varin, T., Lovejoy, C., Jungblut, A., Vincent, W.F., and Corbeil, J., 2012, Metagenomic Analysis of Stress Genes in Microbial Mat Communities from Antarctica and the High Arctic., Applied and Enviromental Micro-biology, v78, 549-559.

Veillette, J., Lovejoy, C., Potvin, M., Harding, T., Jun-gblut, A.D., Antoniades, D., Chénard, C., Suttle, C.A. and Vincent, W.F., 2011, Milne Fiord Epishelf Lake: A Coastal Arctic Ecosystem Vulnerable to Climate Change., Ecoscience, v.18, 304-316.

Veillette, J., Martineau, M-J., Antoniades, D., Sarrazin, D. and Vincent W.F. 2011, 2011, Effects of Loss of Per-ennial Lake Ice on Mixing and Phytoplankton Dynam-ics: Insights from High Arctic Canada., Annals of Gla-ciology, v.52, 56-70.

Vincent, W.F., Callaghan, T.V., Dahl-Jensen, D., Jo-hansson, M., Kovacs, K.M., Michel, C., Prowse, T., Re-ist, J.D. and Sharp, M., 2012, Ecological Implications of Changes in the Arctic Cryosphere., Ambio.

Vincent, W.F., Fortier, D., Lévesque, E., Boulanger-Lapointe, N., Tremblay, B., Sarrazin, D., Antoniades, D. and Mueller, D.R., 2011, Extreme Ecosystems and

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Geosystems in the Canadian High Arctic: Ward Hunt Island and Vicinity, Écoscience, v.18, 236-261.

Vincent, W.F., Martin, D., Pienitz, R., Laurion, I.,Muir, D. Young, K. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Freshwater Resourc-es in a Changing Environment, Nunavik-Nunatsiavut Integrated Regional Impact Study.

Watanabe, S., Laurion, I., Pienitz, R., Chokmani, K., Vincent, W.F., 2011, Optical Diversity of Thaw Ponds in Discontinuous Permafrost: a Model System for Wa-ter Color Analysis, Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, v.116, G02003.

Woo, M.K. and Young, K.L., 2011, Hydrologic Pro-cesses, Shell Oil Arctic Wetlands Project.

Woo, M.K., and Young, K.L., 2011, Canadian Arctic Wetlands, Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A. and Miller, E., 2011, Investigation of Snowcover and Melt Patterns at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, Hy-drology Research.

Zdanowicz, C., Smetny-Sowa, A., Fisher, D., Schaffer, N., Copland, L. and Eley, J., 2012, Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffi n Island: past and recent trends, and implications for climate and mass balance, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface.

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