CLUbROOT Crops produCer ON THE mOvE · 2013-11-29 · 3 THE WESTERN PRODUCER Contents a supplement...

Crops produCerPulse

CanolaW e s t e r n

+The wesTern producer • noveMBer 2013

PLUS: 2013 CPT TRIALS | P. 17 - 23

HAIRY PLANTS

OFFER NEW PROTECTION

Trait may help guard against flea beetles. | P. 4

CLUbROOT ON THE mOvE

Manitoba growers get first look at the disease. | P. 14

bIg YIELdSGrowers harvest a record

crop in 2013. | P. 32

STORINg CANOLA,

STAYINg COOLKeeping crops safe once they’re in the bin. | P. 36

GROWSet,

Ready,

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THE WESTERN PRODUCER3

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Western Canola & Pulse Crops Producer is published by Western Producer Media

each year in the fall.

4

14

32

36

4 Hairy canolaa new germplasm,

available to Canadian breeders, could improve the crop’s tolerance to flea beetles.

6 adjust for seed size

maximize returns from canola by achieving the ideal plant density, making calculations for the thousand kernel weight of seed.

12Green seed discovery

new research could eventually lead to varieties reducing the amount of downgrad-ing because of green seed in canola.

14 call for

control Clubroot continues to spread throughout alberta and has now been identified in manitoba, spurring a call for increased man-agement and monitor-ing for the disease.

15 Looking for Lygus

officials believe that canola varieties today can withstand more feeding from lygus bugs than previously thought. ongoing research will develop new thresholds.

25 PickinG tHe riGHt seed

there are several fac-tors to consider when choosing a canola variety. one alberta project tried seeding more than 30 varieties of canola in 2013. What were the results?

26 scout fields, save money

sclerotinia remains a serious concern for farmers. Growers can learn a lot about the disease by scout-ing their fields while swathing.

32huge hauL for farmers

prairie farmers saw huge numbers in 2013. average yields were up across the board, with some growers seeing more than 70 bushels an acre.

36 keePinG canola safe

Controlling moisture and temperature are critical to safely stor-ing canola once it’s in the bin.

38 india debates Pulse duty

India could reintroduce a duty on imported pulses. What would that mean for western Canadian farmers?

CANOLA & PULSE 2013 4

An Agri-culture Canada

document not-ed this year that hairy canola g e r m p l a s m is now avail-able for “plant breeders to use in developing commercial va-rieties.”

It means plant science companies can now take the necessary steps to commer-cialize this genetic technology, which could potentially supplant insecticidal seed treatments to combat flea beetles.

“The hairs on leaf and stem surfaces, called trichomes, provide a natural physical barrier that seem to prevent flea beetles from feeding on newly emerged seedlings,” said the document, which was published in a recent issue of Inno-vation Express, an Agriculture Canada publication.

“Even with chemical applications, flea beetles still account for more than $250 million in crop damage annually. Re-search (into hairy canola) … may help producers grow canola without the need for these pesticides.”

The Canola Council of Canada, the Alberta Canola Producers Commission, the Saskatchewan Canola Development Commission and the Saskatchewan and Alberta governments have funded Agri-culture Canada research into the poten-tial of hairy canola for the last decade.

An Agriculture Canada video about the trait explains that scientists at the de-partment’s research centre in Saskatoon, including Margaret Gruber, inserted a gene from a plant called arabidopsis into canola. The gene substantially increased the amount of hair on canola seedlings.

New germplasm now available to Canadian plant breeders could bring plants with hairs on leaves and stems that prevent feeding.

Hairy canola offers new protection against pests

Hairy canola has more hairs, called trichomes, on leaf and stem surfaces, which reduces feeding by crucifer and striped flea beetles. | Agriculture cAnAdA PHoto

By Robert ArnasonWestern Producer staff

“(The) new canola plants had between 250 and 1,000 times the number of hairs on the young seedlings, leaves and stems,” Gruber said in the video.

Julie Soroka, an Agriculture Canada en-tomologist and flea beetle expert in Sas-katoon, said field tests of the trait have proven that hairy canola deters feeding by crucifer and striped flea beetles.

“I believe the hairy trait will be a valu-able addition to our arsenal of pest man-

agement techniques,” Soroka said in an email.

The hairy trait may be particularly helpful because Agriculture Canada re-search shows that existing neonicotinoid seed treatments are ineffective against striped flea beetles.

Keith Gabert, a canola council agron-omist in Alberta, said growers aren’t clamoring for hairy canola, but they do want something to battle flea beetles.

Keith Gabert


“Any opportunity that we have to use green products versus dangerous pes-ticides and chemicals, in my books, is a tremendous opportunity for long-term sustainability for my family and my kid’s future.”

Nadine Sisk, a spokesperson for CropLife Canada, said the organization wouldn’t comment on the commercialization of hairy canola. She said individual compa-nies would have to speak about their inten-tions to commercialize this trait. ◆

Warm, dry and calm weather will allow the highly mobile flea beetle to migrate into fields in the spring, even if popula-tions were low in the fall. | cAnolA council of cAnAdA PHoto

“The industry does have some experi-ence seeding canola without flea beetle protection, and that experience, overall, has been relatively negative,” he said.

Gabert said hairy canola rarely comes up in his conversations with growers.

“We’ve had some indications that grow-ers are looking for a little bit more protec-tion than the neonicotinoids offer,” he said.

“In the case of hairy canola, if it happens to be (that) instead of treatment on the seed … to a grower, I’m not really sure they are going to distinguish between those. They just need something that works for flea beetles.”

John Germs, who farms near Saskatoon, said in the Agriculture Canada video that a trait that repels flea beetles would be bet-ter than a pesticide.

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Canola producers are accustomed to thinking in bushels per acre and dollars per tonne.

However, if they want to maximize profits, they should also be paying close attention to grams per thousand seeds.

Seed size and seed weight are critical factors in determining optimal plant densities in a canola stand.

According to the Canola Council of Canada, thousand kernel weights (TKW) for pedigreed canola seed can vary sig-nificantly from variety to variety and year to year.

TKWs can range from less than three grams per thousand seeds to more than six grams, according to canola council literature.

That said, most hybrid seed lots avail-able today generally fall between four and six grams per thousand kernels, with a few approaching 6.5 grams or higher.

To maximize canola returns, produc-ers should observe TKWs for every seed lot they plant and calibrate their imple-ments accordingly to ensure optimal plant densities.

“If you plan to seed at five pounds per acre regardless of seed size, know the risks,” says the canola council.

“Large sized seed planted at five lb. per acre may not achieve the safe minimum plant stand of seven plants per sq. foot. The combination of lower seeding rates and larger seed size can lead to disap-pointing plant populations and a signifi-cant drop in yield potential.”

Canola seedlings generally have higher mortality rates than most other crops.

Sixty to 80 percent of germinated canola seeds will produce viable plants under good growing conditions.

However, only 40 to 60 percent of seeds

Maximize production by making adjustments for seed size and weightThousand kernel weights vary for different varieties and can influence plant densities depending on seeding rates.

Most hybrid seed falls between four and six grams per thousand kernels, but sizes can fall outside of that range. | file PHoto

By Brian CrossWestern Producer staff

will produce viable plants under average conditions.

In some cases, mortality rates can ex-ceed 75 percent, depending on the loca-tion of the field, soil conditions and tem-peratures during establishment.

If a producer seeds canola with a TKW of six grams at a rate of five lb. per acre, the corresponding seeding rate is 8.7 seeds per sq. foot.

Assuming a 60 percent survival rate, which is considered high under average growing conditions, those 8.7 seeds can be expected to produce 5.2 viable plants per sq. foot.

This is well below the minimum target density of seven plants per sq. foot, which is required to produce optimal yields.

By comparison, the same farmer seed-CONTINUED ON PAGE 8

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SOME SEED REPS STAND BY THEIR PRODUCTS. WE PREFER TO GET WAIST-DEEP IN THEM.

If you’re looking for your local Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representative, try the

nearest farm. You see, we’re always out walking the fi elds, talking to our

neighbours and checking the crops. In fact, we make it our mission to know

everything there is to know about our local growing conditions. That way,

we can help our partners get the best yield possible. It’s this kind of passion

that’s helped Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representatives become leaders in

the seed business and in their communities. Talk to your local Pioneer

Hi-Bred sales representative or visit pioneer.com for more information.

@PioneerWCanadaPioneer® brand products are provided subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents. The DuPont Oval Logo is a registered trademark of DuPont. ®, ™, SM Trademarks and service marks licensed to Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited. © 2013, PHL.

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smaLLer seeds need higher raTesThousand seeding rates (lb/ac) seed weight (grams) 3 4 5 6 7 8 2.5 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 3 6.3 8.3 10.4 12.5 14.6 16.7 3.5 5.4 7.1 8.9 10.7 12.5 14.3 4 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.4 10.9 12.5 4.5 4.2 5.6 6.9 8.3 9.7 11.1 5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 5.5 3.4 4.5 5.7 6.8 8.0 9.1 6 3.1 4.2 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.3source: Canola Council of Canada

ing canola with a TKW of three grams at the same seeding rate of five lb. per acre would be planting at a density of 17.4 seeds per sq. foot.

At the same 60 percent survival rate, those 17.4 seeds could be expected to produce 10.4 viable plants per sq. foot, well above the minimum target density of seven plants per sq. foot.

So, is small sized seed with a lower thousand kernel weight preferable to a large sized seed lot?

Not necessarily.That’s because seed size and weight

can also influence seedling vigour and yield potential.

Research in this area is limited, but studies conducted in Western Canada suggest that larger canola seed produces larger seedlings and higher yields.

However, the yield benefits realized by using larger seed may plateau once seed size reaches four or five grams per thou-sand seeds.

Autumn Barnes, an agronomy special-ist with the canola council, said most canola seed on the market today is more than four grams per thousand seeds.

“Thousand seed weight is very impor-tant for growers to know about to make sure they have an adequate plant den-sity,” Barnes said.

“But in the range (of TKWs) that we have now, the research likely shows that it’s not going to affect your yield too much if you use a five or a 5.5 thousand seed weight or a 4.5.”

In other words, know your thousand seed weights and adjust your seeding rates accordingly, but don’t worry about yield differentials if your TKWs are four or higher.

Barnes said some growers in Western Canada wondered last year if larger seeds — in the range of six or 6.5 TKW — would result in better seedling vigour, lower

mortality rates and better establishment.In other words, do larger seeds allow

the growers to lower target plant den-sities of less than seven plants per sq. foot.

“Unfortunately, we didn’t have a lot of answers for those growers,” Barnes said.

Despite a significant increase in canola seed size over the past five to 10 years, there has been little research recently about the relationship between seed size, seedling vigour and yield.

A benchmark study conducted by Ag-riculture Canada researcher Bob Elliott and published in 2007 concluded that leaf area, shoot weight and biomass of seedlings from large and very large seeds were 1.3 to two times greater than those of seedlings from small seeds under con-trolled environmental conditions.

Large seeded seed lots also produced higher yields, according to the study.

However, open-pollinated varieties were common when the study was conducted, and seed lots with TKWs of 3.6 to 4.4 grams were considered to have large seeds.

Today’s hybrid varieties are much larger.Subsequent studies have not been

undertaken to assess the performance and yield potential of seed in the range of four, five and six grams per thousand

kernels.In addition, there is evidence to sug-

gest that bigger is not always better.“Seed size has been related to subse-

quent plant development and yield in many crops,” the canola council says on its website.

“However, in canola, research on the effect of seed size on subsequent yield has been contradictory. In a review of seed size research on the Prairies, larger seed produced higher yield in five of 11 site years (and) in some cases, larger seed produced more vigorous seed-lings, but this advantage wasn’t carried through to seed yield.”

In the absence of any more conclusive evidence, growers should choose canola varieties based on regional performance and other issues.

Watch thousand kernel weights and adjust seeding rates accordingly.

Maintain target plant densities at sev-en plants per square foot or higher, but don’t otherwise worry about the differ-ence between a seed lot that is 4.5 grams per thousand kernels and another that is 5.5 grams.

As the old saying goes, it’s not the size of your seed that matters. It’s how you use it. ◆

Monsanto Company is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship® (ETS). Monsanto products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with Monsanto’s Policy for Commercialization of Biotechnology-Derived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. This product has been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Excellence Through Stewardship® is a registered trademark of Excellence Through Stewardship.

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Roundup Ready® crops contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup® brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup® brand agricultural herbicides will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for corn is a combination of four separate individually-registered products, which together contain the active ingredients metalaxyl, trifloxystrobin, ipconazole, and clothianidin. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for canola is a combination of two separate individually-registered products, which together contain the active ingredients difenoconazole, metalaxyl (M and S isomers), fludioxonil, thiamethoxam, and bacillus subtilis. Acceleron and Design®, Acceleron®, DEKALB and Design®, DEKALB®, Genuity and Design®, Genuity Icons, Genuity®, RIB Complete and Design®, RIB Complete®, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design®, Roundup Ready 2 Yield®, Roundup Ready®, Roundup Transorb®, Roundup WeatherMAX®, Roundup®, SmartStax and Design®, SmartStax®, Transorb®, VT Double PRO®, YieldGard VT Rootworm/RR2®, YieldGard Corn Borer and Design and YieldGard VT Triple® are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC. Used under license. LibertyLink® and the Water Droplet Design are trademarks of Bayer. Used under license. Herculex® is a registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Used under license. Respect the Refuge and Design is a registered trademark of the Canadian Seed Trade Association. Used under license. ©2013 Monsanto Canada Inc.

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Page Position: FPLive Area: 7.125” x 10”Trim size: 8.125” x 10.625”Bleed: 8.625” x 11.125”

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None

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SAFETY: 15.25” x 10” TRIM: 16.25” x 10.625” Bleed: 16.75” x 11.125”16.25” x 10.625”

SPEC ORIGINALLY GENERATED: Marianne Morrow PAGE: 1

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Production Contact Numbers:403 261 7161 403 261 7152

C-66-11/13-BCS13097-EBayerCropScience.ca/InVigor or 1 888-283-6847 or contact your Bayer CropScience representative.Always read and follow label directions. InVigor® is a registered trademark of the Bayer Group. Bayer CropScience is a member of CropLife Canada.

Prosko Family,ROSE VALLEY, SK

Runs in the family.There’s no stronger tie than the family who works together on the same land. For them, farming’s a tradition.

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InVigor® – proud to be part of your family farm for over 17 years.

S:15.25”

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SPEC ORIGINALLY GENERATED: Marianne Morrow PAGE: 1

SBC13114.InVigor.Brand.24.4C.indd


C-66-11/13-BCS13097-EBayerCropScience.ca/InVigor or 1 888-283-6847 or contact your Bayer CropScience representative.Always read and follow label directions. InVigor® is a registered trademark of the Bayer Group. Bayer CropScience is a member of CropLife Canada.

Prosko Family,ROSE VALLEY, SK

Runs in the family.There’s no stronger tie than the family who works together on the same land. For them, farming’s a tradition.

And although each new generation has their own ideas, there are some things they will be reluctant to change, the things that have consistently performed for them, the things that aren’t broken.

InVigor® – proud to be part of your family farm for over 17 years.

S:15.25”S:10”

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F:8.125”

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A University of Calgary researcher believes he has figured out a way to permanently eliminate the biggest

downgrading factor in canola.Marcus Samuel, an assistant professor at

the university’s biological sciences depart-ment, has discovered a gene regulatory network that prevents green seed damage caused by frost.

The discovery was made in arabidopsis, a close relative of canola.

Samuel and his team, which included researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of Bordeaux in France, discovered a mutant line of arabidopsis in which the seeds never turned brown.

The mutant line provided the team with the clues to figure out the gene and the as-sociated plant regulatory network respon-sible for de-greening.

“We figured out a pathway on how de-greening happens and what genes are im-portant in the pathway,” said Samuel.

The research has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, a peer reviewed journal.

Researchers were able to use the infor-mation they gleaned from the mutant line to transform a normal arabidopsis plant to over express the de-greening factor. They then exposed it to two to three days of mimicked harsh cold stress treatments during seed maturation.

“This transgenic line was able to take the hit from the frost and still was able to pro-duce brown seeds,” said Samuel.

Other researchers repeated the experi-ment in the lab and confirmed the results. Samuel said it was phenomenal to see the plants brush off the frost.

He knew they were onto something big that could eventually become a stackable trait in canola.

“You won’t have this green seed prob-lem anymore. You will have seeds that will actually become brown or black,” said Samuel.

A new discovery from a University of Calgary researcher could bring improved tolerance to frost in western Canadian canola crops.

By sean PrattWestern Producer staff

Marcus Samuel, a university of calgary researcher, has made a discovery that could prevent green seed downgrading in canola. | univerSity of cAlgAry PHoto

researcher makes green seed breakthrough

That is music to the ears of Rick White, general manager of the Canadian Canola Growers Association.

“Research that eliminates green seed and lets the plant do it is a great solution that will save the industry money,” he said.

Veronique Barthet, program manager of oilseeds with the Canadian Grain Com-mission, said green seed is the biggest downgrading factor for canola. Its impact

on the industry varies widely from year to year. It wasn’t a big issue this year, but that wasn’t the case in 2004.

“The first frost was in mid-August. All the canola was green. There was a big issue,” she said.

Successfully introducing the trait in canola could save farmers losses of $15 per tonne due to downgrading.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE


The U.S. Department of Agriculture es-timates green seed causes $150 million in annual losses to North America’s canola crop.

The unwanted seeds result in a chloro-phyll pigment that gives canola oil an un-favourable taste and odour and decreases its shelf life.

The grain commission allows a maxi-mum of six percent green seed for a crop to be considered No. 2 or better.

However, exposure of maturing seeds to freezing temperatures can easily result in more than 20 percent green seed. In 1992, a severe frost put 70 percent of the crop in the No. 2 and No. 3 grades.

White said there are plenty of times

when canola in the swath is dry enough to harvest but can’t be put through the com-bine because of high green seed counts.

“Lots of times you’ll have to leave that swath lay another week, and that’s a risky venture,” he said.

He believes a de-greening trait would be well received by western Canadian farm-ers.

Samuel’s research team is working with Sinai Biotech, an Ottawa biotechnology firm, to patent the transgenic technology.

He hopes the project will capture the at-tention of Bayer CropScience, Monsanto and BASF, the three big players in the pro-duction of herbicide tolerant canola.

His goal is to prove that the technology performs as well in canola as it did in ara-bidopsis, but it will take time and money.

He needs $100,000 per year over the next three years to prove it works in canola.

“I’m definitely willing to partner with anybody interested,” said Samuel.

“Anyone that’s willing to fund the pro-gram can actually have rights to part of the ownership.”

The research team has already identi-fied the pertinent genes in canola, but the process of transforming a canola plant is a lot more complicated than arabidopsis. As well, tests will need to be performed to ensure oil quality is not affected by the transformation.

Samuel is confident the technology will work in canola, which is 85 percent similar to arabidopsis.

“We are predicting it will essentially do the same thing in canola,” he said. ◆

MORDEN, Man. — It’s getting harder to find beans and other non-soybean pulse crops

around this area, but not here at the Agriculture Canada research centre.

The invasion of soybeans and corn to the area has conquered much of the acreage where the Red River Valley’s traditional crops like beans, sunflow-ers, oats and even wheat and canola once grew. But researchers hope modern breeding methods can keep some of the old crops growing in the area.

“There’s a real advantage to developing molecular methods for screening for root diseases because as you can see, it’s very laborious here,” said Agriculture Canada researcher Bob Conner as he stood in the midst of thousands of plots of pea and bean varieties earlier this year.

“We are going to have 3,500 plots to rate in the coming weeks.”

Edible beans and other crops are hav-ing a tough time competing for acreage with soybeans because of advances in developing soybean varieties that can be grown on the Prairies.

Many farmers like soybeans because of their easy management, low input de-mands and because many varieties have herbicide resistances.

Soybeans are among the big success stories of genetic modification, which is bad news for any crop going head-to-head with it.

Complicating the outlook for beans, peas and other small acreage pulses is that they are not expected to benefit from major investments from biotechnology

firms. That’s because their acreage is too limited to offer companies enough profit potential and because many pulse buy-ers don’t want GM crops.

However, other modern methods are al-ready being used by breeders and patholo-gists to try to develop better new varieties. The use of molecular markers, which can identify certain crucial genes in a variety, is helping shrink the amount of time and labour required to develop new varieties with already identified traits.

“Molecular breeding is becoming more and more common,” said Conner.

“Breeders are using it as a tool to select for parental material so they can com-bine resistance to a number of diseases all into one background.”

That potential is something Michael Reimer of Genome Prairie hopes to see exploited. His not-for-profit genomics institution sees methods like molecular breeding allowing scarce research re-sources to be more effectively invested.

“Conventional breeding is such a painstaking process,” said Reimer, who was part of the Pulse Growers tour.

“Being able to take advantage of some of these tools really is the wave of the future and certainly goes a long way to advancing crops like pulses, which don’t incorporate any genetic modification.”

For decades, crops like beans have of-fered prairie farmers agronomic advan-tages and been a useful part of their rotations, but their fate seems grim un-less they can keep up with the surge of soybeans.

Reimer said molecular breeding might be one of the factors that allows beans, peas and other crops to hold at least some of their acreage against soybeans.

“How do you keep pace with soybeans, which are taking advantage of the (GM) technology?” said Reimer.

“This (molecular breeding) is where it’s going. It allows you to expedite the pro-cess and be a lot more precise.” ◆

Researchers making better pulse crops without biotechnology

CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE

By ed WhiteWestern Producer staff

Bob conner of Agriculture canada says molecular breeding is helping researchers identify material to improve resistance in bean and non-soybean pulse crops. | file PHoto


Manitoba is no longer free of clubroot.

In September, Manitoba Ag-riculture announced it had found club-root galls on canola plants in two sepa-rate fields.

The province hasn’t released the loca-tions of fields with confirmed cases of clubroot, but a farmer in Manitoba’s oil patch is worried about high volumes of petroleum industry vehicles in the region.

Carlyle Jorgensen, who farms near Cromer, said cleaning trucks and other equipment is standard protocol in Al-berta’s oil industry. It should also be-come customary in Manitoba.

“In our area of our province, an exist-ing oil and gas facility (on a farm) could see traffic in a year of up to 400 (visits). A new exploration could see in the thou-sands, in a year,” Jorgensen said.

“Alberta has had clubroot for de-cades, and when I worked out there … it was mandatory that (trucks) had to be cleaned. The pipeline industry is the same…. They stop at the edge of a quar-ter, the equipment is washed (before) they move to the next quarter.”

When landowners sign lease agreements

first appearance of clubroot spurs call for managementManitoba farmers say biosecurity protocols should be mandatory.

By Robert ArnasonWestern Producer staff

clubroot disease is characterized by the forma-tion of galls on plant roots. they limit the plant’s ability to use water and nutrients, reduc-ing growth and yield. | file PHoto

with petroleum firms in Manitoba, they can request a provision requiring the company to wash trucks and other equipment before entering farmland, Jorgensen said.

If the landowner and the company fail to agree on a lease, the firm then asks the provincial government for a right of entry.

The language in that boilerplate docu-ment doesn’t mention equipment clean-ing, Jorgensen said.

“That right of entry is written by the province and you have no chance of put-ting anything on there. So, that’s the is-sue,” Jorgensen said.

“We (the Manitoba Surface Rights As-sociation) are lobbying the minister right now … to rewrite the right of entry (lan-

guage) to put that in there.”Chuck Fossay, who farms near Star-

buck, Man., said farmers should ask all companies, including petroleum firms, crop input suppliers and utilities, to clean equipment.

“If you higher a custom sprayer or cus-tom fertilizer applicator, you say before you come on my field, ‘I expect that ma-chine to be washed,’ ” he said. “The fed-eral government has a standard and then it’s up to producers to put in place their own risk assessment and risk practices.”

Some Manitoba farmers have said the province should release the confirmed locations of clubroot so landowners in the area understand the risk.

Fossay said that’s unnecessary because cleaning trucks and heavy equipment should be a normal biosecurity protocol across the province to protect farmland from weed seeds, insects and plant disease.

“There are probably low levels of (club-root) infection in fields that haven’t been found yet,” he said. “(Farmers should) put in a practice that minimizes the risk, of any kind of contamination, coming onto (the) field.”

Fossay said some Manitoba farmers ne-glect biosecurity because, like most peo-ple, they respond where there’s a crisis.

“I suspect a lot guys aren’t doing any-thing because usually you don’t do any-thing until you have a problem.” ◆

Disease continues to spread throughout AlbertaBy Mary MacArthur

Western Producer staff

Clubroot continues to spread across Alberta, despite new resis-tant canola varieties, education

and awareness campaigns.Alberta’s clubroot surveys for this year

identified 414 new fields testing positive for clubroot, bringing the total to 1,478.

“There is quite a bit of clubroot out there,” said Stephen Strelkov, a clubroot expert from the University of Alberta’s agriculture program. “There are a lot of new cases.”

This year’s increase can be directly linked to ideal growing conditions early in the year, allowing clubroot spores to grow and multiply, he said.

In another survey, Strelkov studied counties that were considered to have high, medium and light infestations of clubroot a few years ago.

The survey tried to gauge the spread of the disease in areas with different levels of infestation.

In Sturgeon County near Edmonton, which was considered a heavily infested area, 19 out of the 25 previously clean fields were now confirmed to have club-root.

In Wetaskiwin County, which was con-sidered a medium infested area, eight of the 25 previously clean fields now had clubroot.

In Lac Ste. Anne County north of Ed-monton, which was considered to be a lightly infested area, six of the 25 previ-

ously clean fields now had clubroot.“A lot of areas that were on the periph-

eral of clubroot are now active areas. It continues to spread,” he said.

Strelkov believes clubroot has become one of the top three canola diseases next to blackleg and sclerotinia.

New clubroot resistant varieties al-low farmers to grow canola in a field that has had clubroot in the past, but it’s difficult to eradicate once it is in the field. Even with healthy rotations, the spores can continue to build in the soil on weeds that are susceptible to clubroot.

Sean Miller, Saskatchewan Agricul-ture’s provincial plant disease specialist, said the province still has only four con-firmed clubroot cases. ◆

Lygus threshold expected to riseBy Dan Yates


The results of an ongoing project are expected to in-crease the threshold for lygus bugs in canola.

Hector Carcamo, an Agriculture Canada researcher in Lethbridge, is overseeing the four-year project, which wrapped up its second year with the 2013 growing season.

The threat from the pest has increased as acres dedicated to alfalfa and canola have grown. However, the existing guide-lines for when to spray were developed in Manitoba for con-ventional canola cultivars in the 1990s.

Officials think newer, more vigorous and higher yielding hy-brid canola varieties can tolerate more feeding. For one thing, Carcamo said the life cycle of the lygus may not be as well syn-chronized because newer varieties may mature earlier.

“That would mean that the thresholds that we are using now might be too low for lygus and we might be applying insec-ticides or trying to control them when perhaps we shouldn’t have to,” he said.

Adult lygus overwinter and emerge in May with new genera-tions of adults appearing and feeding in mid-June to mid-July and late August and September.

Growers are advised to conduct sweep tests for the pest as flowering ends and at the pod ripening stage and consult the economic threshold tables for when to spray.

“The threshold that was recommend in Manitoba at the time was 1.5 lygus per sweep (calculated after 10 sweeps) at the ear-ly pod stage and two lygus per sweep at the mid pod stage, but canola prices are now double that or more,” said Carcamo.

“And if you actually go with the table of threshold, you could go as low as 0.5 lygus per sweep.”

To develop new recommendations, researchers are studying different densities of lygus bugs in field plots. In the first year of the study, unfavourable growing conditions for canola created larger than normal lygus numbers. This year, conditions were better and lygus numbers were more typical, said Carcamo.

“That early pod stage is known to be the most vulnerable stage of the plant, when the lygus can actually pierce the pods and feed on the seeds and damage the seed to the point that it can reduce yields.… Once the pods are older, just before har-vest or after swathing, the seeds are too hard and firm so they cannot be damaged by the lygus bugs.”

The research project hasn’t been completed yet, but the Canola Council of Canada is already noting to growers that they may accept more lygus than the threshold tables indicate.

“As we get later in the season, the lygus aren’t going to re-ally be doing as much damage as they would be a little bit ear-lier. Once your pods start getting leathery with canola, they can’t really pierce through them anymore, so you shouldn’t be spraying them in the first place,” said Autumn Barnes, a canola council agronomy specialist in southern Alberta.

“But definitely, as the plant gets closer and closer to that sort of leathery pod stage, we do see that the ability or the damage that lygus do is smaller.”

Barnes said cabbage seedpod weevil was the major insect concern for southern Alberta growers in 2013, and Carcamo’s research is also examining how growers can manage it.

He said there’s evidence that spraying for cabbage seedpod weevil at early flower can also control lygus bugs.

“In general, it seems that fields that are sprayed at the early flower do not require a spray for lygus at the pod stage,” said Carcamo. “However, that doesn’t apply in all cases. There are a few instances where if the conditions are appropriate or ade-quate for the lygus bugs, you can actually still have an outbreak … even if they have sprayed at the early flower, so it’s never black and white.” ◆

Growing with farmers for90 years.

We’ve been along side farmers for 90 years. When you need trusted agricultural

information, we’re there.

BY SEAN PRATTSASKATOON NEWSROOM

Scientists are making strides on the “holy grail” of crop breeding and canola is the crop where the new technology is the most advanced.

“This would be the single biggest revolutionary change created by bio-technology for crops,” said Paul Arni-

son, president of Botanical Alterna-tives Inc., an agricultural biotechnol-ogy consulting firm.

The technology centres on a pro-cess known as apomixis, where the female reproductive system of cer-tain plants occasionally produces seed without pollination.

Scientists have known about the process since the dawn of crop breed-

ing but they haven’t been able to get a handle on it until recently, said Wilf Keller, president of Ag-West Bio Inc.

“It has been too hard to manage and understand but now with whole genomic sequencing we can maybe get at those complex genes that trig-ger the process,” he said.

“It could revolutionize the way we develop hybrid vigour.”

That’s because pollination would no longer be required in the seed production process.

Arnison said Tim Sharbel, a Canadi-an researcher working for a German plant genetics company, has made huge strides in understanding how the apomixtic process works in canola.

GROWING WITH FARMERS FOR 90 YEARS | W W W . P R O D U C E R . C O M

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3, 2013 VOL. 91 | NO. 40 | $4.25

® TM Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow. 0813-21799

Clean up your stubble. For a weed-free spring. 21 Days GuaranteeD.

Nothing hits harder or lasts longer. Only fall-applied PrePass XC provides 21-day SoilActiveTM control of dandelions, volunteer canola, narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard and more, next spring. Call 1.800.667.3852 or visit cerealsolutions.ca.

21799 WestPro 8.25X1.78.indd 1 13-08-13 10:36 AM

SEE ‘GAME CHANGING’, PAGE 2 »

Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Box 2500,

Saskatoon, SK. S7K 2C4

OCTOBER 3, 2013

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Tough sell?Larger than expected volumes of grain cause price slump | P. 6

Grades 4 and 5 students from Delisle Elementary School walk out of a 200 acre wheat field being harvested for Delisle Crops for Community, Sept. 10. Students observed a part of the crop, which had no fertilizer applied, to see the effects and how the yield compares. The project is a fundraiser for recreation facility upgrades in Delisle. The town owns the land and agreed to let a group of volunteers farm it for the next four years with all proceeds being turned back to the community. Agrium and Cervus Equipment in Saskatoon are major sponsors. | WILLIAM DEKAY PHOTO

CLASS FIELD TRIP

RESEARCH | CROP BREEDING

‘Game changing’ breeding nearsCrop breeding’s holy grail | Pollination would no longer be required in seed production

FIELDS OF DREAMS: Our annual harvest photo feature begins on page 24

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2013This is preliminary data. For the latest data,

go to www.canolaperformancetrials.ca

Informed seedIng decIsIons.

18

The CPT system includes both small plot and large field scale trials. Results for 2013 are based on 20 small plot trials and 108 field scale trials across the Prairies. Trial results that missed the print deadline for this publication are available online at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

Site distribution is based on seeded acres in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.

The small plot system ensures that:• All varieties are treated with appropriate commercially associated

herbicides and seed treatments.• An independent third party representative inspects all trials.• Varieties are in blocks based on maturity. That way, harvest occurs at the

appropriate time to minimize harvest losses due to maturity differences.

Field scale comparisons add extra perspective for assessing consistency in variety performance. For field scale plots, two or more varieties were compared at each site, and each site had a common check, 73-75 RR. Comparisons are based on harvested strips of 0.5 to 1.5 acres each. Field scale data is not necessarily replicated in all cases, but the data presented has been audited to make sure it complies with CPT protocols.

CV – For coefficient of variation (CV), the lower the CV value, the more reliable the test. For example, if comparing results from two test locations, one with a CV of 4% and the other with a CV of 8%, the test with the CV of 4% can be considered more reliable. There is always variability in research trials. The key is designing and managing experiments so CVs stay within a reasonable range. For the CPT, experience has shown that CVs below 15% indicate good test reliability.

LSD – The least significant difference (LSD at a 5% level of statistical significance) for each dataset indicates whether differences between varieties are statistically meaningful. Varieties should only be considered different in yield performance if the numerical difference between them is greater than the LSD value. Using the sample table below, if the LSD is 5.0, varieties A and B are not statistically different, B and C are not statistically different, but A and C are statistically different. In the yield graphs for each season zone (see page 20), LSD for each variety group is given on the left.

A total of 81 field scale trials were approved this year: AB=33, SK=27, MB=20, BC=1

Long Season

Mid Season

Short Season

TooLs To HeLP YoU mAKe BeTTer cHoIces

Variety Yield (bu./ac.)

A 52

B 54

C 58

LSD 5.0

Results are organized by short, medium and long season zones. CPT uses the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RRC) season zones, which are based on typical frost free days, growing degree days and soil type. Grey wooded soils, for example, are in the short season zone. See Table A for specific numbers for each zone.

Small plot and field scale data are presented separately in the following tables. For more detailed performance results, growing conditions and production details for specific trial sites, use the online CPT database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

The tables include yield, days to maturity, height and lodging scores for each variety. Lodging scores are between 1 and 5, with 1 being no lodging

and 5 being completely lodged.

Gross revenue is based on yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. This is based on $493.70per tonne, the March 2014 futures close on October 1, 2013, and a 50-pound bushel weight. Premiums are included in the calculations for specialty market varieties.

In the tables, varieties are listed numerically and alphabetically, starting with Clearfield (CL) varieties, followed by Liberty Link (LL) and Roundup Ready (RR).

Each zone and small plot location is identified on the map above.

1. To begin, use the map above. Identify your growing season zone and trial locations closest to your farm.

2. To evaluate yield potential, look at all small plot and field scale locations in your growing season zone and the average yield for your zone.

3. Consider other information such as maturity, lodging resistance and cost. The online database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca includes an economic calculator.

4. Ask your seed dealer for more information on specific varieties.

Table A: Season Zones

Season Frost Free Days Growing Degree Days (Base 5ºC)*

Short 75–95 1,100–1,450Medium 95–115 1,450–1,700

Long 115+ 1,700+*On a base 5ºC scale, growing degree days only accumulate on days when highs are above 5ºC.

19

cAnoLA PerformAnce TrIALs 2013 resULTs

Long Season Zone: Small plot results by locationLong Season Zone Mid Season Zone Short Season Zone Distributor

Variety Yield (Bu/Ac)Days To Maturity

Lodging Height (In.)Yield (Bu/

Ac)Days To Maturity

Lodging Height (In.)Yield (Bu/

Ac)Days To Maturity

Lodging Height (In.)

clearfield5525 cL 86.2 93.6 2.3 51.5 68.7 100.0 2.4 46.1 75.2 107.8 3.4 49.7 Brett Young

Vr 9560 cL 87.3 93.1 2.8 52.1 72.0 102.3 2.9 48.9 80.3 109.7 3.9 50.2 Proven Seed/cPSLSD 13 9.1 13

Liberty Link5440 100.4 93.5 1.6 51.5 74.8 99.4 2.1 47.8 90.1 108.2 2.5 50.7 Bayer crop ScienceL252 111.9 95.0 1.9 51.0 79.4 100.6 2.5 47.6 95.6 108.9 3.0 48.7 Bayer crop ScienceL261 101.3 96.1 1.6 59.6 75.7 101.9 2.2 52.4 88.6 110.0 2.6 54.9 Bayer crop ScienceL130 93.7 93.0 1.6 51.7 72.1 98.9 2.0 47.6 88.6 106.8 1.9 49.7 Bayer crop ScienceL154 102.6 93.1 3.0 52.4 74.2 99.3 2.9 48.0 86.7 108.4 3.8 50.4 Bayer crop ScienceL159 98.2 95.3 2.0 55.0 76.5 100.0 2.3 50.0 89.8 108.5 3.0 51.9 Bayer crop ScienceLSD 14 7.0 8.6

roundup ready73-45 rr 87.2 91.8 3.3 44.1 67.6 97.7 3.5 42.0 79.0 106.3 3.8 43.6 Dekalb6060 rr 98.2 96.5 1.9 53.5 72.2 102.6 2.4 47.7 81.1 110.0 3.0 50.4 Brett Young6050 rr 91.1 92.8 3.5 46.9 69.9 98.8 3.4 43.9 76.7 107.3 3.9 46.5 Brett Young6044 rr 97.3 94.8 1.4 50.7 69.9 99.4 1.9 44.6 79.8 106.8 2.6 45.3 Brett Young

1990 99.2 92.4 2.9 50.3 73.6 100.4 2.9 45.6 82.4 109.2 3.9 46.0 canterraV12-1 93.1 93.0 2.1 53.5 73.8 100.3 2.3 47.0 85.9 108.9 3.9 47.5 cargilV12-2 93.0 96.4 1.9 51.3 69.2 101.2 2.3 45.4 75.7 108.8 3.9 46.8 cargil

09H7757 95.0 97.0 1.8 55.0 75.1 102.5 2.2 49.9 84.4 109.3 3.9 49.7 cargil10DL30109 93.9 94.9 2.0 52.8 70.5 100.5 2.3 46.2 73.0 108.0 2.9 48.7 DL Seeds10DL30509 98.6 95.9 1.4 52.0 74.6 101.5 2.0 46.0 80.4 109.6 2.8 47.2 DL Seeds73-75 rr 100.9 92.1 3.5 48.4 71.9 99.2 3.2 44.4 75.1 106.3 3.6 44.3 Dekalb74-44 BL 94.1 92.1 3.3 48.1 71.5 98.2 3.2 42.6 81.0 106.7 3.8 46.1 Dekalb74-47 cr 102.3 95.6 2.9 51.4 70.1 100.5 3.0 45.6 80.7 108.4 4.0 48.5 Dekalb74-54 rr 95.4 91.6 3.6 47.8 71.4 98.7 3.5 45.2 81.1 106.8 4.0 47.2 DekalbSY4114 100.6 92.1 3.1 48.0 71.7 99.2 3.1 43.8 74.9 106.3 3.9 44.4 SyngentaSY4135 99.6 92.4 3.3 48.9 71.9 99.1 3.3 44.0 80.7 106.5 3.5 46.4 Syngenta

Vr 9562 Gc 97.5 93.8 2.0 53.1 72.6 99.3 2.5 47.8 82.3 107.4 3.6 52.0 Proven Seed/cPSVT 530 G 96.1 93.0 2.0 53.0 73.2 99.7 2.2 47.7 83.3 108.1 2.9 49.2 Proven Seed/cPS73-15 rr 74.6 104.5 4.0 44.2 Dekalb

LSD 11 6.7 9.0

Short Season Zone: Average yield for 4 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

Mid Season Zone: Average yield for 14 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

Long Season Zone: Average yield for 2 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

Clearfield LSD: 13.0

Liberty Link LSD: 14.0

Roundup Ready LSD: 11.0

Clearfield LSD: 9.1



Clearfield LSD: 13.0



5525

cL

Vr 95

60 cL 5440

L252

L261

L130

L154

L159

73-4

5 rr

6060

rr

6050

rr

6044

rr 1990

V12-

1

V12-

2

09H7

757

10DL

3010

9

10DL

3050

9

73-7

5 rr

74-4

4 BL

74-4

7 cr

74-5

4 rr

SY41

14

SY41

35

Vr 95

62 Gc

VT 53

0 G

5525

cL

Vr 95

60 cL 5440

L252

L261

L130

L154

L159

73-4

5 rr

6060

rr

6050

rr

6044

rr 1990

V12-

1

V12-

2

09H7

757

10DL

3010

9

10DL

3050

9

73-7

5 rr

74-4

4 BL

74-4

7 cr

74-5

4 rr

SY41

14

SY41

35

Vr 95

62 Gc

VT 53

0 G

5525

cL

Vr 95

60 cL 5440

L252

L261

L130

L154

L159

73-4

5 rr

6060

rr

6050

rr

6044

rr 1990

V12-

1

V12-

2

09H7

757

10DL

3010

9

10DL

3050

9

73-7

5 rr

74-4

4 BL

74-4

7 cr

74-5

4 rr

SY41

14

SY41

35

Vr 95

62 Gc

VT 53

0 G

73-7

5 rr

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

20*Gross revenue for this cargill Specialty canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. Vr 9560 cL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross revenue” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. contact Viterra for more details.

*Gross revenue for this cargill Specialty canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. Vr 9560 cL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross revenue” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. contact Viterra for more details.

Mid Season Zone: Small plot results by locationAberdeen, SK Elstow, SK Foam Lake, Sk

Variety

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to m

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to m

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to m

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

clearfield5525 cL 57.1 $640 95.8 - 48.7 65.7 $737 97.3 - 47.2 77.6 $871 97.8 2.5 44.5

Vr 9560 cL 54.4 $610 96.0 - 54.1 68.0 $764 97.8 - 49.2 82.9 $930 99.0 2.3 47.0LSD 9.5 15 2.4

Liberty Link5440 65.4 $733 95.0 - 51.9 62.0 $696 95.8 - 48.2 89.0 $999 97.3 2.3 49.6L252 62.5 $701 96.0 - 51.9 69.4 $778 95.9 - 48.0 95.4 $1,070 98.5 2.0 50.4L261 63.2 $709 95.5 - 55.1 65.0 $730 96.8 - 51.2 86.7 $973 101.0 2.8 53.3L130 59.7 $670 95.3 - 52.4 60.9 $683 95.0 - 47.7 93.4 $1,048 96.8 1.8 49.6L154 59.0 $662 94.8 - 52.4 69.1 $775 95.8 - 46.0 92.4 $1,037 97.3 2.5 48.8L159 58.4 $655 94.5 - 53.4 70.1 $787 95.1 - 51.2 86.9 $975 98.3 2.0 52.6LSD 6.5 7 7.1

roundup ready73-45 rr 58.0 $651 95.3 - 45.8 59.8 $671 94.8 - 44.0 82.4 $925 95.5 4.0 39.46060 rr 58.3 $654 96.3 - 51.2 62.6 $702 98.8 - 46.8 87.6 $983 102.8 2.8 49.26050 rr 58.6 $658 96.0 - 47.7 64.4 $723 95.4 - 47.5 85.7 $962 96.0 3.8 46.36044 rr 53.9 $605 95.8 - 48.5 58.3 $654 95.6 - 44.0 81.8 $918 99.0 2.5 48.0

1990 62.5 $702 95.3 - 50.0 64.4 $722 97.1 - 46.3 89.3 $1,002 96.5 2.8 47.0V12-1* 63.4 $783 95.5 - 50.0 64.6 $798 96.3 - 47.5 85.6 $1,058 99.3 2.5 48.6V12-2* 60.2 $744 96.3 - 49.7 54.1 $669 97.3 - 47.0 84.5 $1,045 100.3 2.8 45.7

09H7757 65.0 $730 96.3 - 52.9 63.2 $709 96.8 - 48.7 89.4 $1,003 100.8 3.0 51.610DL30109 55.9 $627 95.0 - 48.7 65.4 $734 97.3 - 47.7 80.1 $898 97.5 3.0 46.510DL30509 63.2 $709 95.5 - 50.7 62.8 $704 96.3 - 44.8 87.1 $977 100.8 2.5 47.873-75 rr 62.9 $705 95.5 - 48.2 61.1 $686 96.0 - 44.5 91.8 $1,030 96.3 3.8 45.174-44 BL 60.4 $677 96.0 - 47.5 58.6 $657 95.3 - 43.8 89.9 $1,008 96.5 3.0 44.374-47 cr 58.0 $650 95.3 - 48.2 56.4 $633 97.8 - 47.2 82.9 $931 98.0 3.3 48.074-54 rr 64.3 $722 95.0 - 48.0 60.7 $681 95.3 - 43.8 91.3 $1,024 96.8 3.8 47.6SY4114 61.3 $688 95.8 - 49.2 60.4 $677 96.3 - 44.3 89.5 $1,005 96.8 3.5 44.1SY4135 60.8 $682 95.3 - 48.0 61.3 $688 95.9 - 46.3 86.5 $970 96.0 3.5 44.3

Vr 9562 Gc 56.8 $637 95.3 - 47.2 58.7 $658 96.5 - 50.0 87.9 $986 97.5 2.3 48.0VT 530 G 58.7 $658 96.3 - 51.7 65.7 $738 96.3 - 50.4 91.3 $1,025 96.8 2.3 47.2

LSD 7.4 6.1 6.6cV 8.3 7.4 5.5

Long Season Zone: Small plot results by locationPortage, MB Outlook, SK

Variety Yield (BU/AC) Gross Revenue/AC Days to Maturity Lodging Height (In.) Yield (BU/AC) Gross Revenue/AC Days to Maturity Lodging Height (In.)

C5525 CL 78.0 $875 91.3 1.8 51.2 94.4 $1,059 96.0 2.8 51.9

VR 9560 CL 80.8 $907 89.0 2.0 49.2 93.7 $1,051 97.3 3.5 54.9LSD 6.7 19

Liberty Link5440 96.3 $1,081 89.8 2.0 50.2 104.5 $1,173 97.3 1.3 52.7L252 106.6 $1,196 93.0 2.0 50.7 117.1 $1,314 97.0 1.8 51.2L261 96.2 $1,080 95.3 2.0 59.1 106.3 $1,192 97.0 1.3 60.2L130 86.6 $972 90.0 1.8 52.2 100.9 $1,132 96.0 1.5 51.3L154 102.4 $1,149 90.8 2.8 51.7 102.9 $1,154 95.5 3.3 53.2L159 91.6 $1,028 93.5 2.0 53.1 104.8 $1,176 97.0 2.0 56.8LSD 13 14

Roundup Ready73-45 RR 83.1 $932 88.8 3.3 48.7 91.2 $1,024 94.8 3.3 39.66060 RR 96.3 $1,080 94.8 1.8 51.7 100.1 $1,123 98.3 2.0 55.36050 RR 87.9 $986 91.5 3.5 47.7 94.3 $1,058 94.0 3.5 46.16044 RR 95.1 $1,067 92.8 1.5 49.7 99.5 $1,117 96.8 1.3 51.7

1990 93.3 $1,047 88.8 2.8 48.2 105.1 $1,180 96.0 3.0 52.4V12-1* 85.2 $1,053 89.3 2.8 52.7 100.9 $1,248 96.8 1.5 54.3V12-2* 88.7 $1,097 93.3 2.3 49.2 97.2 $1,202 99.5 1.5 53.4

09H7757 89.8 $1,008 94.3 2.0 52.7 100.2 $1,124 99.8 1.5 57.410DL30109 94.1 $1,055 93.8 2.0 51.7 93.8 $1,053 96.0 2.0 53.810DL30509 99.6 $1,118 94.0 1.3 51.7 97.5 $1,094 97.8 1.5 52.373-75 RR 96.0 $1,078 89.3 3.0 48.7 105.7 $1,186 95.0 4.0 48.174-44 BL 87.8 $985 89.0 3.0 48.7 100.4 $1,127 95.3 3.5 47.474-47 CR 101.9 $1,143 95.3 2.0 52.7 102.8 $1,153 96.0 3.8 50.174-54 RR 89.5 $1,004 88.5 3.3 46.8 101.2 $1,136 94.8 4.0 48.8SY4114 92.8 $1,042 89.5 2.3 47.7 108.3 $1,215 94.8 4.0 48.3SY4135 90.7 $1,018 87.8 2.8 48.7 108.4 $1,217 97.0 3.8 49.0

VR 9562 GC 95.1 $1,067 91.8 2.0 50.7 99.9 $1,121 95.8 2.0 55.5VT 530 G 90.5 $1,016 89.8 2.5 50.7 101.7 $1,141 96.3 1.5 55.2

LSD 9 12CV 7.3 8.3

21

Swift current, SK Yorkton, SK Forestburg, AB Fort Saskatchewan, AB

Variety

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

clearfield5525 cL 38.4 $431 106.3 - 46.0 81.7 $916 97.0 2.8 37.8 59.6 $669 105.0 - 43.8 92.8 $1,041 108.8 4.3 53.6

Vr 9560 cL 41.1 $461 110.0 - 50.4 94.1 $1,056 101.8 3.5 42.3 57.1 $641 106.0 - 47.2 93.9 $1,053 112.5 4.3 55.1LSD 7.1 12 13 12

Liberty Link5440 39.5 $443 105.3 - 50.5 86.9 $975 96.8 2.5 35.4 63.4 $711 104.0 - 42.8 100.5 $1,127 107.0 2.5 56.1L252 49.0 $550 107.8 - 47.6 97.7 $1,096 98.0 3.0 38.6 63.6 $714 104.0 - 45.8 107.5 $1,206 111.3 3.8 52.2L261 41.4 $464 108.3 - 53.6 95.1 $1,067 100.5 2.5 44.9 54.2 $608 104.0 - 44.8 112.8 $1,266 113.5 3.0 60.0L130 39.7 $446 106.0 - 50.7 88.5 $993 96.0 2.0 37.0 51.8 $581 104.0 - 42.3 96.8 $1,086 105.3 2.8 53.6L154 40.4 $453 105.3 - 51.4 88.9 $997 97.0 3.5 39.4 59.1 $663 103.0 - 45.3 95.1 $1,066 109.0 4.0 51.7L159 44.7 $502 106.0 - 54.7 95.1 $1,067 98.0 2.8 39.8 58.8 $659 103.0 - 46.3 111.6 $1,252 110.5 2.8 58.1LSD 5.7 5.0 10 8.3

roundup ready73-45 rr 43.9 $492 101.5 - 44.1 72.6 $815 91.5 3.8 31.9 61.6 $691 103.0 - 35.4 90.7 $1,017 105.5 5.0 49.26060 rr 41.4 $465 107.5 - 52.4 76.7 $860 100.3 3.5 39.0 57.1 $641 103.0 - 41.3 109.9 $1,233 115.0 2.8 53.66050 rr 43.9 $492 104.0 - 46.2 82.4 $925 94.5 3.8 34.3 60.3 $677 103.0 - 42.1 90.2 $1,012 109.0 4.5 46.86044 rr 43.4 $487 106.5 - 45.8 82.0 $920 97.3 2.3 36.4 61.3 $688 103.0 - 39.9 102.0 $1,145 107.5 2.5 51.2

1990 42.9 $481 105.5 - 49.9 83.8 $940 96.8 3.5 39.4 70.9 $795 105.0 - 43.8 94.9 $1,064 113.3 4.8 47.7V12-1* 42.3 $523 105.0 - 48.1 93.8 $1,159 99.3 3.0 40.7 66.6 $823 104.0 - 44.8 99.2 $1,226 107.3 2.8 52.7V12-2* 43.4 $536 108.0 - 47.9 79.9 $987 98.5 3.0 35.6 61.3 $758 104.0 - 39.6 94.3 $1,166 109.0 2.3 52.2

09H7757 46.7 $524 106.8 - 53.1 93.6 $1,050 101.0 3.3 40.2 69.5 $780 107.0 - 48.0 107.3 $1,204 112.5 2.3 55.110DL30109 40.2 $451 105.5 - 47.0 75.4 $846 98.3 2.8 38.4 60.5 $679 104.0 - 43.8 104.0 $1,166 109.8 2.5 50.710DL30509 43.1 $484 106.5 - 46.9 82.5 $925 98.5 2.8 36.4 66.9 $751 105.0 - 41.8 109.6 $1,230 113.8 2.3 51.273-75 rr 47.2 $530 105.5 - 46.5 89.6 $1,005 95.3 3.8 35.4 61.9 $694 103.0 - 40.1 96.1 $1,078 111.8 5.0 47.774-44 BL 46.4 $520 104.0 - 45.8 85.7 $961 94.5 3.5 34.4 63.3 $710 104.0 - 38.9 88.7 $995 104.5 4.3 49.274-47 cr 43.5 $488 108.0 - 49.3 88.8 $996 97.5 3.5 35.2 57.8 $649 103.0 - 40.4 90.4 $1,015 113.0 4.5 50.774-54 rr 43.8 $491 105.8 - 47.8 86.0 $965 95.0 4.8 35.0 53.8 $603 104.0 - 43.1 94.9 $1,064 107.0 4.5 49.2SY4114 43.6 $489 108.3 - 47.5 86.7 $972 94.3 3.5 35.8 66.9 $751 104.0 - 41.2 88.2 $989 110.3 5.0 43.8SY4135 44.9 $503 107.5 - 45.8 81.6 $915 95.0 4.0 36.0 66.4 $745 104.0 - 41.8 94.2 $1,057 108.3 4.8 48.2

Vr 9562 Gc 42.8 $480 104.3 - 49.1 85.2 $956 95.8 2.8 36.6 60.9 $683 104.0 - 46.3 96.7 $1,085 106.8 3.0 52.7VT 530 G 40.8 $458 108.3 - 49.5 88.0 $987 96.0 2.5 37.0 61.8 $693 104.0 - 44.3 98.6 $1,107 107.3 2.8 53.1

LSD 5.7 5.8 6.5 12cV 9.1 4.7 8.9 8.5

Melfort, SK North Battelford, SK Saskatoon, SK Scott, SK

Variety

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

clearfield5525 cL 72.9 $817 96.8 3.5 41.3 74.8 $839 101.0 1.3 46.3 83.4 $936 95.3 2.0 55.1 76.2 $855 99.8 1.5 45.8

Vr 9560 cL 81.1 $910 98.8 4.3 42.8 82.4 $925 104.3 1.3 50.7 89.9 $1,009 97.0 3.3 54.1 81.4 $913 101.8 2.8 47.2LSD 4.1 3.5 14 4.1

Liberty Link5440 88.3 $991 96.5 2.5 46.3 82.3 $923 100.5 1.0 47.7 90.2 $1,012 95.5 1.5 56.1 81.2 $911 97.8 2.3 46.3L252 89.7 $1,006 97.5 3.0 44.8 90.4 $1,014 101.5 1.3 48.7 98.0 $1,099 97.3 2.5 54.6 85.5 $959 99.3 2.3 45.8L261 89.6 $1,006 98.5 2.8 53.1 82.5 $925 102.5 1.0 52.2 91.3 $1,024 98.3 2.3 61.5 82.5 $925 100.0 1.8 49.7L130 88.1 $989 96.5 2.5 47.2 80.5 $904 98.5 1.0 49.7 83.3 $935 94.5 1.8 51.2 78.3 $878 96.8 2.3 45.3L154 82.6 $927 95.8 3.0 44.8 83.0 $931 99.3 1.8 51.7 91.4 $1,026 94.0 3.3 55.6 83.2 $934 97.5 4.0 46.8L159 92.8 $1,041 96.5 2.5 46.3 83.2 $934 100.3 1.0 51.7 91.7 $1,029 97.5 2.5 52.7 83.4 $936 98.8 2.8 47.7LSD 7.6 7.0 7.7 5.3

roundup ready73-45 rr 68.9 $773 94.0 3.8 38.4 75.0 $841 99.0 2.5 44.3 75.7 $849 92.3 3.5 46.8 72.4 $813 97.5 4.3 40.86060 rr 79.9 $897 98.8 3.3 44.3 79.7 $894 104.3 1.3 50.2 83.1 $932 98.0 2.0 52.7 80.1 $898 104.3 2.0 47.76050 rr 69.7 $782 95.8 3.5 41.3 77.8 $873 99.0 1.8 45.3 84.9 $953 94.3 4.0 46.8 75.5 $847 97.0 4.8 41.86044 rr 82.4 $925 95.0 1.8 42.3 73.1 $820 99.5 1.0 44.3 75.9 $852 94.5 1.8 50.2 75.4 $846 98.3 1.3 42.8

1990 74.8 $839 97.0 3.3 39.4 83.7 $939 101.8 1.3 48.7 87.4 $980 93.8 2.5 53.1 82.2 $922 100.3 4.0 42.8V12-1* 75.9 $938 97.3 3.0 44.3 80.6 $996 101.3 1.0 48.7 88.9 $1,099 94.8 1.8 47.2 79.7 $985 100.0 2.5 44.8V12-2* 74.1 $916 97.3 2.0 41.8 76.4 $944 102.5 1.0 47.2 78.1 $965 96.8 2.8 51.7 76.0 $939 101.8 3.3 43.8

09H7757 80.7 $905 98.5 2.3 46.3 79.4 $891 103.5 1.0 51.2 86.2 $968 97.0 2.0 55.1 82.1 $921 102.0 1.8 48.710DL30109 79.8 $895 96.8 3.0 42.8 74.6 $837 102.3 1.3 48.2 77.7 $872 95.8 1.5 51.2 79.8 $896 101.5 2.3 46.310DL30509 85.1 $955 98.0 2.5 43.3 78.4 $880 103.0 1.0 48.7 82.0 $920 97.0 1.5 51.2 82.8 $929 101.3 1.3 44.873-75 rr 72.8 $817 95.8 3.3 39.9 79.1 $887 100.5 1.5 46.3 87.3 $980 91.8 2.3 52.2 74.3 $834 96.8 4.8 42.374-44 BL 70.3 $789 94.3 4.0 36.9 78.9 $886 98.5 2.0 44.3 88.4 $992 93.5 3.3 47.2 76.7 $861 97.3 3.8 41.874-47 cr 70.1 $786 96.3 3.5 42.3 79.2 $888 101.3 1.0 47.7 90.8 $1,019 95.8 2.8 49.7 76.9 $862 99.8 3.8 44.874-54 rr 71.3 $800 95.5 3.5 39.9 80.6 $904 98.8 2.0 48.2 86.2 $968 92.8 3.3 52.7 81.1 $910 96.5 4.5 43.8SY4114 72.8 $817 95.0 3.3 42.3 77.5 $870 99.5 1.3 44.3 86.8 $974 92.8 2.8 50.2 77.2 $866 98.3 4.3 41.8SY4135 70.2 $788 94.3 3.5 38.9 80.5 $903 99.3 1.8 47.2 89.9 $1,008 94.8 3.8 49.7 75.2 $844 97.3 3.5 41.3

Vr 9562 Gc 81.4 $913 96.8 3.0 44.3 79.4 $891 99.8 1.5 51.2 86.9 $975 93.0 2.5 53.6 80.7 $905 99.8 3.5 46.8VT 530 G 79.4 $891 97.0 3.0 41.8 82.0 $920 100.8 1.0 52.7 90.0 $1,010 94.5 1.8 53.6 78.6 $882 98.0 2.0 44.8

LSD 5.8 5.6 5.6 4.5cV 6.1 5.7 5.1 4.0


22

Short Season Zone: Small plot results by locationShellbrook, SK Barrhead, AB Dawson Creek, BC Fort St. John, BC

Variety

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Rev-enue/AC

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Rev-enue/AC

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Rev-enue/AC

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Rev-enue/AC

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

C5525 CL 57.4 $644 99.3 3.0 43.8 74.8 $839 107.3 3.8 51.7 90.8 $1,019 115.6 55.1 77.6 $871 109.0 48.2

VR 9560 CL 59.9 $672 100.8 3.3 45.8 78.8 $884 112.3 4.5 53.6 93.2 $1,046 116.4 53.1 89.2 $1,001 109.4 48.2LSD 14 14 12 11

Liberty Link5440 82.0 $920 100.8 1.5 43.3 91.2 $1,024 109.3 3.5 56.6 96.4 $1,081 114.6 54.6 90.7 $1,018 108.0 48.2L252 91.1 $1,023 101.3 2.0 43.8 97.2 $1,090 109.8 4.0 51.2 98.0 $1,100 115.4 53.1 96.0 $1,077 109.4 46.8L261 87.7 $983 102.8 1.5 52.2 94.1 $1,055 112.5 3.8 58.6 93.0 $1,043 115.9 58.1 79.9 $897 108.9 50.7L130 74.8 $839 99.5 1.5 41.3 99.4 $1,115 105.0 2.3 55.1 94.6 $1,062 114.6 56.1 85.4 $958 107.9 46.3L154 79.5 $892 100.0 3.0 43.3 87.0 $976 109.8 4.5 54.6 94.3 $1,058 115.6 53.1 86.2 $967 108.4 50.7L159 80.4 $903 101.5 2.5 45.8 98.2 $1,102 108.5 3.5 56.1 90.2 $1,012 115.6 58.1 90.5 $1,015 108.4 47.7LSD 6.6 8.9 5.9 13

Roundup Ready73-45 RR 64.5 $723 98.8 3.5 35.9 80.3 $901 103.3 4.0 46.8 92.0 $1,033 115.5 49.7 79.1 $887 107.5 41.86060 RR 74.4 $835 102.3 2.3 47.2 94.5 $1,061 113.3 3.8 51.2 81.0 $909 116.5 54.6 74.4 $835 108.1 48.76050 RR 74.1 $832 100.3 3.5 44.3 80.7 $906 105.3 4.3 49.2 83.7 $939 115.5 46.8 68.3 $766 108.3 45.86044 RR 69.7 $782 100.0 1.8 36.4 86.4 $970 103.0 3.5 49.2 91.4 $1,025 115.5 50.7 71.7 $804 108.5 44.8

1990 76.2 $855 101.8 3.3 39.9 84.3 $945 111.3 4.5 48.2 87.8 $985 115.5 50.2 81.5 $914 108.4 45.8V12-1* 79.0 $976 100.3 3.3 39.9 90.6 $1,120 110.3 4.5 51.7 93.3 $1,154 115.9 52.7 80.6 $996 109.4 45.8V12-2* 71.8 $887 101.8 3.5 43.3 78.9 $975 108.0 4.3 47.7 84.3 $1,042 116.4 51.2 68.1 $841 109.0 44.8

09H7757 79.5 $892 102.0 3.5 44.8 97.6 $1,095 109.5 4.3 53.1 86.8 $974 116.8 54.6 73.6 $826 109.1 46.310DL30109 64.6 $725 101.3 3.0 42.3 84.2 $945 107.3 2.8 50.7 76.3 $857 115.6 54.1 67.0 $752 108.0 47.710DL30509 74.6 $837 101.0 2.0 40.8 91.2 $1,024 111.3 3.5 49.7 83.5 $936 116.6 52.2 72.5 $813 109.5 46.373-75 RR 71.9 $807 100.3 3.0 39.9 74.7 $838 103.3 4.3 45.8 79.6 $893 115.1 47.7 74.0 $830 106.8 43.874-44 BL 72.6 $814 101.0 3.5 41.8 83.2 $933 104.3 4.0 48.7 93.1 $1,045 114.1 50.7 75.2 $844 107.4 43.374-47 CR 74.6 $837 100.8 3.3 44.8 80.2 $900 109.3 4.8 52.7 94.0 $1,055 115.0 52.2 74.1 $831 108.6 44.374-54 RR 74.0 $830 99.0 3.8 39.9 88.2 $989 104.5 4.3 49.7 85.9 $964 115.4 52.7 76.2 $855 108.1 46.8SY4114 66.8 $749 100.0 3.3 39.4 77.4 $868 104.3 4.5 46.3 81.2 $911 113.8 47.2 74.3 $833 107.1 44.8SY4135 72.2 $810 99.3 3.3 39.9 81.4 $913 103.5 3.8 49.7 92.2 $1,034 115.0 51.7 77.2 $866 108.4 44.3

VR 9562 GC 74.5 $835 100.5 3.5 46.3 85.5 $960 106.5 3.8 55.1 92.7 $1,040 114.8 56.6 76.5 $858 108.0 50.2VT 530 G 77.7 $872 100.8 3.0 42.8 94.9 $1,065 108.0 2.8 55.1 89.3 $1,002 115.6 52.2 71.1 $798 107.9 46.873-15 RR 66.8 $750 99.0 3.8 40.8 72.6 $814 99.5 4.3 46.3 86.8 $974 113.5 44.3 72.3 $811 105.9 45.3

LSD 8.8 10 9.0 7.7CV 8.3 7.9 7.8 8.9


Morinville, AB Vermillion, AB Vulcan, AB

Variety

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Gross revenue/Ac

Days to M

aturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

clearfield5525 cL 56.1 $629 101.0 2.0 40.9 79.8 $895 98.8 2.0 49.2 46.2 $518 100.0 - 45.3

Vr 9560 cL 57.4 $644 102.0 2.0 44.8 79.0 $887 101.3 2.3 51.2 44.6 $500 104.5 - 47.9LSD 9.5 11 11

Liberty Link5440 59.3 $666 100.0 2.0 42.6 99.8 $1,119 101.8 2.0 52.7 39.9 $448 99.0 - 43.4L252 58.4 $655 100.0 2.0 43.3 100.9 $1,133 101.0 2.5 50.7 43.5 $488 101.0 - 43.9L261 61.1 $686 100.0 2.0 48.1 99.9 $1,121 102.8 2.0 56.1 34.3 $384 105.0 - 49.4L130 59.8 $671 100.0 2.0 43.2 88.0 $987 100.5 2.0 52.7 40.4 $453 100.0 - 44.0L154 58.4 $655 100.0 2.0 41.7 94.6 $1,062 99.5 2.5 51.7 42.2 $473 102.3 - 44.3L159 55.0 $617 100.0 2.0 44.3 97.3 $1,092 101.3 2.0 55.6 42.6 $478 99.8 - 46.5LSD 5.7 9.6 5.2

roundup ready73-45 rr 58.6 $658 100.0 2.0 37.3 80.8 $907 98.3 2.5 50.2 46.2 $518 99.3 - 39.96060 rr 64.8 $726 100.0 2.0 43.1 89.8 $1,008 104.0 2.3 51.2 40.5 $454 104.0 - 45.36050 rr 58.8 $659 100.0 2.0 35.8 80.8 $906 98.8 2.3 50.2 45.8 $514 100.3 - 42.16044 rr 62.7 $704 100.0 2.0 41.6 84.5 $948 100.8 2.0 47.2 41.7 $468 99.3 - 42.4

1990 61.5 $690 101.0 2.0 39.2 87.2 $979 102.0 2.5 46.3 45.0 $505 100.5 - 44.3V12-1* 63.6 $786 100.0 2.0 43.4 86.7 $1,071 103.0 2.3 52.7 43.0 $532 101.0 - 44.1V12-2* 66.3 $819 100.0 2.0 40.0 79.3 $980 102.3 2.0 51.7 41.3 $511 102.5 - 41.6

09H7757 66.0 $741 104.0 2.0 46.9 79.5 $892 102.8 2.3 54.1 42.7 $480 106.5 - 47.010DL30109 64.9 $728 100.0 2.0 39.7 86.4 $970 101.8 2.0 53.1 42.6 $478 101.3 - 43.210DL30509 68.3 $766 100.0 2.0 45.1 89.7 $1,006 103.5 2.0 50.2 42.4 $476 102.5 - 40.873-75 rr 58.6 $658 100.0 2.0 39.7 76.3 $856 100.0 2.8 51.2 48.0 $539 100.8 - 42.574-44 BL 74.1 $831 100.0 2.0 37.5 77.9 $874 98.8 2.8 46.3 41.9 $471 98.0 - 39.174-47 cr 62.7 $703 100.0 2.0 41.8 79.2 $889 100.5 2.5 49.2 45.2 $507 101.5 - 43.474-54 rr 65.5 $735 100.0 2.0 40.4 77.3 $868 99.3 3.0 50.2 42.2 $474 99.8 - 43.5SY4114 60.4 $678 100.0 2.0 39.6 85.4 $958 98.8 2.5 47.7 46.6 $523 99.3 - 41.5SY4135 61.5 $689 100.0 2.0 38.5 86.7 $972 99.3 2.8 47.7 46.8 $525 101.0 - 41.7

Vr 9562 Gc 70.4 $789 100.0 2.0 41.4 84.8 $952 100.5 2.0 56.6 43.4 $487 100.3 - 44.8VT 530 G 60.0 $673 100.0 2.0 43.2 85.1 $954 101.0 2.3 52.7 45.0 $505 100.0 - 46.0

LSD 7.4 9.9 5.1cV 10.9 8.8 8.2

23

Field Scale Trial Yield ResultsField scale trials are managed by growers using their typical production practices. Trials are planted, swathed, harvested and, when necessary, sprayed by growers using the respective herbicide systems according to established protocols. Individual plots range from 0.5 to 1.5 acres. results below are given as a percentage of the check, 73-75 rr. Yield in bu./ac. for 73-75 rr for each location is given in brackets at the end of each row.

When comparing average results between varieties, consider the number of test sites for each variety. Field scale trials occasionally produce data that is above or below the expected range. If agronomic observations cannot explain these “outliers,” then they are checked against the statistical limits of deviation established by the canola Performance Trial technical committee. If the data falls outside the limits, it is removed. For more details on individual trials and for data from sites that reported after this information went to print, visit www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

*Denotes a 5% level of statistical significance using paired t-tests. In this case, these compare the variety to the check.

Yield results (% of check, 73-75 rr)

Variety

Location

19905440

73-15 rr73-45 rr74-44 BL74-47 cr74-54 rr

L130L154L159L252L261

SY4114SY4135V12-1V12-2

VT 530 G6060 rr

73-75 rr

Long Season Zone 102 100 - 99 102 98 101 101 100 99 108* 107* - - - - - 97 100 (55)Brandon 1 MB - - - 90 100 - 101 89 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (55)Brandon 2 MB - 104 - - 103 - - 103 - - 113 110 - - - - - - 100 (56)Broadview SK - - - 106 109 103 108 99 - - - - - - - - - 92 100 (55)cardale MB - 109 - - 107 - - 107 - - 111 113 - - - - - - 100 (54)cranford AB 102 - - 97 105 98 101 98 - - - - - - - - - 100 100 (76)Howden MB - - - 99 97 - 91 101 98 - - - - - - - - - 100 (67)

Indian Head SK - 94 - - - - 98 94 94 103 99 - - - - - - 101 (67)Kennedy SK - - - 108 92 - 94 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (51)

Lampman SK - - - 108 100 - 103 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (40)Magrath AB - - - 101 103 97 104 101 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (59)

Medicine Hat AB - 99 - 96 93 95 104 114 - - - - - - - - - 98 100 (38)Melita MB - 89 - 110 110 - 104 92 - - - - - - - - - 96 100 (48)Minto MB - - - - 106 - 104 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (44)

Neepawa MB - 110 - - - - 110 109 104 114 110 - - - - - - 100 (58)Ninette MB - - - 104 107 - 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (46)

Nobleford AB - 95 - - 103 - - 98 - - 102 99 - - - - - - 100 (74)Portage La Prairie MB - 102 - - - - 105 - - 106 110 - - - - - - 100 (51)

rapid city MB - - - 90 98 - 106 94 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (55)Somerset MB - - - 103 106 - 100 95 100 - - - - - - - - - 100 (60)

St. Adolphe MB - 100 - - 99 - - 105 - - 106 105 - - - - - - 100 (64)Woodside MB - - - 80 89 - 92 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (42)

Mid Season Zone 100 102 104* 101 104* 98 103* 102 105 102 104* 103 102 98 99 97 104 93* 100 (53)Andrew AB 100 - 110 107 105 - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (54)Arborg MB 92 - - 96 102 - 105 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (70)

Archerwill SK - - 111 109 104 - 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (52)Bawlf AB - - 101 101 109 - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (52)

Blackfoot SK - - - 106 113 96 111 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (49)


Variety

Location19905440

73-15 rr73-45 rr74-44 BL74-47 cr74-54 rr

L130L154L159L252L261

SY4114SY4135V12-1V12-2

VT 530 G6060 rr

73-75 rr

camrose AB 99 - 102 100 98 - 100 111 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (61)cando SK - - 100 103 99 99 95 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (50)carbon AB - 97 - - 105 - - 103 - - 104 100 - - - - - - 100 (63)

carseland 1 AB 100 - 98 98 101 99 98 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (73)carseland 2 AB - 96 - - 97 - - 98 - - 94 - - - - - - - 100 (70)

clavet SK - 103 - - - - - 107 113 105 107 111 - - - - - - 100 (52)cupar SK - - - 91 89 - 95 - - - - - - - - - - 98 100 (51)

Dalmeny SK - 104 99 98 101 - 101 97 - - - - - - - - - 95 100 (37)Davidson SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 98 - - 100 (61)

Denzil SK 104 92 - 104 101 98 99 101 - - - - - - - - - 97 100 (54)Foam Lake SK - 97 - - - - - 100 - - 97 - - - - - - - 100 (56)Goodeve SK - - 97 104 102 - 105 94 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (45)Harris SK - 103 - - - - - 102 103 96 104 99 - - - - - - 100 (50)

Humbolt SK - - 122 98 107 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (31)Indian Head SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 94 - - 100 (55)

Kamsack SK - 119 - - - - - 117 110 106 117 113 - - - - - - 100 (52)Kenaston SK - - - 89 96 98 108 104 - - - - - - - - - 89 100 (44)Kindersley SK 93 - - 90 102 103 94 - - - - - 99 91 84 - - - 100 (40)

Lake Lenore SK - - - 106 110 97 109 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (48)Langenburg SK - 104 - - 106 - - 111 - - 111 104 - - - - - - 100 (52)

Langham SK 97 - 99 102 103 102 107 - - - - - - - - - - 95 100 (50)Lavoy AB 105 - 108 107 111 - 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (66)

Maidstone SK - - - 105 109 100 102 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (55)Mannville 1 AB - - 110 95 114 - 103 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (47)Mannville 2 AB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 88 - - 100 (47)

Margo SK 107 - 106 103 108 - 102 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (50)Marquis SK - - - 102 114 100 101 - - - - - - - - - - 88 100 (54)

Meadstead SK - - 101 101 98 97 101 104 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (48)


Variety

Location

19905440

73-15 rr73-45 rr74-44 BL74-47 cr74-54 rr

L130L154L159L252L261

SY4114SY4135V12-1V12-2

VT 530 G6060 rr

73-75 rr

Moose Jaw SK - 105 - - - - - 106 105 106 104 102 - - - - - - 100 (59)Morinville AB - - 94 110 110 - 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (51)Mundare AB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 101 - - 100 (59)Neville SK - - - 98 96 86 102 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (45)

New Norway 1 AB - 106 - - 107 - - 105 - - 107 109 - - - - - - 100 (67)New Norway 2 Ab 97 - - - 106 - 97 - - - - - 97 103 - - - - 100 (61)

North Battleford SK 92 - - 94 96 93 98 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (49)Ohaton AB - 101 - - 98 - - 100 - - 97 95 - - - - - - 100 (64)

Peterson SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 99 - - 100 (52)raymore SK - 99 - - 101 - - 101 - - 103 100 - - - - - - 100 (53)regina 1 SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 - - - 100 (41)regina 2 SK - 97 - - - - - 98 - - 107 106 - - - - - - 100 (46)

rhein SK - - - 98 103 105 109 113 111 - - - - - - - - - 100 (56)rivercourse AB - - - 90 94 - 92 85 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (53)rockyford AB 106 109 - 105 100 97 104 102 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (71)

rokeby SK - - 103 106 110 - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (42)rosthern SK - - 106 104 104 98 104 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (49)

Sedgewick AB - 107 - - - - - 100 100 101 104 101 - - - - - - 100 (61)Southey SK - - - 103 108 - 103 95 99 - - - - - - - - - 100 (46)

Stewart Valley SK - 92 - - - - - 93 - - 99 100 - - - - - - 100 (55)Swan river MB - - - 109 113 106 108 117 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (59)Vegreville 1 AB 94 - 105 115 111 - 110 107 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (47)Vegreville 2 AB - 102 - - - - - 102 95 97 101 100 - - - - - - 100 (65)Vermilion 1 AB 106 - 107 110 111 97 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (49)Vermilion 2 AB - 99 - - 100 - - 106 - - 105 102 - - - - - - 100 (72)Vulcan 1 AB - - - 92 104 - 104 98 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (47)Vulcan 2 AB - - 93 98 100 96 100 - - - - - - - - - - 85 100 (58)

Wainwright AB 110 - - - 104 - 99 - - - - - 109 98 - - - - 100 (58)


Variety

Location

19905440

73-15 rr73-45 rr74-44 BL74-47 cr74-54 rr

L130L154L159L252L261

SY4114SY4135V12-1V12-2

VT 530 G6060 rr

73-75 rr

Watrous SK - - - 91 97 - 90 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (55)Webb SK - - - - 98 93 106 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (47)

Wilkie 1 SK 95 - - 108 106 101 107 - - - - - - - - - 104 - 100 (43)Wilkie 2 SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 - - - 100 (57)Wishart SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 102 - - 100 (57)

Yorkton 1 SK - - 103 107 103 - 104 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (55)Yorkton 2 SK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 96 - - 100 (48)

Short Season Zone 106 107* 106* 106* 107* 97 104* 109* 102 101 107* 107* 99 105 - - - 95 100 (51)Beaverlodge AB - 105 - 109 - - - 102 97 99 102 105 - - - - - - 100 (58)

carstairs AB 106 - 104 101 107 - 101 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (45)claresholm AB 108 - - - 96 - 97 - - - - - 98 104 - - - - 100 (58)

DeBolt AB - - 111 110 115 - 107 112 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (46)Eaglesham AB - 117 - - 112 - - 119 - - 115 108 - - - - - - 100 (60)EcKVILLE AB 107 - 104 110 109 95 105 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (43)

Falher AB - 110 - 100 - - - 111 100 104 105 109 - - - - - - 100 (45)Fort Vermillion AB 100 - 99 104 107 - 105 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (48)

Grande Prairie 1 AB - - 105 105 106 - 102 106 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (45)Grande Prairie 2 AB 99 - - - 97 - - - - - - - 91 99 - - - - 100 (51)

Lacombe AB - - 98 101 103 93 103 - - - - - - - - - - 95 100 (59)La Glace AB - 101 - - 104 - - 102 - - 104 104 - - - - - - 100 (43)

Legal AB - 104 - - 103 - - 105 - - 107 - - - - - - - 100 (69)Olds AB 116 106 - - 111 - 110 114 - - - 109 107 112 - - - - 100 (55)

rabbit Lake SK - - 101 99 106 103 105 110 108 - - - - - - - - - 100 (46)Sexsmith AB - - 111 110 111 - 102 108 - - - - - - - - - - 100 (47)St. Isidore AB - - 119 117 118 - 112 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (44)

Valhalla centre AB - - 102 102 106 - 102 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 (59)Total 101 102 104* 102* 104* 98* 102* 103* 103 101 105* 105* 100 101 99 97 104 94* 100 (53)

24

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VIKING, Alta. — Paul Wipf simpli-fied the job of comparing and choosing canola varieties this year

when he seeded 31 varieties in a 200 acre field.

“One would have to cover a lot of miles to see 31 varieties. In our plots, I was able to see 31 comparisons in one location,” said Wipf, farm steward at the Viking Colony.

“Hopefully from these plots, I have an-swers to some of my questions about which varieties best fit my area.”

Few farmers go to the same lengths as Wipf to figure out which canola varieties grow best in his central Alberta farm, but the plot gives Wipf confidence that he is making the right canola choice.

Other farmers and industry representa-tives were also interested in seeing that many varieties side by side in seven-acre plots. More than 600 people toured the plots during a three-day plot tour event, while others stopped by throughout the year to inspect the crops’ progress.

“Over the years, there have been so many varieties to choose from and how did I know which best suited my area?” said Wipf.

He also considers the chemical combi-nations that go along with canola when choosing varieties. Herbicide residue can be a problem in the colony’s thin black soil.

“Traditionally we’re in a drier area and don’t want to use residual chemical.”

This year’s plots showed that yields were pretty close between all varieties, so Wipf looked instead at early spring vigour, time of flowering, sclerotinia and blackleg resis-tance, standability and swathability.

“These plots help me make a more sound decision of what I grow on my farm. What is illustrated is they are so close together in yield now that what sets them apart is weed control and the need to be careful to not get resistance by overusing the chem-istry,” he said.

“I pay attention to all these details.”Wipf said he needs to know what chemi-

cals to use if he shortens his rotation. It

helps to have the information gleaned from his plots as well as what he learns from talking to experts, he added.

Choosing a variety based on previous year’s information is always a risk for farm-ers, he said.

Wipf, who is a DeKalb dealer, said he has learned he needs a third party in-volved to eliminate any perceived bias. He is concerned this may have been the perception and wants to eliminate it in upcoming trials.

“I do these plots for my own use and do not want to make trouble for myself. I be-lieve somehow that the seed companies are distrusted, that they’re biased and I don’t want that image. In the future, I want the Canola Council of Canada involved as a third party when we harvest and plant.”

Allison Ammeter of Sylvan Lake, Alta., uses a combination of methods to choose which canola varieties to grow: attending local field days, reading farm publications and talking to agrologists and neighbours.

“Talking to the neighbours right around you is a very valuable way to see what works in your area,” said Ammeter, who farms in an area with heavy soil and plenty of rain, which is ideal for growing large canola crops.

“We want to look at what’s proven in the area.”

She uses a strict four year rotation of ce-reals, pulse, canola and regularly switches between an Invigor and RoundUp Ready variety to help decrease the chance of

Picking the right variety requires homeworkWith many cultivars to choose from, there are several factors that growers must consider when choosing a canola variety for their farm.

By Mary MacArthurWestern Producer staff

over 30 canola varieties were seeded at the viking colony. | file PHoto

2013 Viking coLony TriaLs hybrid variety yield (bu/ac)45H29 67.945H31 60.145s54 61.173-15 RR 63.173-75 RR 63.774-44 Bl (nine plots) 62.3 - 69.874-54 RR 67.774-54 RR 68.974-54 RR 68.7Canterra 1970 60.1Canterra 1990 64.4Canterra exp. 1 59.01D3152C 60.5D3153 (lumiderm) 58.9D3153 (Helix Vibrance) 59.0l130 66.4l153C 66.1l154 63.2 l159 66.1sY4114 61.6sY4114 65.0

chemical resistance building up in the field.

“I think rotation is more key than vari-ety,” she said.

“I don’t agree with getting a disease re-sistant variety just so you can grow canola, snow, canola.” ◆


Sclerotinia can be a costly disease for canola producers.

As a result, growers should al-ways set aside time to scout for the dis-ease, even when they’re swathing.

Canola growers usually scout canola fields for sclerotinia in late June or early July, when the crop starts to bloom.

However, scouting later in the year, when the crop is being swathed, can also yield valuable information that might save thousands of dollars down the road, according to researchers with Agricul-ture Canada.

To manage future losses, growers should spend an extra 15 minutes in each field during swathing to assess in-fection levels.

Get off the swather every couple of hours, pull 15 or 20 plants and examine them for signs of infection.

Take notes, keep them on file and refer to them next time canola is planted on the field.

According to the Canola Council of Canada, canola growers normally base their fungicide application decisions on market prices, the costs of fungicide ap-plication, the amount of precipitation during early flowering and the crop’s yield potential and risk of infection.

It’s the risk of infection that is often the hardest to assess.

Keeping notes on a field’s past infec-tion history can be a helpful tool in de-termining infection risk.

Fields that had heavy infection rates in the past are more likely to require fungi-cide treatments.

Those fields should be monitored closely next time canola comes up in the rotation.

The task of in-crop scouting becomes easier once suspect fields have been

By Brian CrossWestern Producer staff

growers can save money by scouting for sclerotinia while swathingOfficials recommend that growers scout for disease at the end of the growing season as well.

identified.Begin with an assessment of whether

disease inoculum is present in the crop.Locating tiny sclerotia bodies in the

soil is next to impossible. The bodies are black and roughly the

size of a mouse turd. It’s easier to lo-cate apothecia, the small tan-coloured mushroom-like structures that produce infectious sclerotinia spores.

The apothecia are shaped like minia-ture golf tees and their heads are usually smaller than the head of a two-inch nail.

Presence of apothecia is a good indica-tion that spores are present.

Timing is a critical issue for growers who decide to spray.

Numerous fungicides are available.In general, the window for application

is 20 to 50 percent bloom, with optimal control acquired at 30 percent bloom, says CCC literature.

To assess crop maturity, take samples of several plants throughout the field and count the number of open flowers.

The objective of the fungicide applica-tion is to cover as many petals as pos-sible while ensuring that some chemical also penetrates into the canopy to help protect potential infection sites (such as leaf axils and bases),” say the Canola Council of Canada.

“The chemical is only active on those petals that are present at the time of spraying. The chemical will not protect petals that emerge after spraying, but some chemical coverage within the can-opy may help to restrict infection.” ◆

growers can assess their risk of a sclerotinia infection by keeping records of past infections in their fields. | file PHoto

*AgCelence bene� ts refer to products that contain the active ingredient pyraclostrobin. **All comparisons are to untreated, unless otherwise stated.

Always read and follow label directions.AgSolutions, and HEADLINE are registered trade-marks of BASF Corporation; AgCelence is a registered trade-mark of BASF SE, all used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. HEADLINE should be used in a preventative disease control program. © 2013 BASF Canada Inc.

There are a lot of decisions to make when it comes to getting the most out of your crop. But there’s only one fungicide that goes above and beyond controlling disease in canola by helping increase yield potential. We’re talking, of course, about Headline® fungicide. Not only does it help control yield-robbing diseases like blackleg, it also delivers the unique, proven bene� ts* that we call AgCelence®. The evidence? Greener, larger leaves and stronger stems that ultimately result in higher yield potential**. To � nd out how Headline can take your canola to new heights, visit agsolutions.ca/headline or contact AgSolutions® Customer Care at 1-877-371-BASF (2273).

Other fungicides help protect yield potential.

This increases it.

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Client:BASFCANFile Name: HDLN_BIN_WCPP_v3Project Name: Headline BIN adsDocket Number: 110200809AD#: kenna_FP4CB_WCPP_110200809_HDLN


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CMYK

PMS

PMS

PMS

. Jeannette V3. .

. . 09/30/13. .

110200809_HDLN_BIN_WCPP_v3.indd 1 2013-10-29 4:41 PM


The next big trait in canola is com-ing to a field near you next year.

Bayer CropScience Canada is set to launch InVigor L140P, the first in what is expected to be a long line of pod shatter tolerant canola varieties from the indus-try in the coming years.

“It’s certainly a welcome trait,” said Rick White, general manager of the Canadian Canola Growers Association.

“It has been something that farmers have been asking for, for quite a while, and it’s great to hear that there will be some new products coming.”

He said the trait should allow growers to harvest more bushels.

A technical sheet promoting the new variety claims Canadian canola growers lost an average of two to four bushels per acre to pod shattering between 2010 and 2012, according to Agriculture Canada field surveys.

Bayer said that works out to a loss of more than $500 million last year. Some grain industry analysts think the loss was closer to $1 billion that year because of a September windstorm that tossed canola swaths around across the Prairies.

Blaine Woycheshin, oilseed crops man-ager for InVigor Seed, said the company’s new pod shatter reduction trait, which was created through a patented but un-disclosed non-genetically modified tech-nology, should reduce but not completely eliminate shatter losses.

“It’s not bulletproof because if it was bulletproof you’d never get (seeds) out of the pod,” he said.

In 2011 trials, Bayer’s new InVigor L140P line yielded six percent lower than InVigor 5440 when swathed at the normal 60 percent seed colour change time un-der minimal harvest wind conditions.

In straight cut trials that year, it provided a one percent yield advantage over 5440, which is considered one of the most shat-ter tolerant lines on the market.

new canola varieties bring improved shatter toleranceThe first variety of pod shatter tolerant canola will be available to growers in 2014.

By sean PrattWestern Producer staff

Hundreds of millions of dollars were lost due to pod shattering in canola crops in 2012 after swaths were hit by strong winds. | file PHoto

The trait proved its worth the follow-ing year, which had an extremely windy harvest period. The L140P yields were slightly lower than 5440 at normal swath-ing time and identical during the seven-day delayed swathing trials. However, it provided a 12 percent yield advantage in the straight cutting trials.

In this year’s trials, straight cutting L140P yielded seven percent, or about four bush-els per acre, more than L140P and 5440 that was swathed at the normal time.

Bayer is being careful not to position the new product as a surefire way to avoid swathing.

“That would be wrong,” said Woy-cheshin.

“The bottom line is this is buying grow-ers flexibility in making their harvest management decisions.”

Bayer claims its pod shattering reduc-tion trait could allow growers to delay swathing by a week to 10 days or even more, allowing pods to fill for a longer pe-riod and resulting in larger seeds, a fuller

pod and the potential for lower green seed counts.

White said that would be a “tremen-dous benefit” to farmers.

“When canola is ready to swath, it’s ready to swath now and it only gets worse as every day goes by,” he said.

“All it takes is a rain shower or two to hold the farmer up and next thing you know you’re way behind in your swathing and you’re taking big losses because it’s shelling out.”

DuPont Pioneer is also working on pod shatter tolerance, but the planned 2014 introduction of its trait has been pushed back a year because of unco-operative weather conditions.

The company was hoping for windy harvest conditions to put the trait to the test in 2013, which was its first year of large-scale, on-farm field testing of the native trait that was created through conventional breeding techniques. That didn’t happen.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 30

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® JumpStart is a registered trademark of Novozymes A/S. All others are trademarks of their respective companies. All rights reserved. 13016 10.13 ©

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For the love of canola

Scan here for the latest information on varieties.

is available on select canola varieties from:

®

Colours are matched to jpg �le - do not know what the pantone colours are

1012 RR 2012 CL

InVigor L120InVigor L130InVigor L150InVigor L154InVigor L159

InVigor 5440InVigor L135CInVigor L156HInVigor L252InVigor L261

45H29 RR45H31 RR45S52 RR45S54 RR

46S53 RR46H75 CLD3153 RRD3154S RR

73-75 RR74-44 BL

74-54 RR

VT 500 GVR 9560 CL

VR 9562 GC

CANTERRA 1970 CANTERRA 1990

6060 RR6056 CR6050 RR

6044 RR6040 RR5535 CL

5525 CL

V12-1 V12-2

v2045


“I don’t think we have the data really to support introduction right now,” said Igor Falak, senior research scientist at DuPont Pioneer.

“It would be safe to say we’re looking at 2015 and onwards in terms of rolling out a product.”

Most farmers swath at 60 percent seed colour change, but DuPont’s new product allows growers to swath at 80 percent co-lour change and beyond. As well, it will be more amenable to straight cutting than varieties now on the market.

Falak stressed that delayed swathing is the primary goal because a lot of things have to fall into place for straight cutting to occur, such as uniform maturity, which is difficult to achieve.

He expects the pod shatter tolerance trait to eventually be incorporated into all of Pioneer’s canola varieties, much like blackleg resistance is today.

“Down the road it will be a platform trait,” he said.

Pod shatter damage from wind or hail

can be severe. Winds in excess of 80 ki-lometres per hour can result in a 50 per-cent reduction in yield, while a hailstorm might wipe out 80 percent of a crop.

“I’m not saying that shatter tolerance would eliminate losses, but it would very significantly reduce them relative to regu-lar genetics,” said Falak.

Growers should think of it as an insur-ance option for their canola crops, he added.

Falak estimated that 90 to 95 percent of canola is swathed before being com-bined.

“This is really the beginning of a rather new era that will enable that straight combining portion of the market to grow slowly but steadily.”

White said the savings from shifting to a one-pass harvest system would be sub-stantial.

Even the ability to delay swathing would be significant because it would allow farmers to plant canola earlier in the sea-son rather than staging the crop so that it

doesn’t ripen all at once.Other seed companies are also working

on the trait. Sam Eathington, vice-president of plant

breeding with Monsanto, said it is one of three canola breeding priorities for the company along with additional herbicide options and blackleg resistance.

However, Monsanto is well behind the competition.

“Maybe later in this decade we might be able to get something out there. There’s still some work to do,” said Eathington.

Monsanto hopes it can develop the trait through native genes, but it may turn to genetic modification if they prove inadequate. It would push commercial introduction back to early next decade.

Eathington said the trait could revolu-tionize the production of Canada’s most valuable crop.

“It would simplify the harvesting pro-cess and take some risk out of it,” he said.

“It would be a nice change to the canola production system.” ◆


seed early to maximize end of season windowsTraighT cuTTing canoLachris holzapfel, a researcher with the indian head agricultural research foundation, is testing which varieties of canola are best suited for straight cutting. his trials include the following varieties: BayerInVigor 5440, InVigor l130, InVigor l140pdekaLB73-75 and 74-44 (both Roundup Ready)Brett young 6050 RR and 5525 ClPioneer46H75 Cl and 45H29 RR, as well as an experimental varietydow 2012 Cl and 1012 RR

By Karen BriereWestern Producer staff

The decision to straight cut or swath canola is still a matter of personal preference and logistics,

says a researcher at the Indian Head Ag-ricultural Research Foundation.

Research manager Chris Holzapfel, who has studied the two harvesting methods for several years, said one is not better than the other.

He said so many factors go into the de-cision that farmers may have to assess each year.

The knock against straight combining has been seed loss from shattering. Hol-zapfel has been measuring that for about six years.

“It can be substantial, and last year was really the big one,” he said, referring to 2012.

That fall, a combination of things led to shattering problems in many canola crops.

Winds of up to 80 kilometres per hour affected both standing and swathed crops.

“Then with the high disease levels, we just had more shattering than I’ve ever seen,” Holzapfel said.

His data from 2013 trials has not yet been completely analyzed, but he al-ready knows losses were minimal.

Much of his crop was straight com-bined before rain and poor weather hit. He said those conditions can be even

more detrimental than high wind.“The other year where I saw fairly sub-

stantial losses here was 2010,” Holzapfel said.

“We were probably delayed by at least seven to 10 days due to rain and poor weather and ended up having some losses to the point where yields were a bit lower than with swathing.”

His work at IHARF looks at 12 hybrid varieties, including a couple chosen for shatter tolerance.

“Shatter tolerance in our varieties is probably the Holy Grail, and if we can get that, then I guess we don’t really need much of anything else,” he said.

Still, he is also interested in technologi-cal advances in harvesting equipment.

A canola header studied about five years ago at the Wheatland Conserva-tion Area in Swift Current, Sask., shows potential.

The Biso header extension sets the cut-ter bar further ahead of the reel and re-ducing seed loss.

“Headers have come a long way, even if they aren’t specific to canola,” Holzapfel said.

“We’re starting to see on a few models the ability to move the cutter knife for-ward and backward and really have a wide range of adjustments relative to the reel, which seems to be quite useful for canola.”

However, farmers should start con-sidering how they intend to harvest the crop as early as seeding time.

“Most important is trying to seed rela-tively early and also being sure to use an adequate seeding rate,” Holzapfel said.

“It doesn’t have to be excessive, but it’s not necessarily the time to be trying out three pounds an acre.”

Earlier seeding means earlier matur-ing, which can result in better conditions for straight cutting. Standing canola is typically harvested later than swathed canola.

A high population of plants produces a stand that matures more quickly and uniformly. A thin stand, coupled with possible disease, can result in harvest

difficulties. ◆

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Ideal growing conditions in 2013 saw prairie farmers harvest a huge canola crop, with yields topping 70 and even 90 bushels per acre.

Big yields break prairie canola recordsBy William DeKayWestern Producer staff

Fantastic, phenomenal, massive, staggering: however it’s described, the canola harvest of 2013 was

one for the record books.Old timers say they have never seen

the likes of it, while the younger gen-erations are reenergized and looking forward to the future.

Who could have predicted, coming off a never ending winter and wet spring, that yields would in many parts of the Prairies be 50 percent higher than previ-ous bests.

There’s a general consensus that Mother Nature was in a good mood throughout the growing season. Many producers were able to plant normal maturing seed within their May win-dow. Rain fell at the right time. A cool July helped flowering extend to five and six weeks, well beyond the three-week norm. August was hot and dry, and the rest is history.

While records fell there was one number that stood high above the rest. Lakeside Farms from Norquay, Sask., achieved 91.82 bushels an acre in one of their swathed fields to win this year’s Canola King Challenge. Hudye Soil Ser-vices sponsors the annual event, now in it’s sixth year.

“It’s truly amazing,” said Dan Owen, agronomy manager for Hudye.

“This season has been one that most people won’t see again in their life-time … I believe the 92 bushel yield is probably the highest achieved in the Prairies,” he said.

Out of the ten producers that partici-pated in this year’s challenge, Lakeside Farm’s record-breaking yield was more than 2.6 times the provincial average of 35.2 bushels per acre.

“I believe that Mother Nature is one but these guys were adapting quite an aggressive intensive management prac-

Prairie farmers harvested 19 million acres of canola in 2013, down from the previous year, but saw average yields of 36.9 bushels per acre across all three provinces. | file PHoto

tice as well,” he said. Jason Farr, who farms near Yellow

Creek, Sask., was relieved and ecstatic about his crop.

“We had some fields run up into the 75 bushel range. For down here, it’s mas-sive. Generally canola runs 40 to 45 bu. … It was a real pleasure to have one after a few years of not so good down in this area,” he said.

“The canola seemed to flower forever.

It was six weeks long this year. It was crazy. If you flower for three weeks, that’s a pretty good crop. That’s a 40 to 50 bu. crop if you get three to three and a half weeks of flowering.”

However, Farr said conditions could have been better.

“I think we ran out of moisture as we were filling because it was such a vast stand of crop there,” he said.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 34

In 2013, Nexera is expected to return over $115 million over and above the value of commodity canola. Since its launch, Nexera has returned over $426 million to Western Canadian growers – with more than half of that coming in the last three years.

“The higher returns are being driven by a number of factors,” says Kerry Freeman, Nexera Product Manager, Dow AgroSciences. “Superior canola yields combined with the grower premiums and incentives associated with Nexera canola are increasing returns. Strong market demand by new and growing end-use customers for heart-healthy Omega-9 Oil is also a big factor.”

Freeman also points out that the heart-healthy Omega-9 Oil made from high-yielding Nexera canola is the new standard in today’s food industry. And the higher-value, end-use product translates into higher profits at the farm level.

Higher profitability starts with the proven performance of Nexera canola hybrids

New Nexera canola hybrids increase the profitability equation, and the number of Nexera canola acres grown continues to increase year over year. The Nexera canola hybrid Roundup Ready® Series and Clearfield® Series each offer two high-performing hybrids that are changing canola. Their success is driven by a number of factors, including:• next-generation hybrid technology• industry-leading hybrid yields• early- and late-season hybrid vigour• excellent standability• superior disease resistance

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These new hybrids are ideal for growers in the mid and long-season zones who are looking for hybrid yields and higher profit. They offer yield potential equivalent to any competitive canola hybrid, and result in profitability that’s higher than other canola brands. In fact, Nexera RR Hybrids rank highest in grower satisfaction, according to Canola Evaluation and Intentions, Canada, 2012, Stratus Agri-Marketing, Inc.

The option of the Roundup Ready or Clearfield weed control system allows Nexera canola growers to choose the system that works best for them. Either way, growers get the advantages of convenience, flexibility and superior weed control from a production system designed to help them make the most of the Nexera canola profit opportunity. For more information on Nexera canola, go to healthierprofits.ca.

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“I think we needed another inch of rain when we were filling and we then probably would have had 90 bu. canola.”

Lori and Todd Kidney said they harvested their biggest crop ever with an average in the high 40s, despite the fact that 10 quarters of their farm near Tisdale, Sask., flooded in the spring.

“I’m the crop checker on our farm.” Lori said.

“I scout fields. I came home and told my husband, ‘we haven’t grown canola like this; it’s corner to corner and it’s big,’ ” she said.

The Kidneys attribute the higher yields to the prolonged flowering stage.

“We had fields that were pushing six weeks in flowering. That was huge this year,” she said.

Boyd Risling was pleased, although also surprised, with an average of 45 bu. per acre.

“Kind of weird that it did yield as good as it did. We kind of ran out of rain in the summer. We had all that sub-soil moisture, and with the cool July, canola didn’t abort flowers because of the heat,” said Risling, who farms near

Rockhaven, Sask.Risling has been growing canola for

25 years, and his father, Joe, for more than 40 years. They said this was the best looking and best quality crop they have ever had. And then there was the harvest.

“Harvested right through without any kind of weather interruptions at all. A picture perfect harvest.”

However, the bumper crops caught many producers off guard, forcing them

to scramble at the last minute to find storage space.

“I do know of a lot of growers putting up storage after the fact,” said Braden Huyde of Huyde Soil Services.

“There’s a lot of grain being stored on the ground right now and in temporary bags, which isn’t the best case scenario, but I guess it’s a good problem to have … excessive inventory. I know that they’re going to put up more storage now, but they definitely didn’t prepare for it.” ◆


source: statistics Canada

Prairie canoLa and WheaT ProducTion 2003 2011 2012 2013seeded area (million acres) Wheat 24.37 20.10 22.63 24.95 Canola 11.55 18.77 21.78 19.54Harvested area (million acres) Wheat 23.90 19.71 22.34 23.99 Canola 11.44 18.54 21.50 18.97Yields (bu./acre) Wheat 31.6 42.1 41.2 46.6 Canola 25.7 34.3 28.1 36.9production (million metric tonnes) Wheat 20.55 22.94 25.02 30.46 Canola 6.67 14.44 13.68 15.89

Declining canola premium an aberration, says analystBy ed White


Whatever happened to canola’s price premium? Will it ever come back?

Prairie farmers have assumed for years that they were producing a much more valuable product than humble soybeans. However, they might now be questioning that assumption after seeing their crop discounted to soybeans.

It might not seem to make sense: cano-la oil is a higher value food oil than soy-bean oil, and canola seed contains much more oil than meal, unlike soybeans. As well, meal is a cheaper product than oil.

As a result, canola should be worth more than soybeans. Yet for the past couple of years, canola has often held no premium to soybeans. What’s up?

Market analysts say nothing profound has changed in terms of the long-term relative premium value of canola over soy-beans. However, a freakish set of circum-stances has overturned canola’s advan-tages and turned them into disadvantages.

“Canola’s fairly cheap right now,” said broker Ken Ball of PI Financial.“But it was quite expensive last winter and into the summer.”

Indeed, there has been wild volatility between canola and soybean prices in the last few years, rather than the his-

torical pattern of moderate deviations between the two.

Prairie farmers received a $100 per tonne premium last year when Canada had a small canola crop, but November 2013 canola futures were recently at a $6 per tonne discount compared to U.S. soybeans.

Analyst Greg Kostal thinks both spreads represent extreme problems with sup-plies of one crop or the other, with cano-la shooting higher when the Prairies has problems and soybean prices skyrocket-ing when the U.S. Midwest has problems. However, the market’s true assessment of the long-term underlying value of canola seed versus soybean seed can be seen in year-out prices.

“If I calculate the spread of November 2014 canola futures to November 2014 soybean futures (currency adjusted), canola (is) showing a $75 per tonne pre-mium,” said Kostal.

Weather problems and supply and demand separation can throw the price relationship off the normal track, but Kostal said those times have likely been aberrations recently.

“When canola is at a discount to soy, (it) is in the long term just as extreme as when over by a $100 per tonne pre-mium,” he said.

Analysts say the wacky price relation-ship between canola and soybeans is produced by both the different produc-

tion conditions in the U.S. Midwest and Canadian Prairies and by the profoundly different composition of soybean and canola seeds.

Canola now comprises 45 percent oil and 55 percent meal, while soybeans of-ten have less than 20 percent oil content.

Oil is generally a much more valuable product than meal per kilogram, which means canola should be more valuable than soybeans when taking the oil into account. As well, canola oil is generally considered a more healthy oil for hu-mans, which should have premium value.

However, both of canola’s strengths became relative weaknesses because of a worldwide bear market in vegetable oil prices and a 2012-13 spike in U.S. soy-bean meal prices caused by last year’s U.S. Midwest drought. Canola’s oil was becoming less valuable while soybeans’ meal was becoming more valuable.

Canola’s meal isn’t worth as much to livestock feeders as soybean meal, and canola produces much less meal per tonne of seed than soybeans. As a result, the meal rally didn’t allow canola to keep up.

Most analysts say canola’s relative pre-mium is not under threat by soybeans or other big vegetable oil crops in the long run, but the events of 2012 and 2013 show the power of regional crop produc-tion problems to challenge comfortable market assumptions. ◆

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This year’s canola oil content is above average, along with yield and overall quality, so growers want

to make sure they keep temperature and moisture within the safe zone.

“The prairie average numbers for this year show we have a couple percent more oil content than last year,” said Canola Council agronomist Greg Sekulic.

“We were at 43.5 percent oil content last year. This year the prairie average is 45.1 percent.”

He said many producers want to know if oil content has implications for storage and handling.

Keep your cool, canolaYou’ve already laid out the full investment, so make sure it doesn’t slip away now.

By Ron LysengWestern Producer staff

“In fact, that’s a question the canola council asked itself a couple years ago be-cause we can see oil content up around 50 percent, and growers want to know if they should do anything different with high oil canola,” he said.

“We turned it over to the University of Manitoba. They came back with the an-swer that, ‘no, oil content is not a factor in storing canola.’ They determined that the two most critical factors for safe, long-term storage are moisture percent and tempera-ture. Of those two, temperature is the most critical factor. If you’ve got the temperature down below 8 C, you’re good for many months.”

Most canola went into storage at less than 15 C this year, so it’s safe for the im-mediate future if moisture is below eight

percent, said Sekulic. However, the first six weeks in the bin are critical. In most areas, that six week point has passed.

During this time, the seed has been ac-tively respirating, so there can be pockets of moisture and carbon dioxide. Those are the pockets that will heat.

“Even if you have canola that went into the bin close to dry, it probably still has isolated spots around eight or nine percent moisture and even up to 11 percent.

“Those spots are the first to heat,” he said.“Aeration should dry and cool those

problem spots. If you have cables, turn on the fans and leave them on until those problem spots are gone. Your target is uni-form moisture of eight percent throughout the bin and uniform temperature below 10 C throughout the bin.” ◆


Greg Sekulic of the Canola Council of Canada has published a list of the 10 riskiest factors that can cause a bin

of canola to go bad:■ Neglected bins — It’s important to start

checking bin health within the first two weeks after storage.

■ Hot canola — Stored canola needs im-mediate aeration, even if it’s stored with low moisture, low dockage and low greens. Core temperature at harvest should be 15 C.

■ Damp and tough canola — Canola is termed dry at 10 percent moisture, but eight percent is safer for long-term stor-age. Canola should be dried by aeration if it’s even slightly above 10 percent and outside air is warm with low humidity. A drier should be used if those condi-tions don’t apply, especially if moisture is above 12 percent. Average bin moisture may tell a false story if a couple tough loads went in or if the load included small low-lying wet patches with high dock-age. Those small spots can lead to serious heating.

■ Green seeds — Green canola seeds in-crease the storage risk, even when the bin is cool and dry.

■ Dockage — Insect bodies, plant material and weed seeds contain more moisture than canola. These high-moisture con-taminants may not show up on moisture tests, but spoilage can result if they congre-gate in pockets and create local hot spots.

■ Big bins — Big bins have greater compaction than small bins, and tall narrow bins have the greatest degree of compac-tion. Any compaction reduces airflow and effectiveness of aeration. Also, canola is more dense than cereals and requires more fan horsepower.

■ Inadequate bin space — Bumper crops always result in more seed than space. In the quest for bin space, don’t rent a bin that’s been treated with malathion for storage insects. If canola goes into a ring on the ground, make sure the bottom and top are sealed to keep out moisture and help with cleanup.

■ Bad moisture meter or cables — The moisture meter should be calibrated ev-ery year at the elevator. Bin cables should be checked before canola seed goes in.

■ No cables — Bins not equipped with ca-bles will need to be checked with a probe or turned over with an auger and truck to check temperature and moisture.

■ What’s in the bin — Record the average moisture and temperature of the canola going into each bin and take a composite sample for each bin. Use this data along with a visual assessment of green count and dockage to determine which bins have the highest risk. ◆

Factors affecting stored canola

One of the most important decisions to be made when buying canola seed is also the most unpredict-

able. Murray Hartman, an oilseed special-

ist with Alberta Agriculture, says seeding dates play a big role in determining yields, and the most important and difficult ele-ment affecting seeding dates is the weather. However, weather is impossible to predict.

As a result, maturity of the variety be-come paramount and has the biggest influ-ence on yield.

“If they knew it was going to be a wet spring and they were going to be delayed, then they should be buying an early matur-ing variety,” he said.

“That’s where you’re going to get the big-gest gain in savings of maturity, is by buy-ing a variety. You can gain easily a week by picking the right variety versus something else.… None of the other things you can do will shave that much time off. That is the key point, but it’s also the most unpredictable.”

He said it’s a challenge selecting seed this time of year when the best varieties are sell-ing out.

Last spring was a good example, when seeding dates were pushed back because of wet conditions. Hartman said many pro-ducers were hunting around in the middle of May trying to find early maturing seed.

“Well, everybody else has the same idea. All of a sudden the good, short season, early maturing (varieties) are gone,” he said.

One option is for farmers to hedge their bets.

“They do buy some of each and say, ‘I do have some fields which are primarily wet and I’m later seeding so I’m going to pick’ … and other ones will pick different matur-ing varieties even if they get their seeding done all timely,” he said.

“This way, if I seed an early maturing va-riety it’s going to mature a week or even 10 days earlier (depending on location). That can give them a jump on their swathing or harvest. So they don’t want everything ma-turing at the same time anyway.”

The trend shows that seeding canola

control what you knowBy William DeKayWestern Producer staff

earlier pays, but reports from the Canola Council of Canada show that it’s impor-tant for growers to exercise caution. Prob-lems encountered with early seeded crops include heavy early insect infestations, ponding, soil crusting and slow emer-gence because of cold soil and frost dam-age. Close attention must also be paid to weed and disease problems that may oc-cur earlier than later seeded crops.

Hartman said producers often try increas-ing their seeding rate by $5 or $10, or one or two pounds per acre, during a wet spring when poor seeding conditions linger.

“That amount of difference in the seed might make a slight difference in your ma-turity, but we’re talking one, maybe two days. So it’s pretty minor,” he said.

He said producers need to double their seeding rate to have any significant yield in late and wet conditions.

As well, guarding against thin stands is vital for maturity, he added.

“If I’m seeding three pounds an acre and it’s a large seed and you calculate it out, even with 50 percent emergence, which is kind of normal, they’re only going to have a couple plants per sq. foot,” Hartman said.

He said applying too much fertilizer in wet springs is a common mistake that re-sults in thin stands.

Farmers are generally cautious about not applying too much nitrogen, but Hartman said other nutrients can also be put in with the seed.

For example, phosphorous is a benefit in the seed row, especially with colder, wet-ter soil and direct seeding, but only up to a certain point. Too much of the fertilizer can injure the seed.

Ammonium sulfate in the seed row can also be harsh on the seed.

“So the message there, if you’re go-ing in seeding and you’re late, then keep your seed row fertilizer to a minimum. We’re talking 20 lb. of P205. That’s it. The rest needs to go on a band away from the seed.”

Seed depth is another important factor when seeding in cold and wet conditions.

“You can speed up your emergence and success of emergence and therefore the maturity by seeding as shallow as pos-sible,” he said. ◆


There is a growing chorus of voic-es calling on the Indian govern-ment to reinstate a duty on im-

ported pulses. Earlier this year, India’s food ministry

came out in favour of a 7.5 percent duty. That was down from the 10 percent sug-gested by the Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices.

The latest government sector to join the fray is India’s department of agriculture, which is pushing for a duty of between 10 and 20 percent.

The decision rests with India’s cabinet and the finance department, said Stat Publishing editor Brian Clancey.

“There is no signal from the government that they’re going to bring duties in,” he said.

There is an existing five percent duty on pulses, but every year since the 2007-08 world food crisis the government has ex-empted pulse importers from paying any duty.

Clancey thinks the coming 2014 general election in India is generating momen-tum for a reversal in that policy.

“It’s a play for the farm vote.” A duty would raise the price of import-

ed product and encourage domestic pro-duction of the crops.

Some observers feel a duty could be re-

introduced as soon as the next budget in early 2014.

“The trade in India thinks that given the amount of chatter, how many depart-ments are weighing in on this, that this may become inevitable.”

However, any change in agricultural policy won’t be made without a wide-ranging debate in a country where ag-riculture makes newspaper headlines daily.

“Pushback is developing all over the place, so we’ll see,” said Clancey.

The argument in favour of a duty is that it is needed to encourage domestic pro-duction and to boost prices farmers re-ceive.

“The counter argument is that we need this like a hole in the head because it’s go-ing to drive up the cost to the poor who are undernourished as it is,” said Clancey.

He said it’s possible that the govern-ment may hike import duties to protect farmers and then turn around and help out impoverished consumers through in-creased food program subsidies, but that would be an expensive proposition.

India is Canada’s top pulse customer. Clancey said a duty doesn’t necessarily mean India would buy less, but it would likely mean consumers would have to pay more and the majority can’t afford it. ◆

india debates pulse dutyPush for pulse duty could raise consumer costsBy sean PrattWestern Producer staff

Indian pulse stats:■ India is the largest consumer of pulse

crops in the world.■ India consumes 18.5 to 20 million

tonnes annually, about 27 percent of world supply, produces 15 to 18 mil-lion tonnes, about 25 percent of global production, and imports the balance, 2.5 to three million tonnes.

■ An annual waiver of the five percent duty on pulses has ensured steady supplies domestically at world market prices.

■ Good Indian crops in 2012 and 2013 are causing domestic supplies to in-crease and without the ability to ex-port, prices in India are falling.

■ In 2011, Canadian pulse exports to India were valued at $633 million, or 24 percent of the value of Canada’s total commodity exports to India. In 2012, pulse exports from Canada to India were valued at $504 million, or 21.5 percent of Canada’s export trade with that country. (Source: FAO, staff research)

■ In 2010, Canada accounted for 32 per-cent of world pea production and 38.5 percent of world lentil production. With exports expanding rapidly along with production over the last two de-cades, Canada now accounts for ap-proximately 35 percent of global pulse trade each year. Canada is a dominant player in world trade in peas and len-tils, accounting for 55 percent and 50 percent, respectively in 2008 and a top five exporter of both dry beans and chickpeas. In 2010, Canada exported a record 4.3 million tonnes of pulses, worth more than $2.1 billion. (Source: Pulse Canada)

■ India is Canada’s single largest mar-ket for pulses, and annually the larg-est crop that Canada sells to India is yellow peas, which compete with other pulse crops there based on price. The range of pulse crops grown and consumed in India is wide and diverse. Yellow peas from Canada compete with peas originating in Australia, France, and the United States, but more importantly, they compete with other pulse crops like desi chickpeas, which may be grown in India or imported from Australia, or pigeon peas, which may be grown in India or imported from countries in Africa. (Source: Gordon Bacon,

Pulse Canada) ◆

technicians from the crop development centre at the university of Saskatchewan work in a field of peas owned by Saskatchewan Pulse growers near Saskatoon in September. | file PHoto

Right place. Right time.The superior placement and enhanced availability of Wolf Trax® DDP® Micronutrients guarantee more consistent, early plant uptake for optimum growth and productivity.

Ask for Wolf Trax and deliver micronutrients to your crops on time. Call 855.237.9653, or visit wolftrax.com.

Wolf Trax®, DDP® and Growing Forward® are registered trademarks of Wolf Trax, Inc. ©2013. Not all products are registered in all areas. Contact [email protected] for more information. 20198 WCCP

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Always read and follow label directions.AgSolutions is a registered trade-mark of BASF Corporation; and NODULATOR is a registered trade-mark of Becker Underwood Canada Ltd., all used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. © 2013 BASF Canada Inc.

Chances are if you grow peas or lentils you’re already using inoculants. What you may not realize is they’re not all created equal. That’s why you should insist on Nodulator® XL. With the most active strain of rhizobia, it improves nitrogen � xation for increased root biomass and top growth. It all adds up to higher yield potential. So when you choose Nodulator XL, we suggest you think ahead to harvest time—and think big. To � nd out more, visit agsolutions.ca or contact AgSolutions® Customer Care at 1-877-371-BASF (2273).

With 8% more yield than other inoculants, it makes a welcome addition to any operation.

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