CLT-Research and Testing at UBC
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CLT - Research and Testing
at UBC
UBC
CLT Symposium
Frank Lam
Professor and Senior Chair Wood Building Design and
Construction
Department of Wood Science , Faculty of Forestry
University of BC
February 8, 2011
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Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
• Multi-layer plate elements with 3 up to 9 layers
• Crosswise orientated boards, laths or planks (of relatively low quality)
• Bonding between layers primarily on the wide surfaces only
• Maximum dimensions: Length = 16 m, Width = 5 m, Thickness = 0.5 m
bonding on wide surface only
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Properties of CLT
• Good thermal insulation
• High indoor environment quality
• Reduced in plane swelling and shrinkage: 0.02% per 1% MC (spruce: 0.24%/%)
• Gaps and grooves can be used reduce drying stresses
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How CLT is Designed in Europe
In Europe: Properties for CLT are stipulated in technical
approvals of product from individual companies. These
technical approvals are to be used together with the European
or national codes for timber structures.
Examples of available European CLT technical approvals
Finnforest Merk GmbH (GER) Z-9.1-354 / Z-9.1-501
Binder Holzbausysteme GmbH (A) Z-9.1-413 / ETA-06/0009
Lignotrend AG (CH) Z-9.1-555
Stora Enso Timber OY LTD (FIN) Z-9.1-559
Haas Fertigbau GmbH (GER) Z-9.1-680
KLH Massivholz GmbH (A) ETA-06/0138
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CLT – European Status Quo
European Cross laminated timber (CLT) has moved from a niche
market since mid 1990’s to a mass produced product.
Production is projected to double (600,000 m³) or triple
(1,000,000 m³) by 2015.
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CLT seems to be a maturing structural product in Europe.
Why do we need more research and studies at UBC?
Can we not just adapt European solutions and
technologies?
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In N. America CLT must compete with concrete and steel
as building material. Its success will depend on
performance and pricing; this is governed by production
method, installation schemes and resource
characteristics.
In Europe, the cost of the wood substrate is approximate
50% of the cost of CLT.
19 mm thick C16 or C24 grade structural timber
(European White Spruce) is used in European CLT.
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Pressing Technologies
Mechanical press (1000 kPa)
Nailing system (Aluminum)
Vacuum press (~80 kPa)
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Source: BC Ministry of Forests
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Source: BC Ministry of Forests
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Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic
The socio/economical impact of the MPB
infestation is obviously huge.
From environmental point of view, if we do not
use the wood in a timely manner, BC forest will
become a carbon source not a carbon sink!
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Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic
The MPB wood should be used as a value-added
product and carbon storage base – building
products.
Where is the market for the wood?
– North American Residential market?
– Overvsea?
– Commercial / nonresidential market
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Current Canadian Availability
Pilot plant scale production - CST Innovations
Panel dimensions (max.): thickness 140 mm , width 1.4 m, length 7.9 m.
Typical panel dimensions:
– 3-ply, 89 mm (35mm-19mm-35mm)
– 3-ply, 105 mm (35mm-35mm-35mm)
– 5-ply, 140 mm(35mm-19mm-35mm-19mm-35mm)
(plans to increase to 200 mm thickness- no firm available date)
Adhesive: Polyurethane
Wood species: SPF, KD-HT, #2& btr. Equivalent ( MPB lumber)
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Near Future Canadian Availability
Structurlam, Penticton BC
Nordic Engineered Wood, Quebec
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UBC Research on CLT
Study to make the CLT using BC wood based on available
technology
Glue
Species
Grade
Surface quality
MC
Studied the structural performance of as floor or roof
plates – Computer model and experiments (J. Chen)
Studied the structural performance of as beams (I. Bejtka -
KIT)
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European Tests on Shear Bond
Technical University of Graz
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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3.70 3.45
3.954.13
3.203.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Blaß and Görlacher (53) Jeitler (81)
Sh
ear
Str
eng
th [
MP
a]
Comparison of strength values
Average
Maximum
Minimum
5.02
3.45
6.38
4.554.30
2.70
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Blaß and Görlacher (26) Jeitler (81)
Ro
tati
on
al
Mo
du
lus
[N/m
m³]
Comparison of stiffness values
Average
Maximum
Minimum
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Pressure levels: 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 MPa
Two types of Adhesives: PRF and PU
Two Species: SPF and SPF/Western Hemlock
Shear Strength and Stiffness
UBC Tests on Shear Bond
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UBC Tests on Shear Bond
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UBC Research on Design of CLT
Buildings
Design CLT buildings using available inforamtion(J. Wang)
Compare the environmental footprint of a
Concrete and a CLT office building (A. Roberstson)
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J. Wang and RJC
Design of a 4 Storey Mid-rise Professional
Office Building
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J. Wang and RJC
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Design of a 20 Story Hybrid CLT
Concrete Building
J. Wang and RJCOriginal Concept by F. Lam, CC Yao and A. Boniface
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20 Story Hybrid CLT Concrete Building
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Life Cycle Comparison of Reinforced
Concrete or CLT in an Office Building
Case study building; Discovery Parks, Burnaby, BC
(Bunting Coady Architects)
Preliminary results UBC Adam Robertson MASc Study
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LCA Comparison of Concrete & Timber
Office Buildings
0 25 50 75 100
Global Warming Potential
Acidification
Eutrophication
Fossil Fuel Depletion
Water Intake
Ecological Toxicity
Human Health
Ozone Depletion
Smog
(Normalized as
a percentage)
Concrete
Building
Timber
Building
Preliminary Results UBC Adam Robertson MASc Study
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Embodied Energy of Office Building
Construction Materials
0
60
120
Concrete Building Timber Building
Te
rajo
ule
s(T
J)
Renewable
Non Renewable
Preliminary results UBC Adam Robertson MASc Study
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Global Warming Potential of CLT by Life
Cycle Stage
6437
14
-753
Preliminary results UBC Adam Robertson MASc Study
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CLT to Beam Connection with Self
Tapping Wood Screws
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M. Katz`s I-house - J. Chen
FEM Analysis of a Small Demonstration
Building
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NSERC Strategic Network Newbuilds
(2011 to 2016)
Project Cluster
& No. Year Title PI University
C1-1 (1) 1,2 Characterizing planar shear modulus and strength of CLT Gong UNB
C1-2 (3) 3,4,5
CLT product design method based on flexural properties and use of
modal testing method Chui/Gong UNB
C1-4 (4) 4,5 Development of NDT technique for CLT QC evaluation and control Chui UNB
C2-2 (5) 2,3 Seismic response of CLT mid-rise system Lam/Haukaas UBC
C2-2 2,3,4
C3-1 (6) 1,2 Stiffness and strength of CLT diaphragms (in-plane loading) Lam/Haukaas UBC
C3-2 (7) 1,2
Manufacturing Parameters on CLT Floor Performance to resist out-of-
plane loading Lam/Haukaas UBC
C3-2 1,2 & 3,4
C3-2 3,4,5
C3-3 (11) 3,4,5 Stability of CLT wall under vertical load Lam/Haukaas UBC
C4-1 (13) 3,4 Force transfer around openings in CLT buildings(lateral load) Lam/Haukaas UBC
C4-2 (14) 1,2
Innovative CLT Building Systems – Localized Rolling Shear
Reinforcement and Post-tensioned CLT system Lam/Haukaas UBC
C4-2 1,2 & 3,4
C5-1 (17) 2,3 & 4,5 Connection design in CLT Salenikovich/Smith Laval/UNB
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Supporting Agencies and Companies
BC Forest Innovation Investment
NSERC
NRCAN Value to Wood Program
CST Innovations
Canfor Corp.
Coast Forest Products Association
RJC Consulting Engineers
TU Graz, AU
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, GE
Ivalsa, IT
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Thank you for your attention