Clostridium titani and Cl.botulinum.

1By- Himanshu R Pardeshi

To Study Morphology, pathogenesis, clinical

features , treatment & prevention of : Clostridium tetani

Clostridium bolutinum


Distributed in soil, & grows in intestine of

humans and horses.

Size : 5µm x 0.5 µm

Shape : slender rods with parallel sides &

rounded ends with spherical terminal spores

(drumstick)

Non-Specific, gram positive, Motile, forms

spore.


Obligate anaerobe , at 37°C

Grows on ordinary media, and improved when blood or serum is included in agar media.

On Blood agar it has tendency to swarm over the surface.


It grows in the wounds in anaerobic condition

as a consequence, toxin is liberated there.

The toxin travels along the nerves to reach

the nervous system and produces tetanus by

two ways : By Blocking acetylcholine at myoneural junc.

Countering inhibitory influences on muscle reflex.

Thus lowers the lower motor activity leads to

muscle rigidity & spasm

Once toxin reaches the spinal cord the toxin

can no longer be neutralised by antitoxin.


Removal of

inhibitory

influences on ANS

causes increased

autonomic activity

such as

tachycardia

sweating &

hypotension


Incubation period :5-15 days/ longer

Stage of rigidity: Stiff jaws. Further spreads

to neck within 24 hrs.

Stage of spasm :Painfull contractions devlop

within muscles due to rigidity of spasm.

Period is called as ‘period of onset’.

The spasms causes the grimacing of the face

and arching of neck and back, & even causes

respiratory failure.

In mild cases only spasm over localised area

become rigid.


Immunoglobin20,000 IU.

Sedation: Diazapamused to control mild spasm

Fluid and electrolyte balance is imp.

Neonatal-Unique problem in developing countries.


Immunisation with tetanus toxoid provides

protection for atleast ten years/ longer.

Universal childhood immunisation with 3

primary dose followed by boosters at school

entry and leaving in developing counteries.

Wounds should be thoroughly cleaned and

foreign bodies or dead bodies must removed.

Penicillin for contaminated wounds may

reduce likelihood of tetanus.


Occurs in soil, veges, hay & silage

Gram positive of 5µm x 1µm in size.

Non-capsulated & motile by peritrichateflagelle.

Produces buldgingspores.

Obligate anaerobe at 35°C


Resistant to heat survives for several hours at 100°C.


Produces powerful exotoxin responsible for

its pathogenicity. This toxin is pure

crystalline protien & probably is the most

toxic substance known to humans.

Normally occurs in inactive form and is

probably converted to active toxins by action

of proteolytic enzyme.

Its toxin acts as neurotoxin, blocking the

action of acetylcholine at synapses &

neuromuscular junctions & leads to paralysis.

Death occurs due to respiratory paralysis.


•In food poisoning

botulism, after

incubation period there

is onset of vomiting,

tiredness, thirst &

bulbar & ocular muscle

paralysis.

•Followed by flacid

paralysis of limb &

trunk muscles & Death

due to respiratory

failure .

•In Infants: Severe with

occurrence of difficulty in

feeding.


Its activity can be neutralised by specific

antitoxin.

Standard Canning to prevent occurrence of

botulism; most of the out breaks are due to

inadequate home preservation of food.

In home preservation it should be pressure

cooked or should be boiled for 20 minutes.


Clostridium titani and Cl.botulinum.

Science

Transcript of Clostridium titani and Cl.botulinum.