Clinical Nsaids Usage
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Clinical Use of NSAIDsClinical Use of NSAIDs
Ajchara Koolvisoot, M.D.Division of Rheumatology
Department of Medicine
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OutlineOutline
• Clinical application & Practical useClinical application & Practical use
IndicationIndication
EfficacyEfficacy
SafetySafety
• Practical approach & recommendationPractical approach & recommendation
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Efficacy : Mechanism of Action
Action Mechanism
1. Anti-inflammatory COX-2
2. Analgesic & antipyretic COX-2
3. Carcinoprotective COX-2
4. Anti-platelet COX-1 ( TXA2 )
Efficacy of Specific COX-2 inhibitor = Classical NSAIDs Except : No antiplatelet effect
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 4848 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค HTHT มี อาการปีวดมี อาการปีวดหลั�ง หลั�ง ตรวจพบมี ตรวจพบมี OA change OA change ที่ �ที่ � spinespine ที่�านจะที่�านจะสั่��งยุาใดสั่��งยุาใด
• A. Indomethacin
• B. Naproxen
• C. Celecoxib
• D. Acetaminophen + orphenadrine
• E. Acetaminophen โดดๆ
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 5555 ปี� พ!�งว�น�จฉั�ยุว�าเปี$นโรคปี� พ!�งว�น�จฉั�ยุว�าเปี$นโรค rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis ได&ยุาได&ยุา ibuprofenibuprofen 600600 มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�นมี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น 2 2 สั่�ปีดาห' ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น สั่�ปีดาห' ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น ที่�านจะที่*าอยุ�างไรที่�านจะที่*าอยุ�างไร
• A. ให้�ยาเดม แต่�เพิ่�มขนาดเป็�น 1600 มลลกรั�มต่�อวั�น• B. เป็ล��ยนเป็�น Indomethacin 75 มลลกรั�มต่�อวั�น• C. ให้�ยาเดม แต่� add prednisolone 20 มลลกรั�ม
ต่�อวั�น• D. ให้�ยาเดม + แนะน�าวั�ารัอยาออกฤทธิ์"ก�อน และโรัค
เป็�นแบบน�%เอง• E. ส่�งต่�อ rheumatologist
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Anti-inflammatory Properties
• Clinical application & characteristicClinical application & characteristic : :
No difference among all NSAIDs
Individual response
Drug properties - Dose & duration
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Optimal Use of NSAIDsOptimal Use of NSAIDs
• Is NSAID really needed ?
Which indication ?
Dose ?
Interval of Rx ?
• Any underlying disease ?
• Drug interaction ?
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 4848 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค HTHT มี อาการปีวดมี อาการปีวดหลั�ง หลั�ง ตรวจพบมี ตรวจพบมี OA change OA change ที่ �ที่ � spinespine อยุ�างอยุ�างเด ยุวเด ยุวที่�านจะสั่��งยุาใดที่�านจะสั่��งยุาใด• A. Indomethacin
• B. Naproxen
• C. Celecoxib
• D. Acetaminophen + orphenadrine
• E. Acetaminophen โดดๆ
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 5555 ปี� พ!�งว�น�จฉั�ยุว�าเปี$นโรคปี� พ!�งว�น�จฉั�ยุว�าเปี$นโรค rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis ได&ยุาได&ยุา ibuprofenibuprofen 600600 มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�นมี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น 2 2 สั่�ปีดาห' ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น สั่�ปีดาห' ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น ที่�านจะที่*าอยุ�างไรที่�านจะที่*าอยุ�างไร
• A. ให้�ยาเดม แต่�เพิ่�มขนาดเป็�น 1600 มลลกรั�มต่�อวั�น• B. เป็ล��ยนเป็�น Indomethacin 75 มลลกรั�มต่�อวั�น• C. ให้�ยาเดม แต่� add prednisolone 20 มลลกรั�ม
ต่�อวั�น• D. ให้�ยาเดม + แนะน�าวั�ารัอยาออกฤทธิ์"ก�อน และโรัค
เป็�นแบบน�%เอง• E. ส่�งต่�อ rheumatologist
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Anti-platelet PropertiesAnti-platelet Properties
• Clinical application & characteristic :Clinical application & characteristic :
Drug Anti-platelet Character
Classical NSAIDs
++ Reversible
T1/2 dependent
COX-2 inhibitor
- -
ASA
( low dose )
+++ Irreversible
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ยุาใดในกลั��มียุาใดในกลั��มี NSAIDs NSAIDs สั่ามีารถใช้&ในสั่ามีารถใช้&ในโรคโรค
familial polyposis colifamilial polyposis coli ได&ได&• A. CelecoxibA. Celecoxib
• B. EtoricoxibB. Etoricoxib
• C. IndomethacinC. Indomethacin
• D. ASAD. ASA
• E. All of aboveE. All of above
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Carcino-protective PropertiesCarcino-protective Properties
• Clinical application :Disease Familial adenomatous polyposis
( FAP )
Choice Most classical NSAIDs & ASA
COX-2 inhibitor : Celecoxib
Dose 200-400 mg BID
reduced number 28%, size 30.7%
( placebo 4.5% & 4.9% )
( NEJM 2000 June 29; 342: 1946-1951 )
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Inhibited by NSAIDs
Induced apoptosis
ApoptosisGrowth factor Angiogenesis
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ยุาใดในกลั��มียุาใดในกลั��มี NSAIDs NSAIDs สั่ามีารถใช้&ในสั่ามีารถใช้&ในโรคโรค
familial polyposis colifamilial polyposis coli ได&ได&• A. CelecoxibA. Celecoxib
• B. EtoricoxibB. Etoricoxib
• C. IndomethacinC. Indomethacin
• D. ASAD. ASA
• E. All of aboveE. All of above
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Adverse Effects
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COXIBSCOXIBS
EndotheliumKidneyPlatelet
brain
Platelet Smooth m. vv.
MacrophageKidney
Mast cellBrain
Airway
GIBrain
KidneySmooth m vv.
UterusAirway
Smooth m.vv.Eye
Prostacyclin Thromboxane A2 Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin F2αProstanoids
Tissue specific isomerases
COX-1 COX-2
Diverse physical, chemical,Diverse physical, chemical,Inflammatory & mitogenic stimuliInflammatory & mitogenic stimuli
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Adverse EffectsAdverse Effects
• GastrointestinalGastrointestinal > 10% > 10%
• CardiovascularCardiovascular
• Renal & electrolytesRenal & electrolytes
• CNSCNS
• HematologicHematologic
• Dermatologic & hypersensitivity Dermatologic & hypersensitivity < 1%< 1%
• HepaticHepatic
1-10%1-10%
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SafetySafety
Risk of Cardiovascular EventsRisk of Cardiovascular Events
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NSAIDs & CVS : MechanismNSAIDs & CVS : Mechanism
Platelet Platelet COX-1COX-1
Endothelial Endothelial COX-2COX-2Arachidonic acidArachidonic acid
NSAIDNSAID XXThromboxane TXA2
Prothrombotic state Antithrombotic state
Cox-2 inhibitorCox-2 inhibitor Prostacyclin PGI2
X
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ยุา ยุา CoxibsCoxibs ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง CVS CVS
น&อยุที่ �สั่�ดน&อยุที่ �สั่�ด• A. ท(กต่�วัในกล(�ม ท�าให้�เกด thrombosis
มากพิ่อๆก�น• B. Lumiracoxib
• C. Etoricoxib
• D. Celecoxib
• E. Parecoxib
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Vascular events
Myocardial infarction
1.42 ( 1.13-1.78 )
1.86( 1.33-2.59 )
Kea
rney
PM
, et
al.
BM
J 20
06
Coxibs increase risk of MI & vascular events > Placebo
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Dose-Response Relationship of AMI riskDose-Response Relationship of AMI risk
Odds Ratio
Celecoxib < 200
Celecoxib > 200
Diclofenac< 150
Diclofenac> 150
Naproxen< 1000
Naproxen> 1000
Rofecoxib< 25
Rofecoxib> 25
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COX-2 Inhibitors : ChemistryCOX-2 Inhibitors : Chemistry
• Celecoxib Sulphonamide 30
• Valdecoxib Sulphonamide 261
• Parecoxib Sulphonamide 261
• Rofecoxib Sulphonyl 276
• Etoricoxib Sulphonyl 344
• Lumiracoxib Phenyl acetic acid 433
Generic name Chemistry COX-2
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Half-life & CV Risk
• Half-life :Half-life : RofecoxibRofecoxib
ValdecoxibValdecoxib
> Celecoxib> Celecoxib
Longer T1/2 More CV events
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Coxibs & BP EffectCoxibs & BP Effect
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• Within the first 10-30 days of RxWithin the first 10-30 days of Rx
• Cumulative effect with timeCumulative effect with time• Risk persists 30 days after Risk persists 30 days after
discontinuationdiscontinuation
Effect of Time to CV eventsEffect of Time to CV events
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ยุา ยุา CoxibsCoxibs ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง CVS CVS
น&อยุที่ �สั่�ดน&อยุที่ �สั่�ด• A. ท(กต่�วัในกล(�ม ท�าให้�เกด thrombosis
มากพิ่อๆก�น• B. Lumiracoxib
• C. Etoricoxib
• D. Celecoxib
• E. Parecoxib
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Coxibs : Cardiovascular Risk
• Drug : Class effect ?Individual properties ? :
DoseMolecule/ChemistryHalf-lifeEffect to BP & sodium
• Duration of Rx
NoNo
Dose-related
YeYess
YeYessYeYessYeYess
YeYess
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Is Naproxen Cardio-protective ?
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Versus placebo
Versus Coxibs
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Risk of MI in Classical NSAIDsRisk of MI in Classical NSAIDs
Relative risk Relative risk
Classical NSAIDs increase risk of MI > Placebo
Study
1.19 ( 1.08.1.31 )
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ยุา ยุา NSAIDsNSAIDs ใด ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง CVSCVS มีากที่ �สั่�ดในมีากที่ �สั่�ดใน
กลั��มีกลั��มี• A. ท(กต่�วัในกล(�ม ท�าให้�เกด thrombosis
มากพิ่อๆก�น• B. Diclofenac
• C. Ibuprofen
• D. Meloxicam
• E. Naproxen
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Summary : Meta-analysis & Systemic Review Summary : Meta-analysis & Systemic Review
• Rofecoxib Rofecoxib << 25 mg/d 25 mg/d RR RR 1.33* -1.73*1.33* -1.73*
> 25 mg/d> 25 mg/d 2.19* 2.19*• Celecoxib Celecoxib >> 400 mg/d 400 mg/d 1.56* -2.70* 1.56* -2.70*
<< 200 mg/d 200 mg/d 1.0 1.0• NaproxenNaproxen 0.92-0.97 0.92-0.97• DiclofenacDiclofenac 1.40* -1.63*1.40* -1.63*• PiroxicamPiroxicam 1.06 ( 0.70-1.59 ) 1.06 ( 0.70-1.59 )• IbuprofenIbuprofen 1.07-1.51*1.07-1.51*
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Pro
thro
mb
oti
cLess G
I sid
e e
ffect
Prostacyclin Inhibition ( COX-2 mediated )
Thromboxane Inhibition ( COX-1 mediated )
An
ti-thro
mb
otic
More
GI s
ide to
xic
ity
RofecoxibRofecoxib CelecoxibCelecoxibEtoricoxibEtoricoxibLumiracoxibLumiracoxib
DiclofenacDiclofenac IbuprofenIbuprofen ASAASA NaproxenNaproxen
COX-2 Inhibitors : COX-SelectivityCOX-2 Inhibitors : COX-Selectivity
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ยุา ยุา NSAIDsNSAIDs ใด ใด มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง มี ผลัขึ้&างเค ยุงที่าง CVS CVS มีากที่ �สั่�ดในมีากที่ �สั่�ดใน
กลั��มีกลั��มี• A. ท(กต่�วัในกล(�ม ท�าให้�เกด thrombosis
มากพิ่อๆก�น• B. Diclofenac
• C. Ibuprofen
• D. Meloxicam
• E. Naproxen
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EMEA : June 2005EMEA : June 2005• Coxibs Coxibs should not be usedshould not be used in pts with in pts with
established CAD, stroke and/or peripheral established CAD, stroke and/or peripheral arterial diseasearterial disease
• Caution when prescribing Coxibs in pt with Caution when prescribing Coxibs in pt with CAD risk ( HT, hyperlipidemia, DM, CAD risk ( HT, hyperlipidemia, DM, smoking )smoking )
• Use the lowest effective dose & shortest Use the lowest effective dose & shortest duration duration
• Warning of hypersensitivity esp. in Warning of hypersensitivity esp. in first month first month useuse
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GI Side EffectsGI Side Effects
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Renal Side EffectsRenal Side Effects
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 7979 ปี� เปี$นปี� เปี$น HTHT ค�มีได&ด ค�มีได&ด BP BP
120/80120/80 พ!�งได&ร�บยุา พ!�งได&ร�บยุา EtoricoxibEtoricoxib 11 สั่�ปีดาห' ร�กษาสั่�ปีดาห' ร�กษา OA kneeOA knee ซึ่!�งได&ซึ่!�งได& acetaminophenacetaminophen ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น มีาพบที่�านไมี�ด ขึ้!)น มีาพบที่�านเน0�องจาก ขึ้าเน0�องจาก ขึ้า 22 ขึ้&างบวมีกดบ�1มี ไมี�มี ขึ้&างบวมีกดบ�1มี ไมี�มี อาการอ0�น อาการอ0�น BP 140/100BP 140/100 ที่�านจะปีฏิ�บ�ต�ที่�านจะปีฏิ�บ�ต�อยุ�างไรเปี$นลั*าด�บแรกอยุ�างไรเปี$นลั*าด�บแรก• A. ต่รัวัจ U/A และ renal function ท�นท�
• B. ต่รัวัจ LFT และ ด* albumin ในเล+อด• C. ยาเดม เพิ่�ม furosemide prn. และ follow up
• D. แนะน�าวั�าม�นเป็�นเช่�นน�%เอง เพิ่รัาะเป็�น HT ให้�งดอาห้ารัเค-ม
• E. งดยา Etoricoxib ท�นท� และ เข�ยนเป็�น drug
list แพิ่�ยา
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Renal side effectRenal side effect
• IncidenceIncidence up to 1-5%up to 1-5%
• RiskRiskVolume-contracted statesVolume-contracted states
Low cardiac outputLow cardiac output
Other condition compromised renal functionsOther condition compromised renal functions
Aging, septicemia, DM, premature baby etc.Aging, septicemia, DM, premature baby etc.
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NSAIDs & Renal Effect
Brater. Am J Med. 1999;107:65S.
PGI2
Hyperkalemia Acute renal Acute renal failurefailure
PGE2
Sodium retention• Peripheral edema• Blood pressure• Weight• CHF (rarely)
Arachidonic acidArachidonic acid
COX-1
COX-2
NSAIDsCoxibs
Others : Nephrotic syndrome interstitial nephritis
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 7979 ปี� เปี$นปี� เปี$น HTHT ค�มีได&ด ค�มีได&ด BP BP
120/80120/80 พ!�งได&ร�บยุา พ!�งได&ร�บยุา EtoricoxibEtoricoxib 11 สั่�ปีดาห' ร�กษาสั่�ปีดาห' ร�กษา OA kneeOA knee ซึ่!�งได&ซึ่!�งได& acetaminophenacetaminophen ไมี�ด ขึ้!)น มีาพบที่�านไมี�ด ขึ้!)น มีาพบที่�านเน0�องจาก ขึ้าเน0�องจาก ขึ้า 22 ขึ้&างบวมีกดบ�1มี ไมี�มี ขึ้&างบวมีกดบ�1มี ไมี�มี อาการอ0�น อาการอ0�น BP 140/100BP 140/100 ที่�านจะปีฏิ�บ�ต�ที่�านจะปีฏิ�บ�ต�อยุ�างไรเปี$นลั*าด�บแรกอยุ�างไรเปี$นลั*าด�บแรก• A. ต่รัวัจ U/A และ renal function ท�นท�
• B. ต่รัวัจ LFT และ ด* albumin ในเล+อด• C. ยาเดม เพิ่�ม furosemide prn. และ follow up
• D. แนะน�าวั�าม�นเป็�นเช่�นน�%เอง เพิ่รัาะเป็�น HT ให้�งดอาห้ารัเค-ม
• E. งดยา Etoricoxib ท�นท� และ เข�ยนเป็�น drug
list แพิ่�ยา
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 2929 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค SLE SLE มี มี active active
arthritisarthritis ได&ยุาได&ยุา chloroquine chloroquine แลัะแลัะ NaproxenNaproxen
500500 มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น ต&องผ�าฟั5นค�ด มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น ต&องผ�าฟั5นค�ด 44 ซึ่ � ซึ่ � ที่�านจะแนะน*าอยุ�างไรที่�านจะแนะน*าอยุ�างไร• A. งดยา 24-48 ช่ม. ให้� acetaminophen แล�วัผ่�าได�เลย• B. ลด dose 250 มลลกรั�ม/วั�น ผ่�าได�เลย ( จ�าเป็�นต่�องใช่�ยา
)
• C. งดยา 24-48 ช่ม. และเป็ล��ยนเป็�น prednisolone 20
มลลกรั�ม/วั�น ผ่�าได�เลย• D. งดยา 5-7 วั�น และเป็ล��ยนเป็�น celecoxib 400
มลลกรั�ม/วั�น• E. งดยา 5-7 วั�น ให้�ผ่ป็.ทนป็วัดเอา
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Hematologic : BleedingHematologic : Bleeding
• GI
• Hemorrhagic stroke
• Intra / post-operative bleeding
Significant in GU surgery
Tosillectomy
Underlying bleeding disorder
Discontinuation before surgeryDiscontinuation before surgery ASA ASA 7-10 days7-10 daysNSAIDs 3-5 x T1/2 NSAIDs 3-5 x T1/2
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 2929 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค SLE SLE มี มี active active
arthritisarthritis ได&ยุาได&ยุา chloroquine chloroquine แลัะแลัะ NaproxenNaproxen
500500 มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น ต&องผ�าฟั5นค�ด มี�ลัลั�กร�มีต�อว�น ต&องผ�าฟั5นค�ด 44 ซึ่ � ซึ่ � ที่�านจะแนะน*าอยุ�างไรที่�านจะแนะน*าอยุ�างไร• A. งดยา 24-48 ช่ม. ให้� acetaminophen แล�วัผ่�าได�เลย• B. ลด dose 250 มลลกรั�ม/วั�น ผ่�าได�เลย ( จ�าเป็�นต่�องใช่�ยา
)
• C. งดยา 24-48 ช่ม. และเป็ล��ยนเป็�น prednisolone 20
มลลกรั�ม/วั�น ผ่�าได�เลย• D. งดยา 5-7 วั�น และเป็ล��ยนเป็�น celecoxib 400
มลลกรั�ม/วั�น• E. งดยา 5-7 วั�น ให้�ผ่ป็.ทนป็วัดเอา
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Other side effectsOther side effects
• Dermatologic & hypersensitivity reaction
Skin Piroxicam, sulidac, mefenamate
Hypersensitivity ASA - asthma
• Central nervous system side effect
Headache Indomethacin
Aseptic meningitis Ibuprofen, sulindac, naproxen
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Other PropertiesOther Properties
• Potential application :
Closed patent ductus arteriosus
Alzheimer disease
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Practical Approach Practical Approach & Recommendation& Recommendation
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Is an NSAID needed ? Inflammation ?
Use non-pharmacologic or other pharmacologic Rx
Is there a contraindication to NSAID ? - Renal insufficiency ( CrCl < 30 ) - Allergic reaction - Concurrent GI injury
No Yes
Yes
No
Is there a reason that a classical NSAID cannot be used ?- GI risk+ & Bleeding risk
YesNo
Use classical NSAID Use COX-2 inhibitor ( or classical NSAID + PPI+)
Is patient at increased risk for CV events ?
Select NSAID on the basis of GI risk Avoid NSAID esp. COX-2 inhibitor
No Yes
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QuizQuiz
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 6666 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค angina pectorisangina pectoris ได&ได&ยุายุา ASA ASA อยุ6� ลั&มีสั่ะโพกคราก อยุ6� ลั&มีสั่ะโพกคราก 1 1 ว�น ไมี�มี ว�น ไมี�มี กระด6กห�ก กระด6กห�ก ที่�านจะสั่��งการร�กษาอยุ�างไรที่�านจะสั่��งการร�กษาอยุ�างไร
• A. เพิ่�ม ASA จาก 75 mg/d เป็�น 75 mg tid.
• B. เพิ่�ม Naproxen 500 mg/d + Omeprazole
• C. เพิ่�ม Naproxen 500 mg/d + off ASA
• D. เพิ่�ม Celecoxib 400 mg/d
• E. ส่�ง PM&R ให้�ท�ากายภาพิ่บ�าบ�ด ให้� Parecoxib ฉี�ดลดป็วัด prn
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 6666 ปี� มี โรคปี� มี โรค angina pectorisangina pectoris ได&ได&ยุายุา ASA ASA อยุ6� ลั&มีสั่ะโพกคราก อยุ6� ลั&มีสั่ะโพกคราก 1 1 ว�น ไมี�มี ว�น ไมี�มี กระด6กห�ก กระด6กห�ก ที่�านจะสั่��งการร�กษาอยุ�างไรที่�านจะสั่��งการร�กษาอยุ�างไร
• A. เพิ่�ม ASA จาก 75 mg/d เป็�น 75 mg tid.
• B. เพิ่�ม Naproxen 500 mg/d + Omeprazole
• C. เพิ่�ม Naproxen 500 mg/d + off ASA
• D. เพิ่�ม Celecoxib 400 mg/d
• E. ส่�ง PM&R ให้�ท�ากายภาพิ่บ�าบ�ด ให้� Parecoxib ฉี�ดลดป็วัด prn
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 3838 ปี� แพ&ยุาซึ่�ลัฟัา เปี$นโรคปี� แพ&ยุาซึ่�ลัฟัา เปี$นโรค psoriatic arthritispsoriatic arthritis ปีวดมีากต&องร�บปีวดมีากต&องร�บปีระที่านยุาแก&ปีวดหลัายุช้น�ด หลั�งก�นปีระที่านยุาแก&ปีวดหลัายุช้น�ด หลั�งก�นยุามี ผ0�นที่��วต�ว ยุาใดน�าจะเปี$นสั่าเหต�ยุามี ผ0�นที่��วต�ว ยุาใดน�าจะเปี$นสั่าเหต�มีากที่ �สั่�ดมีากที่ �สั่�ด• A. Etoricoxib
• B. Indomethacin
• C. Nimesulide
• D. Meloxicam
• E. All of above
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หญิ�งอายุ� หญิ�งอายุ� 3838 ปี� แพ&ยุาซึ่�ลัฟัา เปี$นโรคปี� แพ&ยุาซึ่�ลัฟัา เปี$นโรค psoriatic arthritispsoriatic arthritis ปีวดมีากต&องร�บปีวดมีากต&องร�บปีระที่านยุาแก&ปีวดหลัายุช้น�ด หลั�งก�นปีระที่านยุาแก&ปีวดหลัายุช้น�ด หลั�งก�นยุามี ผ0�นที่��วต�ว ยุาใดน�าจะเปี$นสั่าเหต�ยุามี ผ0�นที่��วต�ว ยุาใดน�าจะเปี$นสั่าเหต�มีากที่ �สั่�ดมีากที่ �สั่�ด• A. Etoricoxib
• B. Indomethacin
• C. Nimesulide
• D. Meloxicam
• E. All of above
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 1919 ปี� ว�น�จฉั�ยุเปี$นปี� ว�น�จฉั�ยุเปี$น ASA-induced ASA-induced
asthma asthma มี มี acute tendinitisacute tendinitis ที่�านจะให&ยุาใดที่�านจะให&ยุาใด
• A. Indomethacin
• B. Naproxen
• C. Etoricoxib
• D. None of above
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ช้ายุอายุ� ช้ายุอายุ� 1919 ปี� ว�น�จฉั�ยุเปี$นปี� ว�น�จฉั�ยุเปี$น ASA-induced ASA-induced
asthma asthma มี มี acute tendinitisacute tendinitis ที่�านจะให&ยุาใดที่�านจะให&ยุาใด
• A. Indomethacin
• B. Naproxen
• C. Etoricoxib
• D. None of above
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Thank You For Your AttentionThank You For Your Attention
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RecommendationRecommendation
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Prophylaxis of Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GI Side EffectsNSAID-induced GI Side Effects
Supot Pongprasobchai, M.D.Assistant Professor, Division of Gastroenterology,
Siriraj Hospital
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Ulcers20%
No lesion/Erosions60-100%
Ulcer complications1-2%
Dyspepsia25-50%
NSAID-induced GI Side-EffectsNSAID-induced GI Side-Effects
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Aggressive Defensive
Acid Pepsin
Bile Blood flow
HCO3Mucus
PGsAlcohol
Determination of Gastroduodenal Mucosal IntegrityDetermination of Gastroduodenal Mucosal Integrity
Defensive vs Aggressive FactorsDefensive vs Aggressive Factors
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Pathogenesis of PUPathogenesis of PUCaused by NSAIDsCaused by NSAIDs
Aggressive
DefensiveAcid
(acute)
PGsHCO3 Mucus
(chronic)
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NSAID-induced GastropathyNSAID-induced Gastropathy
1-2% annually 1-2% annually
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Strategies to PreventStrategies to PreventGI Complications of NSAIDsGI Complications of NSAIDs
General Use least ulcerogenic NSAID, short
duration
Identify risk factors Low-risk : no risk factor Moderate-risk : 1-2 risk factors High-risk : ≥ 3 risk factors, use
of ASA or anticoagulant Very high-risk : previous ulcer
complications
Apply appropriate prevention Co-therapy with gastroprotective drugs Coxib
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Which non-selective NSAID has lowest GI side-effects?
A. AspirinB. DiclofenacC. IbuprofenD. IndomethacinE. Piroxicam
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9.2
4.2
3.8
3
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.6
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ketorolac
Azopropazon
Ketoprofen
Piroxicam
Tolmetin
Indomethacin
Naproxen
Diflusinal
Sulindac
Diclofenac
ASA
Fenoprofen
Ibuprofen
Relative Risk ofRelative Risk ofGI Complications with NSAIDsGI Complications with NSAIDs
Relative risk Henry D. BMJ 1996;312:1563-66
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Strategies to PreventStrategies to PreventGI Complications of NSAIDsGI Complications of NSAIDs
General Use least ulcerogenic NSAID, short
duration
Identify risk factors Low-risk : no risk factor Moderate-risk : 1-2 risk factors High-risk : ≥ 3 risk factors, use
of ASA or anticoagulant Very high-risk : previous ulcer
complications
Apply appropriate prevention Co-therapy with gastroprotective drugs Coxib
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1 2 3 4 5 6
H.pylori infection
Co-morbid illness
Steroid therapy
Anticoagulant
Age (>65)
Multiple NSAIDs(including ASA)
Prior GI events
Risk Factors ofRisk Factors ofUlcer Complications from Ulcer Complications from
NSAIDsNSAIDs
Relative risk
2.5-4.8
2-4
2-3.5
3
2
2
2
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0.82
8
18
0
5
10
15
20
No RiskFactor
1-2 Factors 3 Factors 4 Factors
Number of Risk Factors &Number of Risk Factors &Incidence of Ulcer ComplicationsIncidence of Ulcer Complications
%
Silverstein FE. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:241-9
NNH 125NNH 125NNH 50NNH 50
NNH 12NNH 12
NNH 5NNH 5
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Strategies to PreventStrategies to PreventGI Complications of NSAIDsGI Complications of NSAIDs
General Use least ulcerogenic NSAID, short
duration
Identify risk factors Low-risk : no risk factor Moderate-risk : 1-2 risk factors High-risk : ≥ 3 risk factors, use
of ASA or anticoagulant Very high-risk : previous ulcer
complications
Apply appropriate prevention Co-therapy with gastroprotective drugs Coxib
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Strategies to PreventStrategies to PreventGI Complications of NSAIDsGI Complications of NSAIDs
General Use least ulcerogenic NSAID, short
duration
Identify risk factors Low-risk : no risk factor Moderate-risk : 1-2 risk factors High-risk : ≥ 3 risk factors, use
of ASA or anticoagulant Very high-risk : previous ulcer
complications
Apply appropriate prevention Co-therapy with gastroprotective drugs Coxib
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Which co-therapy is most effective in reducing NSAID-associated ulcer complications?
A. MisoprostalB. PPIC. H2-RAD. SucralfateE. Rebamipide
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H2-RA PPI Misoprostal
Serious GI events
No No
Symptomatic ulcers
No
Endoscopic ulcers
(double
dose)
Mortality No No No
Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
Meta-AnalysisMeta-Analysis
Rostom A. Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2007
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GI Side Effects of Coxib GI Side Effects of Coxib VS.VS. ns- ns-NSAIDNSAID
Meta-analysisMeta-analysis
Rostom A. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:818-28
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Endoscopic ulcers
Favours ns-NSAID
Ulcer complications
Ulcer complications(ASA users)
Favours coxibs
RR 0.26 [0.23-0.30]
RR 0.39 [0.31-0.50]
RR 0.89 [0.52-1.53]
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65 YO woman had Hx of UGIB following NSAID use 2 years ago
Now she requires NSAID for severe OAWhat is the most appropriate
management?
A. Ibuprofen + misoprostalB. Ibuprofen + PPIC. CoxibD. Coxib + PPIE. No NSAID/Coxib
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COXib + PPICOXib + PPI
COXibCOXib
NSAID + PPINSAID + PPI
NSAID + NSAID + HpHp eradication eradication
Efficacies of Each Preventive Efficacies of Each Preventive Strategies in Very High-Risk PatientsStrategies in Very High-Risk Patients
Chan FKL. NEJM 2001; 344: 967-73Chan FKL. NEJM 2002; 347: 2104-10Chan FKL. Lancet 2007; 369: 1621-6
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk 6 mo GI
complications rate (%)
Low-risk• No risk factor
0.8
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factors
2
High-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*
8
Very high-risk• Prior PU complication
18
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk Low CV Risk High CV RiskLow-risk• No risk factor Least ulcerogenic
NSAID, lowest effective dose
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factorsHigh-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*Very high-risk• Prior PU complication
Chan FKL. AP&T 2004;19:1051-61
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk Low CV Risk High CV RiskLow-risk• No risk factor Least ulcerogenic
NSAID, lowest effective dose
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factorsHigh-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*Very high-risk• Prior PU complication
Chan FKL. AP&T 2004;19:1051-61
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk Low CV Risk High CV RiskLow-risk• No risk factor Least ulcerogenic
NSAID, lowest effective dose
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factors NSAID + PPI/MSP
CoxibHigh-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*Very high-risk• Prior PU complication
Chan FKL. AP&T 2004;19:1051-61
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk Low CV Risk High CV RiskLow-risk• No risk factor Least ulcerogenic
NSAID, lowest effective dose
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factors NSAID + PPI/MSP
CoxibHigh-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*
Coxib + PPI/MSP
*NSAID + PPI/MSPVery high-risk• Prior PU complication
Chan FKL. AP&T 2004;19:1051-61
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Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced GastropathyGastropathy
RecommendationRecommendationGI Risk Low CV Risk High CV RiskLow-risk• No risk factor Least ulcerogenic
NSAID, lowest effective dose
Moderate-risk• 1-2 risk factors NSAID + PPI/MSP
CoxibHigh-risk• 3 risk factors• on anticoagulant• on ASA*
Coxib + PPI/MSP
*NSAID + PPI/MSPVery high-risk• Prior PU complication
Coxib + PPI/MSP
Chan FKL. AP&T 2004;19:1051-61
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Coxib in Patients with CV RiskCoxib in Patients with CV RiskImportant IssuesImportant Issues
Increased risk of thrombosis risk of Coxib
Aspirin decrease GI safety of Coxib
Aspirin is like another NSAID
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NSAIDs for Acute Pain
รัศ.พิ่ญ. วัมลล�กษณ์6 ส่น��นศลป็7ภาควัช่าวัส่�ญญ�วัทยา
คณ์ะแพิ่ทยศาส่ต่รั6ศรัรัาช่พิ่ยาบาล
Symposium:Clinical NSAIDs Usage 12 Sep 2007
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Question 1 A 51-year-old man presents with a one-day
history of moderately severe low back pain that began after lifting a heavy box. He has a normal neurological examination. He has epigastric pain off and on and has history of allergy to sulfa.
What analgesics would you offer?1. Are NSAIDs an appropriate choice of
medication in this patient?2. If so, which NSAIDs will you prescribe & why?3. If not, why?
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Question 2A 72-y-o man underwent an explor-lap with bowel resection. He has Lt hemiplegia. He gets IV morphine for postoperative pain relief but still has pain score of 7-8.
1. Would you add any NSAIDs to enhance analgesia for this patient?
2. If so, which NSAIDs will you prescribe & why?
3. If not, why?
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Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
A 70-y-o woman underwent Total Knee Arthroplasty. Parecoxib 40 mg i.v. x 3 d, etoricoxib 60 mg p.o. x 5 d. are prescribed.POD 1, drainage = 400 ml blood, BP 120/70 mmHg, PR 96/min, urine output 460 ml/24 h. POD 2, BP 180/100 mmHg, BUN 20, Cr 2.6, edema 2+.
What do you think is(are) the problem(s)?
Question 3
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• Non-selective NSAIDs and coxibs reduce pain safely and effectively in many patients
• Neither are as safe as initially thought • Both have similar cardiorenal profiles should
be reserved for patients at low risk for cardiac failure or thromboembolic events
• CV safety profile: coxibs are contraindicated in patients with known atherosclerotic disease and those at risk of CV thromboembolic events
NSAIDs and coxibsNSAIDs and coxibs
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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NSAIDs and coxibsNSAIDs and coxibs
• Induced perioperative bleeding small added risk • Surgeons - reluctant to use NSAIDs in some types
of surgery:- endoscopic/microscopic or involving the airway, head & neck, plastics, urology and neurosurgery, where bleeding interfere surgical fieldinterfere surgical field / increase the level of risk
• Devoid of bleeding risk, coxibs = more safely, pre- or intra-operatively,
analgesia + reduce strong opioid rescue pain relief in postoperative period (opioid sparing effect)(opioid sparing effect)
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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• Act by inhibition of COX-2• May be sufficient for moderate pain, • An adjunct in a multimodal regimen to reduce
opioid requirements, to improve pain relief and reduce opioid associated side-effects (:- N/V)
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• Traditional non-selective NSAIDs associated with GIGI complications complications: dyspepsia & gastric erosions serious ulcer bleeds and perforations
• COX-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) was developed to improve GI safety in long term anti-inflammatory analgesic therapy
• Concerns over the CVCV safety safety of coxibs and NSAIDs in some postoperative patients
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• Recommendations and strict guidelines - implemented for the use of coxibs, primarily for lprimarily for long-term indicationsong-term indications
• Efficacy and safety evaluation for the short-termshort-term use, focusing on the issues relevant to the surgical setting:- bleeding risk, and bleeding risk, and GI GI safetysafety
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Nussmeier NA, Whelton A, Brown MT, Langford RM, Joshi G, Verburg KM. Safety of parecoxib and valdecoxib in the treatment of pain following coronary artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1081—91.
International multicentre study of 1671 patients, CVCV events events (including myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, stroke and pulmonary embolism) were significantly more frequent among the pmore frequent among the patients given parecoxibatients given parecoxib and valdecoxib than those receiving placebo.
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Ott E, Nussmeier NA, Duke PC, Feneck RO, Alston RP, Snabes MC et al. Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1481—92.
462 patients, undergoing CABGundergoing CABG, reported proportionately more serious CVS sequelaemore serious CVS sequelae in the patients who received parecoxib/valdecoxib postoperatively.
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Nussmeier NA, Whelton A, Brown MT, Langford RM, Joshi G, Singla NK et al. Safety and efficacy of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2006;104(3):518—26.
By contrast, in a similarly designed study of 1050 non-cardiac major surgery patients, the group randomised to receive parecoxib and valdecoxib did not differ from the placebodid not differ from the placebo patients in any of the four safety categories: cardiovasccardiovascular events, renal events, surgical wound complular events, renal events, surgical wound complications, and ications, and GIGI complications complications.
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Schug S. Poster presentation. ESA; 2006.
A combined analysis of 6979 patients in 19 cardiac and non-cardiac surgery studies (10 orthopaedic surgery, 5 gynaecological surgery, 2 general surgery, 2 CABG), in which parecoxib in doses ranging from 20 to 80 mg was administered, the CVCV thromboembolic event rates we thromboembolic event rates were comparable to placebore comparable to placebo [parecoxib 20—80 mg/day 1.0% (39/3821) and placebo 0.9% (27/3158)].
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• Choice of selective COX-2 inhibitor for the acute pain setting is narrow.
• Both parecoxib and oral lumiracoxib are licensed for the management of post-licensed for the management of post-operative painoperative pain.
• Lumiracoxib being limited to orthopaedic and gynaecological surgery.
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Usual recommended dose for Cox-2 inhibitors in postop. pain
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
Celecoxib
(Celebrex®)
200-400 mg/tab
Parecoxib (Dynastat®)
40 mg/amp
Etoricoxib (Arcoxia®)
60, 90, 120 mg/tab
Lumiracoxib (Prexige®)
100, 400 mg/tab
first day: 400 mg single dose
followed by 200 mg after 12 h if needed,
then 200 mg b.i.d. as needed
20-40 mg IV/IM q 12 h
(short period)
(Can keep diluted med in room temp for
24 h)
120 mg
once daily
Leaflet:
400 mg
once daily not exceed 5
consecutive days
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Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
…cancelled the registration of lumiracoxib in Australia due to concerns that it may cause liver failure. …8 reports of serious liver adverse reactions to the drug, including two deaths and two liver transplants.
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NSAID ContraindicationsNSAID Contraindications
DehydrationHypovolemiaNephrotoxic agentsAnticoagulants
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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NSAIDs and AsthmaNSAIDs and Asthma
• Study of stable asthmatics given diclofenacdiclofenac orally (Short et al. 2000)
• Measured PEFR and FEV 1 pre- and post administration
• 56% had drop in values but max 15%• None had to increase their medication• Suggest - acceptable in stable asthmaticsacceptable in stable asthmatics
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Safety Information for COXIBs
• Contraindications– Pregnancy and lactating women, Age < 16 y– Patients with Sulfonamide allergy history– Experienced angioneurotic edema, urticaria or allergic-
type reactions after taking acetylsalicylic acid or NSAIDs or other COX-2 selective inhibitors
– Patients who undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery
– Patients with IHD or stroke, CHF – Currently GI bleeding / Active peptic ulceration– Patients who have cardiovascular risks– Patients with renal and hepatic impairment
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Back to basic analgesia
• IbuprofenIbuprofen• NaproxenNaproxen• DiclofenacDiclofenac• KetorolacKetorolac
• Combination drugs– Opioid + NSAIDs– Opioid + acetaminophen– Tramadol + acetaminophen
• Intervention Rx
11th WCP at Sydney, 2005
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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NSAID-Induced NSAID-Induced Upper GI Bleeds and PerforationsUpper GI Bleeds and Perforations
15.9
7.8
6.7
6.5
5.6
4.4
4.3
3.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Piroxicam
Diclofenac
Naproxen
Ketoprofen
Mefenamic Acid
Indomethacin
Ibuprofen
Nabumetone
McDonald TM, et al. BMJ 1997; 315: 1333-7.
Rate of GI Bleeds and Perforations (per 1000 patient years)
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NSAIDs – for Acute PainNSAIDs – for Acute Pain
• Postoperative – Postoperative – mild to moderate painmild to moderate pain
• Orthopedic – acute low back pain1,2
• Dental – periodontitis
• Oral surgery – 3rd molar surgery
• Gynecological – dysmenorrhea
• Urological – renal colic
2 Tulder et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low-back pain. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000396. DOI: 10.1002/14651858
1 Griffin et al. Do NSAIDs help in acute or chronic low back pain? Am Fam Physician 2002;65
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NSAIDs – When to give?NSAIDs – When to give?
• Preoperative Preoperative – premedication preemptive analgesiapreventive analgesia
• IntraoperativeIntraoperative
• PostoperativePostoperative
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Neurons of dorsal horn of spinal cord
Neurons of dorsal horn of spinal cord
become “sensitized”“sensitized”
“windup/central sensitization (process)”
Level of pain
Noxious stimuliPreemptive Preemptive analgesiaanalgesia Initiating analgesic regimen Initiating analgesic regimen
before onset of noxious before onset of noxious stimulistimuli
prevent
Limit subsequent painLimit subsequent painVimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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mild
moderate
severeStrong Strong opioidopioid+/- adjuvant+/- adjuvant+/- NSAIDs+/- NSAIDs
Weak Weak opioidopioid+/- +/- adjuvantadjuvant+/- NSAIDs+/- NSAIDsNon-opioid/NSAIDsNon-opioid/NSAIDs
+/- adjuvant+/- adjuvant
Post
oper
ativ
e pa
in
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
Analgesic choices - based on level of pain
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Multimodal AnalgesiaMultimodal Analgesia
Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1048–56.
₪Improved antinociception due to synergistic/ additive effects
₪Reduce dose of each analgesic
₪May reduce severity of side effects of each drug
MorphineMorphineCodeineCodeineTramadolTramadol
NSAIDs,NSAIDs,22 agonist, agonist, acetaminophen, acetaminophen, regional blocksregional blocks
PotentiationPotentiation
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Treatment for common menstrual Treatment for common menstrual cramps (primary dysmenorrhea)cramps (primary dysmenorrhea)
• Lie down at the first sign of pain
• Current recommendations = not only adequate rest and
sleep, but also regular exercise (especially walking)
• Nonpharm. strategies: heating pad, massage, yoga, etc.
For mild cramps: aspirin / acetaminophen, or
acetaminophen + diuretic
For moderate menstrual cramps: main agents are NSAIDsmain agents are NSAIDs,
which lower the production of PG and lessen its effect:-
ibuprofen; naproxen sodium; and ketoprofen
http://www.medicinenet.com/menstrual_cramps/article.htm Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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NSAIDs - Route of administrationNSAIDs - Route of administration
• Oral
• IV
• IM• Rectal suppository1
diclofenac diclofenac ((suppo)suppo) 50 mg x350 mg x3 or placebo 1x3 during the first 24 h postoperatively
reduces the need for opioids significantly with maintained or improved analgetic effect
reduce negative side-effects of systemic opioids1Olofsson. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;88:143-6.
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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NSAIDs - Route of administrationNSAIDs - Route of administration
• Oral
• IV
• IM
• Rectal suppository• Peri- & intra-articular1
1Toftdahl et al. Acta Orthopaedica 2007;78:172-9.
Improve early analgesia and mobilization vs contin. Fem. n. block in TKA under spinal anesthesia
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NSAIDs - Route of administrationNSAIDs - Route of administration
• Oral
• IV
• IM
• Rectal suppository
• Peri- & intra-articular• Local infiltration – single/continuous1
1Lavand’homme et al. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:1220–5.
Continuous intrawound infusion of diclofenac demonstrates a greater opioid sparing effect and better postoperative analgesia than the same dose administered as an intermittent intravenous bolus during the first 24 h after surgery.
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NSAIDs - Route of administrationNSAIDs - Route of administration
• Oral
• IV
• IM
• Rectal suppository
• Peri- & intra-articular
• Local infiltration – single/continuous• Intrathecal (COX-1)1
1Zhu et al. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1390 –3.
Intrathecal adm. of COX-1, but not COX-2, specific inhibitors given on postoperative day 1 has analgesic effects in an incisional model of postoperative pain in rat.
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Benefits
Cost
GICVS
Before prescribing NSAIDs,……weigh risks vs benefitsBefore prescribing NSAIDs,……weigh risks vs benefits
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
• The safest safest NSAID is ibuprofen ibuprofen in doses ofin doses of 400 mg 400 mg • Higher dosesHigher doses may offer greater analgesia but with
more adverse effectsmore adverse effects • Other NSAIDsOther NSAIDs fail to demonstratefail to demonstrate consistently
greater efficacy or safety greater efficacy or safety than ibuprofen • Coxibs provide equivalent efficacy to traditional Coxibs provide equivalent efficacy to traditional
NSAIDsNSAIDs but lack lack a demonstrable safety advantagesafety advantage for the treatment of acute pain
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
Direct comparative studies between NSAIDs and acetaminophen (1,000-mg dose) :
more effectivemore effective than acetaminophen in some situations (e.g., dental and menstrual paindental and menstrual pain)
equivalent analgesiaequivalent analgesia in others (e.g., orthopedic surgery and tension headacheorthopedic surgery and tension headache).1,2
1. Scott D, Smith C, Lohmander S, Chard J. Osteoarthritis. Clin Evid 2003;(9):1301-26.2. Hyllested M, Jones S, Pedersen JL, Kehlet H. Comparative effect of paracetamol,
NSAIDs or their combination in postoperative pain management: a qualitative review. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:199-214.
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
Traditional NSAIDsTraditional NSAIDs
EFFICACYEFFICACY • Dysmenorrhea1 :
ibuprofen=naproxen > acetaminophen/aspirin• Postpartum perineal pain2 :
ibuprofen > acetaminophen+codeine+caffeine
1. Zhang WY, Li Wan Po A. Efficacy of minor analgesics in primary dysmenorrhoea: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:780-9.
2. Peter EA, Janssen PA, Grange CS, Douglas MJ. Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen with codeine for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2001;165:1203-9.
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
Traditional NSAIDsTraditional NSAIDs
SAFETY AND ADVERSE EFFECTSSAFETY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS • Ibuprofen excellent GI safety profile, not
different from placebo (dose 800-1,200 mg/d)1 • Higher doses of naproxen and ibuprofen
increased GI side effects similar to other NSAIDs2
1.Kellstein DE, Waksman JA, Furey SA, Binstok G, Cooper SA. The safety profile of nonprescription ibuprofen in multiple-dose use: a metaanalysis. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:520-32.2.Bansal V, Dex T, Proskin H, Garreffa S. A look at the safety profile of over-the-counter naproxen sodium: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:127-38.
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
COX-2 Selective NSAIDsCOX-2 Selective NSAIDs
EFFICACY EFFICACY • Theoretically, provide analgesia = traditional
NSAIDs without many of the side effects • Meta-analysis of celecoxib, showed fair to good
efficacy for postoperative pain with an NNT of 4.5 (95% CI, 3.3 to 7.2) compared with placebo1
1. Barden J, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Single dose oral celecoxib for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD004233.
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Oral Analgesics for Acute Nonspecific Pain
COX-2 Selective NSAIDsCOX-2 Selective NSAIDs
SAFETY AND ADVERSE EFFECTSSAFETY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS • Greater numbers of thrombotic CV events • May impair renal function and have no benefit
over traditional NSAIDs in this area • In elderly patients with hypertension - may be
associated with edema and ↑ BP1
1. Whelton A, White WB, Bello AE, Puma JA, Fort JG, for the SUCCESS-VII Investigators. Effects of celecoxib and rofecoxib on blood pressure and edema in patients > or = 65 years of age with systemic hypertension and osteoarthritis. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:959-63.
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Oral NSAIDs in the Treatment of Acute PainMedication Efficacy* Max dosage per day
Recommended
Ibuprofen (400 mg initially)Ibuprofen (400 mg initially) Good 2,400 mg
Naproxen (Aleve) Good 1,376 mg
Alternative choices
Diclofenac (Voltaren)Diclofenac (Voltaren) GoodGood 150 mg150 mg
Piroxicam (Feldene) Good 20 mg
Ketorolac (Toradol) Good 40 mg
Meclofenamate (Meclomen) Good 400 mg
Meloxicam (Mobic)Meloxicam (Mobic) GoodGood 7.5 mg7.5 mg
Nabumetone (Relafen) Good 2,000 mg
COX-2 inhibitorsCOX-2 inhibitors Fair to Fair to goodgood
Celecoxib (Celebrex), Celecoxib (Celebrex), 400 mg400 mg
* Poor: number needed to treat (NNT) > 6, Fair: NNT = 3 – 6, Good: NNT = <3Sachs. Oral analgesics for acute nonspecific pain. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:913-8
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Analgesic class
Side effects Dosage Comment
NSAIDs GI, platelet functioninhibition, renaldysfunction
400 mg ibuprofen safest inexpensive choice; decreases some adverse GI events with misoprostol 800 mg, H2 blockers, and PPI
No evidence that any one NSAID is more effective than another
Selective COX-2inhibitors
Renal dysfunction;hypertension;thrombotic events
Once or twice per day, only advantage over most traditional NSAIDs for acute pain
Expensive
Sachs. Oral analgesics for acute nonspecific pain. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:913-8Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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Recommendation Label
Acetaminophen in doses up to 1,000 mg is the initial choice for most mild to moderate acute pain.
B
The first-line NSAID for safety, efficacy, and cost is ibuprofen in doses of 400 mg.
A
For moderate to severe pain, consider narcotic acetaminophen or narcotic ibuprofen combination.
B
Tramadol, propoxyphene, and codeine provide inferior analgesia to other recommended agents.
A
COX-2 inhibitors provide analgesia equal to NSAIDs at greater cost and may be reserved for patients who have a history of GI bleeding and have failed treatment with acetaminophen.
B
A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, opinion, or
case series.
Sachs. Oral analgesics for acute nonspecific pain. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:913-8Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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A. Managing pain in the older patient:
• NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors in older in older people requires extreme cautionpeople requires extreme caution
• Acetaminophen is the preferredAcetaminophen is the preferred non-opioid analgesic
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
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B. Managing acute pain during pregnancy:B. Managing acute pain during pregnancy:
• Use of NSAIDs during pregnancy does not seem to increase the risk of adverse birth outcome, but ↑↑risk of miscarriagerisk of miscarriage.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
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C. Managing pain in the puerperium C. Managing pain in the puerperium (perineal pain, breast and nipple pain): (perineal pain, breast and nipple pain):
1.Acetaminophen and rectal NSAIDsAcetaminophen and rectal NSAIDs – effective in perineal painperineal pain after childbirth.
2.Acetaminophen and NSAIDs – equally, but only modestly, effective modestly, effective in treating uterine pain uterine pain.
3.Acetaminophen and several NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, seem safe non-opioids in ibuprofen, seem safe non-opioids in lactationlactation.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
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D. Abdominal pain of nonsurgical origin:- D. Abdominal pain of nonsurgical origin:- dysmenorrhea, renal and biliary colic, dysmenorrhea, renal and biliary colic, and irritable bowel syndrome:and irritable bowel syndrome:
1.Analgesics do not interferenot interfere with the diagnostic process in acute abdominal pain.
2.NSAIDs – superior to opioids in the treatment of renal colic.
3.Onset of analgesia is fastest with IV NSAIDs in IV NSAIDs in renal colicrenal colic.
4.NSAIDs + vitamin B1+ vitamin B1 – effective in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
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E. Pain associated with acute orofacial E. Pain associated with acute orofacial conditions:- sinusitis and oral ulceration:conditions:- sinusitis and oral ulceration:
1.NSAIDs and coxibs provide better analgesia with better analgesia with fewer adverse effectsfewer adverse effects than acetaminophen, acetaminophen/opioid combinations, acetaminophen/tramadol combinations, tramadol, or weaker opioids after dental extraction.
2.Aspirin and NSAIDs increase the likelihood of reoperationreoperation for post-tonsillectomy bleedingpost-tonsillectomy bleeding.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
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F. Pain management of acute headache F. Pain management of acute headache including migraine, cluster headache and post-including migraine, cluster headache and post-dural puncture headache (PDPH):dural puncture headache (PDPH):
1.Aspirin-metoclopramideAspirin-metoclopramide is effective in Rx of migraine with mild symptoms.
2.AddAddition of caffeinecaffeine to aspirin or acetaminophen improves analgesia in acute tension-type headache.
3.3.Ibuprofen + acetaminophenIbuprofen + acetaminophen are effective in the treatment of migraine with mild symptoms.
4.Simple analgesics:- aspirin, acetaminophen, and aspirin, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs, either alone or in combinationNSAIDs, either alone or in combination, are effective in the treatment of episodic tension-type headache.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
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G. Acute musculoskeletal pain:G. Acute musculoskeletal pain:
1.Understand that topical + oral NSAIDs improvetopical + oral NSAIDs improve acute shoulder pain.
2.2.Treat pain with acetaminophenTreat pain with acetaminophen; if it is ineffective, NSAIDs may be used.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
Vimolluck Sanansilp, SirirajVimolluck Sanansilp, Siriraj
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H. For nonselective NSAIDs and H. For nonselective NSAIDs and acetaminophen, know:acetaminophen, know:
1. Different routes & dosage (:- oral, IV, rectal).2. How to modifymodify doses or withholdwithhold NSAIDs in presence
of comorbidity (CHF, renal disease, ulcer disease, coagulopathy).
3. How to selectselect particular NSAIDs to lessen risk of specific side effects (:- nonacetylated compounds for platelet sparing; nabumetone to lessen gastrointestinal blood loss).
4. There is a “plateau effectplateau effect” = dosage increases beyond the recommended range increase the incidence of side effects but do not improve analgesia.
Acute and Postoperative Pain
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H. For nonselective NSAIDs and H. For nonselective NSAIDs and acetaminophen, know:acetaminophen, know:
5. Efficacy + utility of NSAIDs when administered via intra-articular, topical, local infiltration routes
6. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the NSAIDs7. Controversies Controversies concerning NSAIDs and
orthopedic surgeryorthopedic surgery8. Efficacy of NSAIDs for acute pain: aspirin,
ibuprofen, diclofenac, piroxicam, naproxen, and ketorolac
Acute and Postoperative Pain
Charlton J E, editor. Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 2005.
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I. For the COX-2 inhibitors, know:I. For the COX-2 inhibitors, know:
1. Structural differences between the agents and conventional NSAIDs.
2. Selectivity for the COX-2 enzyme between different agents.
3. Comparisons between COX-2 inhibitors and nonselective NSAIDs in terms of analgesic activity and side-effect profile.
4. The pharmaco-economic impact of COX-2 inhibitors.
5. Opioid-sparing effectsOpioid-sparing effects.6. Controversies concerning COX-2 inhibitors
Acute and Postoperative Pain
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