Clinical Anatomy - JU Medicine · •Knee examination: Varus deformity bilaterally Tender medial...
Transcript of Clinical Anatomy - JU Medicine · •Knee examination: Varus deformity bilaterally Tender medial...
Clinical Anatomy
Case presentation
• History:
➢ 70 years old lady, DM, HTN
➢ Bilateral mechanical knee pain for 10 years
➢ Progressively increasing with time
➢ Noticed a deformity 2 years back
➢ Deformity and occasional pain in the smalljoints of both hands
• Knee examination:➢ Varus deformity bilaterally➢ Tender medial joint line bilaterally➢ ROM 10 – 100 degrees
• Hand examination:➢ Multiple small joint nodules➢ No redness
What do you think?
Hyaline cartilage
• Decreases friction and distributes loads.➢ Extracellular matrix
1. water (6580%),2. 90% type II collagen (1020%),3. proteoglycans (1015%)
➢ cells (chondrocytes)
• Cartilage is avascular; Nourished by:✓ synovial fluid at the surface✓ subchondral bone at the base
Pathology
• Articular cartilage ➢ increased water content➢ alterations in proteoglycans: eventual decrease in amount➢ collagen abnormalities: organization and orientation are lost➢ binding of proteoglycans to hyaluronic acid
• Synovium and capsule➢ early phase: mild inflammatory changes in synovium➢ middle phase: moderate inflammatory changes of synovium,
hypervascular➢ late phases: synovium becomes increasingly thick and vascular
• Bone➢ subchondral bone attempts to remodel➢ bone cysts form in late stages
Stages
Intraoperatively
RA