Climbing Glossary

7/30/2019 Climbing Glossary

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kkA

AmericankdeathktrianglekkkkkAnkanchorkwhichkiskcreatedkbykconnectingkakclosedkloopkofkcordkorkwebbingkbetweenktwokpointskofkprotection,kandkthenksuspendingkthekropekfromkakcarabinerkclippedktokonlykonekstrandkofksaidkanchor.kThiskcreateskaktriangularkshapekinkthekwebbingkorkcord,kwhichkplaceskmassivelykmultipliedkinwardkforceskonkthekprotection,kma ingkitkakdangerous,kineffectivekanchor.Abala ovkthreadkkkkkAktypekofkabseilingkpointkusedkespeciallykinkwinterkandkicekclimbing.kAlsokcalledkaskV-thread.AblationkzonekkkkkThekareakofkakglacierkwherekyearlykmeltingkmeetskorkexceedskthekannualksnowkfall.AbseilkkkkkThekprocesskbykwhichkakclimberkcankdescendkakfixedkrope.kAlsok nownkaskRappel.AdzekkkkkAkthinkbladekmountedkperpendicularktokthekhandlekonkankicekaxekthatkcankbekusedkforkchoppingkfootholds.AlpinekstartkkkkkTokma ekankefficientkstartkonkaklongkclimbkbykpac ingkallkyourkgearkthekpreviouskeveningkandkstartingkearlykinkthekmorning,kusuallykwellkbeforeksunrise.Altitudeksic nessk

kkkkAkmedicalkconditionkthatkiskoftenkobservedkatkhighkaltitudes.kAlsok nownkaskAcutekmountainksic ness,korkAMS.[1]AnchorkkkkkAnkarrangementkofkonekork(usually)kmorekpieceskofkgearksetkupktoksupportkthekweightkofkakbelaykorktopkrope.ApproachkkkkkThekpathkorkroutektokthekstartkofkaktechnicalkclimb.kAlthoughkthiskiskgenerallykakwal kor,katkmost,kakscramblekitkiskoccasionallykaskhazardouskaskthekclimbkitself.Artekkkkk1.kAksmallkridge-li ekfeaturekonkaksteepkroc kfacekkkk2.kArte,kaknarrowkridgekofkroc kformedkbykglacialkerosionkkkk3.kAkmethodkofkindoorkclimbing,kinkwhichkonekiskablektokuseksuchkakcornerkas

kakhold.kSeekalsokdihedral.AscendkkkkkTokcompletekakroutekorkproblem.AscenderkkkkkAkdevicekforkascendingkonkakrope.ATCkkkkkAkproprietarykbelaykdevicekmanufacturedkbykBlac kDiamond.kATCkstandskforkairktraffickcontroller.AtomickbelaykkkkkAkquic kmethodkforksettingkupkaktwo-pointkanchorkinksportkclimbing,kusingkthekclimbingkropektokattachktokthekanchorkpoints.

kkB

"B"-gradekkkkkAkgradingksystemkforkboulderingkproblems,kinventedkbykJohnkGill.kNowklargelyksupersededkbykthek"V"kgradingksystem.BacharkladderkkkkkAkpiecekofktrainingkequipmentkusedktokimprovekcampusingkandkcorekstrength.Bac -clippingkkkkkAkpotentiallykhazardouskmista ekthatkcankbekmadekwhilekleadkclimbing.kThekropekiskclippedkintokakquic drawksuchkthatkthekleader'skendkrunskunderneathkthekquic drawkaskopposedktokoverktopkofkit.kIfkthekleaderkfalls,kthekropekmaykfoldkdir


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ectlykoverkthekgatekcausingkitktokopenkandkreleasekthekropekfromkthekcarabiner.BailkkkkkTokretreatkfromkakclimb.Barn-doorkkkkkIfkakclimberkhaskonlyktwokpointskofkcontactkusingkeitherkthekrightkorkleftksidekofkhiskbody,kthekotherkhalfkmaykswingkuncontrollablykoutkfromkthekwallkli ekakdoorkonkakhinge.BashiekkkkkAkcopperheadkintendedkforkpoundingkintokakcracBelaykkkkkTokprotectkakropedkclimberkfromkfallingkbykpassingkthekropekthrough,korkaround,kanyktypekofkfrictionkenhancingkbelaykdevice.kBeforekbelaykdeviceskwerekinvented,kthekropekwasksimplykpassedkaroundkthekbelayer'skhipsktokcreatekfriction.BelaykdevicekkkkkAkmechanicalkdevicekusedktokcreatekfrictionkwhenkbelayingkbykputtingkbendskinkthekrope.kManyktypeskofkbelaykdevicekexist,kincludingkATC,kgrigri,kReverso,kStichtkplate,keightkandktuber.kSomekbelaykdeviceskmaykalsokbekusedkaskdescenders.kAkMunterkhitchkcanksometimeskbekusedkinsteadkofkakbelaykdevice.BelaykslavekkkkkSomeonekthatkvolunteerskfor,korkisktric edkinto,krepeatedkbelayingkdutieskwithoutkparta ingkinkanykofkthekactualkclimbing.Bergschrundk(orkschrund)kkkkAkcrevassekthatkformskonkthekupperkportionkofkakglacierkwherekthekmovingksectionkpullskawaykfromkthekheadwall.kAlsokcalledkak'shrund.

BetakkkkkAdvicekand/orkinstructionskonkhowktoksuccessfullykcompletekakparticularkclimbingkroute,kboulderkproblem,korkcruxksequence.BetakflashkkkkkThekcleankascentkofkakclimbkonkthekfirstkattempt,khavingkpreviouslykobtainedkbetakorkwhilekhavingkbetakshoutedkupkfromkthekgroundkenkroute.kAlsokseekon-sight.BinerkkkkkkSeekCarabiner.Bivyk(orkbivvy)kkkkFromkthekFrenchk"bivouac".kAkcamp,korkthekactkofkcamping,kovernightkwhilekstillkonkakclimbingkroutekoffkthekground.kMaykinvolveknothingkmorekthanklyingkdownkorksittingkonkakroc kledgekwithoutkanyksleepingkgear.kWhenktherekisknokroc kled

gekavailable,ksuchkaskonkaksheerkverticalkwall,kakportaledgekthatkhangskfromkanchorskonkthekwallkcankbekused.Bivy-bagkkkkkAklightweightkgarmentkorksac kofferingkfull-bodykprotectionkfromkwindkandkrain.BollardkkkkkAklargek nobkofkroc korkicekusedkaskakbelaykanchor.BoltkkkkkAkpointkofkprotectionkpermanentlykinstalledkinkakholekdrilledkintokthekroc ,ktokwhichkakmetalkhangerkiskattached,khavingkakholekforkakbinerkorkring.BoltkchoppingkkkkkThekdeliberatekandkdestructivekremovalkofkonekorkmorekbolts.Bomb-proofkanchork

kkkkAktotallyksecurekanchor.kAlsok nownkaskbomber.BoulderingkkkkkThekpracticekofkclimbingkonklargekboulders.kTypicallykthiskiskclosektokthekground,ksokprotectionkta eskthekformkofkcrashkpadskandkspottingkinsteadkofkbelaykropes.BridgingkkkkkseekStemingBuc etkkkkkAklargekhandhold.Bummerk


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kkkkAkslangkword,kusedkusuallyktokdescribekaknastyklittlekhold,kinksensekofknastykli ektearingkthekfingerks inkverykbadlykorksomethingkli ekthis.BumpkkkkkTokquic lykmovekupkakhandkorkakfootkaksmallkdistancekfromkonekusefulkholdktokanother.BuilderingkkkkkThekartkofkclimbingkonkbuildings,kwhichkiskoftenkillegal.ButtresskkkkkAkprominentkfeaturekthatkjutskoutkfromkakroc korkmountain.

kkC

CairnkkkkkAkdistinctivekpilekofkstoneskplacedktokdesignatekaksummitkorkmar kaktrailkabovektreeline.CamskkkkkAkspring-loadedkdevicekusedkaskprotection.CampuskkkkkThekactkofkclimbingkwithoutkusingkanykfeet.CampuskboardkkkkkTrainingkequipmentkusedktokbuildkfingerkstrengthkandkstrongkarmkloc -offs.CarabinerkkkkkMetalkringskwithkspring-loadedkgates,kusedkaskconnectors.kAlsok nownkaskcrabkorkbinerk(pronouncedkbeaner).

Chal kkkkkAkcompoundkusedktokimprovekgripkbykabsorbingksweat.kItkiskactuallykgymnasticskchal ,kusuallykmagnesiumkcarbonate.kItskusekiskcontroversialkinksomekareas.Chal kbagkkkkkAkhand-sizedkholderkforkakclimber'skchal kthatkiskusuallykcarriedkonkakchalbeltkforkeasykaccesskduringkakclimb.Chic enkHeadkkkkkseekbollard,khorn.ChimneykkkkkAkroc kcleftkwithkverticalksideskmostlykparallel,klargekenoughktokfitkthekclimber'skbodykinto.kTokclimbksuchkakstructure,kthekclimberkoftenkuseskhiskhead,kbac kandkfeetktokapplykoppositekpressurekonkthekverticalkwalls.kkkkThekprocesskofkusingksuchkaktechnique.

ChippingkkkkkImprovingkakholdkbykpermanentlykalteringkthekroc .kWidelykusedkinkthek80'skandkearlyk90's,kbutknowkconsideredkunethicalkandkunacceptable.Choc kkkkkAkmechanicalkdevice,korkakwedge,kusedkaskanchorskinkcrac s.kkkkAknaturallykoccurringkstonekwedgedkinkakcrac .ChosskkkkkLoosekork"rotten"kroc .ClassificationkkkkkSeekGrade.ClawingkkkkkUsekofkfrontkpointskofkcrampons,kicekaxekpic kandkicekhammerkpic ktokclimbkakslope.

CleankkkkkTokremovekequipmentkfromkakroute.kkkkAkroutekthatkiskfreekofkloosekvegetationkandkroc s.kkkkTokcompletekakclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekrope.kAlsokseekredpoint.kkkkInkaidkclimbing,kabbreviatedk"C",kakroutekthatkdoesknotkrequirekthekusekofkakhammerkorkanykinvasivekadditionkofkprotectionk(suchkaskpitonskorkcopperheads)kintokthekroc k(seekprotection).CleaningktoolkkkkkAkdevicekforkremovingkjammedkequipment,kespeciallyknuts,kfromkakroute.kAlsok


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nownkaskaknutk ey.ClimbingkareakkkkkAkregionkthatkiskplentifulkwithkclimbingkroutes.ClimbingkcommandkkkkkAkshortkphrasekusedkforkcommunicationkbetweenkakclimberkandkakbelayer.ClimbingkgymkkkkkSpecializedkindoorkclimbingkcentres.kSeekgymkclimbing.k(UsuallykjustkcalledkakclimbingkwallkinkBritain).ClimbingkshoekkkkkFootwearkdesignedkspecificallykforkclimbing.kUsuallykwellkfitting,kwithkakrubberksole.ClimbingktechniquekkkkkParticularktechniques,korkmoves,kcommonlykappliedkinkclimbing.ClimbingkwallkkkkkArtificialkroc ,ktypicallykinkakclimbingkgym.ClippingkinkkkkkThekprocesskofkattachingktokbelayklineskorkanchorskforkprotection.ColkkkkkAksmallkpasskork"saddle"kbetweenktwokpea s.kExcellentkforknavigationkaskwhenkstandingkonkonekit'skalwayskdownkinktwo,kopposite,kdirectionskandkupkinkthektwokdirectionskinkbetweenkthose.Cordkloc kkkkkakloc korktogglekusedktokfastenkcordskwithkglovedkhands.kUsedkonkmostkmountaineeringkgear.

CordelettekkkkkAklongkloopkofkaccessorykcordkusedktoktiekintokmultiplekanchorkpoints.CornerkkkkkAnkinsidekcornerkofkroc ,kthekoppositektokankartek(UK).kSeekDihedral.CornicekkkkkAnkoverhangingkedgekofksnowkonkakridge.CouloirkkkkkAksteepkgullykorkgorgekfrequentlykfilledkwithksnowkorkice.Crac kclimbingkkkkkTokascendkonkakroc kfacekbykwedgingkbodykpartskintokcrac s,ki.e.knotkfacekclimbing.kSeekjammingkandkchimney.CragkkkkkAksmallkareakwithkclimbingkroutes,koftenkjustkaksmallkcliffkfacekorkakfewkbo

ulders.CramponskkkkkMetalkframewor kwithkspi eskattachedktokbootsktokincreaseksafetykonksnowkandkice.CramponingkkkkkUsingkcramponsktokascendkorkdescendkonkice,kpreferablykwithkmaximumknumberkofkpointskofkthekcramponkintokthekicekforkweightkdistribution.kkkkAccidentallykpiercingksomethingkwithkakcramponkspi e.Cran kkkkkTokpullkonkakholdkaskhardkaskpossible.CrashkpadkkkkkAkthic kmatkusedktoksoftenklandingskorktokcoverkhazardouskobjectskinkthekeventkofkakfall.kSee:kBoulderingkmat

CraterkkkkkHittingkthekgroundkatkthekendkofkakfallkinsteadkofkbeingkcaughtkbykthekrope.CrimpkkkkkAkholdkwhichkiskonlykjustkbigkenoughktokbekgraspedkwithkthektipskofkthekfingers.kkkkThekprocesskofkholdingkontokakcrimp.CruxkkkkkThekmostkdifficultkportionkofkakclimb.Cut-loosekkkkkWherekakclimber'skfeetkswingkawaykfromkthekroc konkoverhangingkterrain,kleav


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ingkthekclimberkhangingkonlykbyktheirkhands.kAlsok nownkask"Cuttingkfeet."Cwmkkkkk(Welsh)kHangingkvalley,kcirque:kaksteep-walledksemicircularkbasinkinkakmountain;kmaykcontainkakla e,kCwmkaskdoeskakcorrie.

kkD

DaisykchainkkkkkAkspecialkpurposektypekofkslingkwithkmultipleksewn,korktied,kloops.kItkisksignificantlykwea erkthankaknormalksling.DeadkhangkkkkkTokhangklimp,ksuchkthatkweightkiskheldkbykligamentktensionkratherkthankmuscles.DeadmankanchorkkkkkAnkobjectkburiedkintoksnowktokservekaskankanchorkforkankattachedkrope.kOnekcommonktypekofksuchkankanchorkisktheksnowkflu e.DeadpointkkkkkAkdynamickclimbingktechniquekinkwhichkthekholdkiskgrabbedkatkthekapexkofkupwardkmotion.kThisktechniquekplaceskminimalkstrainkonkbothkthekholdkandkthekarms.Dec kkkkkThekground.kkkkTokhitkthekground,kusuallykthekoutcomekofkakfall.DeepkWaterkSoloingkkkkFreekclimbingkankareakthatkoverhangskakdeepkenoughkbodykofkwaterktokallowkfo

rkaksafekfall.DescenderkkkkkAkdevicekforkcontrolledkdescentkonkakrope.kManykbelaykdeviceskmaykbekusedkaskdescenders,kincludingkATCs,keights,korkevenkcarabiners.kSeekrappel.DexamethasonekkkkkkAkpharmaceuticalkdrugkusedkinkthektreatmentkofkhighkaltitudekcerebralkedemakaskwellkaskhighkaltitudekpulmonarykedema.kItkiskcommonlykcarriedkonkmountainkclimbingkexpeditionsktokhelpkclimberskdealkwithkaltitudeksic ness.[1]DialledkkkkkTokhavekcompletekunderstandingkofkakparticularkclimbingkmovekorkroute.DiamoxkkkkkAkdrugkusedktokinhibitkthekonsetkofkaltitudeksic ness.kOtherwisek nownkaskAcetazolamide.[1]

DidrekkkkkAkdihedral.DihedralkkkkkAnkinsidekcornerkofkroc ,kwithkmorekthankak90-degreekanglekbetweenkthekfaces.kSeekalsokcornerkandkarte.DirectkaidkkkkkAktypekofktensionkclimbingkconsistingkofkusingkonekorkmorekbelaykropesktokhaulkthekleaderkupktoktheknextkpointkofkprotection.DoublekRopekTechniquek(DRT)kkkkkForkalpinekandkroc kclimberskthisktermkimplieskthekusekofktwokseparatekropes.kForktreekclimberskthisktermkiskambiguouskbutkiskusuallykinterpretedkaskaksynonymkforkDoubledkRopekTechnique.DoubledkRopekTechniquek(DdRT)k

kkkkAkmethodkusedkprimarilykbyktreekclimberskwherekthekropekpasseskoverkaksupport/limbkandkcontinuouslykslideskoverktheklimbkaskthekclimberkascendskorkdescends.DownclimbkkkkkTokdescendkbykclimbingkdownward,ktypicallykafterkcompletingkakclimb.DryktoolingkkkkkUsingktoolskforkicekclimbingkli ekcramponskandkicekaxeskonkroc .DulfersitzkkkkkAkmethodkofkrappelling,kwithoutkmechanicalktools,kwherekthekuphillkropekiskstraddledkbykthekclimberkthenkloopedkaroundkakhip,kacrosskthekchest,koverkthekoppositek(wea )kshoulder,kandkheldkwithkthekdownhillk(strong)khandktokadjustktheksh


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oulderkfrictionkandkthuskthekdescendingkspeed.DynamickbelaykkkkkTechniquekofkstoppingkaklongkfallkusingksmoothkbra ingktokreducekstresskonkthekprotectionkpointskandkavoidkunnecessaryktraumakfromkankabruptkstop.DynamickropekkkkkAkslightlykelastickropekthatksoftenskfallsktoksomekextent.kAlsoktendktokbekdamagedklesskseverelykbykheavykloads.kComparekwithkstatickrope.DynamickmotionkkkkkAnykmovekinkwhichkbodykmomentumkiskusedktokprogress.kAskopposedktokstaticktechniquekwherekthree-pointksuspensionkandkslow,kcontrolledkmovementkiskthekrule.DynokkkkkAkdynamickmovektokgrabkakholdkthatkwouldkotherwisekbekoutkofkreach.kGenerallykbothkfeetkwillkleavekthekroc kfacekandkreturnkagainkoncekthektargetkholdkiskcaught.kNon-climberskwouldkcallkitkakjumpkorkakleap.

kkE

EdgekkkkkAkthinkledgekonkthekroc .EdgingkkkkkUsingkthekedgekofkthekclimbingkshoekonkakfoothold.kInkthekabsencekofkfootholds,ksmearingkiskused.EgyptiankkkkkAkclimbingktechniquekusedktokreducektensionkinkarmskwhilekholdingkaksidekgri

p.Eight-thousanderkkkkkAkmountainkwhosekelevationkexceedsk8,000kmetreskabovekseaklevel.kTherekarekfourteenksuchkmountainskonkearth.EliminatekkkkkAktermkfromkboulderingkdescribingkakmovekorkserieskofkmoveskinkwhichkeitherkcertainkholdskarekplacedk'offkbounds'korkotherkartificialkrestrictionskarekimposed.EpickkkkkAnkordinarykclimbkrenderedkdifficultkbykakdangerouskcombinationkofkweather,kinjuries,kdar ness,korkotherkadversekfactors.ExposurekkkkkEmptykspacekbelowkakclimber,kusuallykreferringktokakgreatkdistancekabovekthe

kdec kthroughkwhichkthekclimberkcouldkfall.

kkF

FacekclimbingkkkkkTokascendkakverticalkroc kfacekusingkfingerkholds,kedgeskandksmears,ki.e.knotkcrac kclimbing.FallkkkkkUndesirablekdownwardkmotion.kHopefullykstoppedkbykakrope,kotherwisekseekmountainkrescue.kkkkAk"free-solokbelay",kthekquic estkwayktokreachkthekground.FigurekFourkkkkkAdvancedkclimbingktechniquekwherekthekclimberkhoo skaklegkoverkthekoppositek

arm,kandkthenkpusheskdownkwithkthisklegktokachievekakgreaterkverticalkreach.kRequireskstrengthkandkaksolidkhandhold.FingerkboardkkkkkTrainingkequipmentkusedktokbuildkfingerkstrength.FirstkascentkkkkkThekfirstksuccessfulkcompletionkofkakroute.FistkjamkkkkkAktypekofkjamkusingkthekhand.kSeekclimbingktechnique.FixedkropekkkkkAkropekwhichkhaskakfixedkattachmentkpoint.kCommonlykusedkforkabseilingkorkai


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dkclimbing.FlaggingkkkkkClimbingktechniquekwherekaklegkiskheldkinkakpositionktokmaintainkbalance,kratherkthanktoksupportkweight.kOftenkusefulktokpreventkbarn-dooring.Fla ekkkkkAkthinkslabkofkroc kdetachedkfromkthekmainkface.FlapperkkkkkAnkinjurykconsistingkofkakpiecekofkloosek(flapping)ks in.kAkclimberkwillkusuallykjustkrepairkthesekwithkstic yktapekorksuperkglue.FlashkkkkkToksuccessfullykandkcleanlykcompletekakclimbingkroutekonkthekfirstkattemptkafterkhavingkreceivedkbetakofksomekform.kAlsokrefersktokankascentkofkthisktype.kForkascentskonkthekfirstkattemptkwithoutkreceivingkbetakseekon-sight.FollowkkkkkWhatktheksecondkdoes.FontkkkkkThekFrenchkboulderingkgradingksystem.FourteenerkkkkkMountainkthatktopsk14,000kfeetk(4,300km)kinkthekcontiguouskUnitedkStates.FreekclimbingkkkkkClimbingkwithoutkunnaturalkaids,kotherkthankusedkforkprotection.FreekSolokkkkkClimbingkwithoutkaidkorkprotection.kThisktypicallykmeanskclimbingkwithoutkakrope.

FrenchieskkkkkAnkexercisekusedktokdevelopkloc -offkstrength.FrictionkkkkkClimbingktechniquekrelyingkonkthekfrictionkbetweenkthekslopedkroc kandktheksolekofkthekshoektoksupportkthekclimber'skweight,kaskopposedkusingkholdskorkedges,kcrac s,ketc.FriendkkkkkAknamekbrandkofkaktypekofkspringkloadedkcammingkdevicek(SLCD),ksometimeskusedktokreferktokanyktypekofkspringkloadedkcammingkdevice.FlutekkkkAkusuallykinsecurekfinkorkfla ekofkroc korkice.

kkG

GastonkkkkkAkclimbingkgripkusingkonekhandkwithkthekthumbkdownkandkelbowkout.kThekgripkmaintainskfrictionkagainstkakholdkbykpressingkoutwardktowardkthekelbow.GendarmekkkkkAkpinnaclekorkisolatedkroc ktowerkfrequentlykencounteredkalongkakridge.GenevakrappelkkkkkAkmodifiedkdulfersitzkrappelkusingkthekhipkandkdownhillkarmkforkfriction,kratherkthankthekchestkandkshoulder,kofferingklesskcomplexity,kbutklesskfrictionkandklesskcontrol.Glacierktravelkkkkkwal ingkorkclimbingkonkakglacier;kakropekiskusuallykusedktokarrestkfallskintokcrevasses,kbutkprotectionkisknotkused.

GlissadekkkkkAkusuallykvoluntarykactkofkslidingkdownkaksteepkslopekofksnow.GorpkkkkkTrailkmixkforkperiodicknibblingktok eepkhighkenergyklevelkbetweenkmealskonklongkclimbskorkhi es.kAnkbac ronymkfork'GoodkOl'kRaisinsk&kPeanuts'GradekkkkkIntendedkaskankobjectivekmeasurekofkthektechnicalkdifficultykofkakparticularkclimbkorkboulderingkproblem.kMorekoftenkiskhighlyksubjective,khowever.kkkkAksurveyingktermkforkreferringktokthekslopekofkankincline.k(Gradek(geography))


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GrigrikkkkkAkbelaykdevicekdesignedktokbekeasyktokusekandksaferkforkbeginnerskbecausekitkiskself-loc ingkunderkload.kInventedkandkmanufacturedkbykPetzl.kManykexperiencedkclimberskadvocatekthekusekofkankatcktypekdevicekforkbeginnersGrippedkkkkkScared.kAlsokoverkgrippingkthekroc .GrovelkkkkkTokclimbkwithkobviouslykpoorkstylekorktechnique.kkkkAkclimbingkroutekjudgedktokbekwithoutkredeemingkvirtue.GumbykkkkkAnkinexperiencedk(orkunsafe)kclimber.GymkclimbingkkkkkClimbingkindoors,konkartificialkclimbingkwalls.kThiskisktypicallykforktrainingkbutkmanykpeoplekconsiderkthiskakworthwhilekactivitykinkitskownkright.

kkH

HACEkkkkkHighkAltitudekCerebralkEdemak-kaksevere,kandkoftenkfatal,kformkofkaltitudeksic ness.[1]HandktraversekkkkkTraversingkwithoutkanykdefinitivekfootholds,ki.e.ksmearingkorkheelhoo ing.HangdogkkkkkWhilekleadkclimbingkorkonktopkrope,ktokhangkonkthekropekorkakpiecekofkprotec

tionkforkakrest.HangingkbelaykkkkkBelayingkatkakpointksuchkthatkthekbelayerkisksuspended.HAPEkkkkkHighkAltitudekPulmonarykEdemak-kakseriouskformkofkaltitudeksic ness.[1]HarnesskkkkkSeekclimbingkharness.kAksewnknylonkwebbingkdevicekwornkaroundkthekwaistkandkthighskthatkiskdesignedktokallowkakpersonktoksafelykhangksuspendedkinkthekair.HaulkbagkkkkkAklargekandkoftenkunwieldykbagkintokwhichksupplieskandkclimbingkequipmentkmaykbekthrown.HeadkpointkkkkkSeektopkrope.kThekpracticekofktop-ropingkakhardktradkroutekbeforekleadingkit

kcleanly.HeadwallkkkkkThekregionkofkakcliffkorkroc kfacekthatksteepenskdramatically.HelmetkkkkkAlsok nownkaskakbrainkbuc etkorks idklid.kItkcanksavekyourklife,kbutkonlykwhilekworn.HexcentrickkkkkAkprotectivekdevice.kItkiskankeccentrickhexagonalknutkattachedktokakwirekloop.kTheknutkiskinsertedkintokakcrac kandkitkholdskthroughkcounter-pressure.kOftenkjustktermedkHex.HighkBallkkkkkAkboulder,kwhichkiskusuallykmorekthank3-4mkhighkandkfallingkfromktopkcankleadktokdifferentkinjuries.

HoldkkkkkAkplacektoktemporarilykcling,kgrip,kjam,kpress,korkstandkinkthekprocesskofkclimbing.HonedkkkkkTokbekinkpea kmentalkandkphysicalkfitnesskforkclimbing.Hoo kkkkkEquipmentkusedkinkaidkclimbing.kkkkAkclimbingktechniquekinvolvingkhoo ingkakheelkorktoekagainstkakholdkinkorderktokbalancekorktokprovidekadditionalksupport.Hornk


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kkkkLarge,kpointedkprotrusionkofkroc kthatkcankbekslung.kTypicallykalsokma eskakgoodkhandkhold.kSeekbollard,kchic enkhead.

kkI

IcekaxekkkkkAkhandyktoolkforksafetykandkbalance,khavingkakpic /adzekheadkandkakspi ekatkthekoppositekendkofkakshaft.IcekhammerkkkkkAklightweightkicekaxekwithkakhammer/pic kheadkonkakshortkhandlekandknokspi e.IcekscrewkkkkkAkscrewkusedktokprotectkakclimbkoverksteepkicekorkforksettingkupkakcrevassekrescueksystem.kThekstrongestkandkmostkreliablekiskthekmodernktubularkicekscrewkwhichkrangeskinklengthkfromk18ktok23kcm.IcekpitonkkkkkLong,kwide,kserratedkpitonkoncekusedkforkwea kprotectionkonkice.IndoorkclimbingkkkkkSeekgymkclimbing.

kkJ

JammingkkkkkWedgingkakbodykpartkintokakcrac .

JibkkkkkAkparticularlyksmallkfootkhold,kusuallykonlyklargekenoughkforkthekbigktoe,ksometimeskrelyingkheavilykonkfrictionktoksupportkweight.JugkkkkkAkshortenedktermkforkJumar,kbothknounkandkverb.JugkholdkkkkkAklarge,keasilykheldkhold.kAlsok nownksimplykaskakjug.Jumark

kkk1.kAktypekofkmechanicalkascender.kkk2.kTokascendkakropekusingkakmechanicalkascender.

kkK

KarenkkkkSeekCairn.Klemheistk notkkkkkAnkalternativektokthekPrusi k not,kusefulkwhenkthekclimberkiskshortkofkcordkbutkhaskplentykofkwebbing.KnotskkkkkClimberskrelykonkmanykdifferentk notskforkanchoringkoneselfktokakmountain,kjoiningktwokropesktogether,kslingskforkclimbingkupkthekrope,ketc.

kkL

Leadkclimbingk

kkkkAkformkofkclimbingkinkwhichkthekclimberkplaceskanchorskandkattacheskthekbelaykropekasktheykclimbk(traditional)korkclipskthekbelaykropekintokpreplacedkequipmentkattachedktokboltsk(sport).LeaderkFallkkkkkAkfallkwhilekLeadkclimbing.kAkfallkfromkabovekthekclimbersklastkpiecekofkprotection.kThekfallingkleaderkwillkfallkatkleastktwicekthekdistancekbac ktokhiskorkherklastkpiece,kpluskslac kandkropekstretch.Liebac kkkkkOrklaybac .kAkclimbingkmovekthatkinvolveskpullingkonkthekhandskwhilekpushingkonkthekfeet.


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LiquidkChal kkkkkAkliquidkformkofkchal ,kwhichkholdsklongerktimekthanknormalkchal kandkiskbeingkusedkonkverykhardkrouteskandkcompetitions,kwherekeverykchal ingkcostsktookmuchkpower.Loc ingkcarabinerkkkkkAkcarabinerkwithkakloc ingkgate,ktokpreventkaccidentalkreleasekofkthekrope.Loc -offkkkkkUsingktendonkstrengthktoksupportkweightkonkakhandkholdkwithoutktiringkmusclesktookmuch.Low-AnglekkkkkAkfacekclimbkthatkisklesskthankvertical;kthekoppositekofkankoverhangkorkroof.kTheksamekask"slab".

kkM

MantlekkkkkAkmovekusedktoksurmountkakledgekorkfeaturekinkthekroc kinkthekabsencekofkanykusefulkholdskdirectlykabove.kItkinvolveskpushingkdownkonkakledgekorkfeaturekinsteadkofkpullingkdown.kInkicekclimbing,kakmantlekiskdonekbykmovingkthekhandskfromkthekshaftktokthektopkofkthekicektoolkandkpushingkdownkonkthekheadkofkthektool.kkkkThekexternalkcoveringkofkakclimbingkrope.kClimbingkropeskusek ernmantlekconstructionkconsistingkofkak ernk(orkcore)kforkstrengthkandkankexternalksheathkcalledkthekmantle.Matchk

kkkkTokusekonekholdkforktwoklimbs,korktokswapklimbskonkakparticularkhold.MoatkkkkkAkcrevassekthatkformskwherekthekglacierkpullskawaykfromkakroc kformation.MountainkrescuekkkkkAkfriendlykteamkofkpeoplekthatkmaykcomekandkrescuekyoukafterkankinjurykorkaccident.kMaykalsoksearchkforkoverduekclimbers,katknoksmallkperilkandkexpense.kAlsokseekcoronerkandkrescuekdoctrinekofknegligenceklaw.MovekkkkkApplicationkofkakspecifickclimbingktechniquektokprogresskonkakclimb.MovingktogetherkkkkkMethodkofkclimbingkkusedkonkeasykAlpinekgroundkkinkwhichktwokorkmorekclimberskclimbkatktheksamektimekwithkrunningkbelayskbetweenkthemkandkfixedkbelaysknotkbeingkused.

Multi-pitchkclimbingkkkkkClimbingkonkrouteskthatkarektooklongkforkaksinglekbelaykrope.MunterkhitchkkkkkAksimplekhitchkthatkiskoftenkusedkforkbelayingkwithoutkakmechanicalkbelaykdevice.kOtherwisek nownkaskankItaliankhitchkorkakFrictionkhitch.

kkN

NvkkkkkPermanentkgranularkicekformedkbykrepeatedkfreeze-thawkcycles.No-handkrestkkkkkAnkentirelykleg-supportedkrestingkpositionkduringkclimbingkthatkdoesknotkrequirekhandskonkthekroc .

NubkkkkkAklittlekholdkthatkonlykakfewkfingerskcankgrip,korkthektipskofkthektoes.Nunata kkkkkAkmountainkorkroc kthatkprotrudeskthroughkankicekfield.NutkkkkkAkmetalkwedgekattachedktokakwirekloopkthatkiskinsertedkintokcrac skforkprotection.kSeekhexcentric.NutkKeykkkkkSeekCleaningkTool


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kkO

ObjectivekdangerkkkkkDangerkinkakclimbingksituationkwhichkcomeskfromkhazardskinherentkinktheklocationkofkthekclimb,knotkdependingkonkthekclimber'sks illklevel.kMostkoftenkthesekinvolvekfallingkroc korkice,korkavalanches.Off-widthkkkkkAkcrac kthatkisktookwidekforkeffectivekhandkorkfootkjams,kbutkisknotkasklargekaskakchimney.On-sightkkkkkAkcleankascent,kwithknokpriorkpracticekorkbeta.Openkboo kkkkkAnkinsidekanglekinkthekroc .kSeekalsokdihedral.OverhangkkkkkAksectionkofkroc korkicekthatkiskangledkbeyondkvertical.kSeekroof.

kkP

PanickBearkkkkkAkpanic ingknovicekclimberkclingingktokhandkholdskwhileksearchingkdesperatelykforkakfootkhold.Pea -baggingkkkkkToksystematicallykattainkdesignatedksummitskunderkprescribedkconditions.Peelk

kkkkTokfall.PendulumkkkkkSwingingkonktautkropekeitherktokreachktheknextkholdkinkakpendulumktraversekorkafterkakfallkwhenktheklastkpiecekofkprotectionkiskfarktokeitherkside.Pic etskkkkkLong,ktubularkrodskdrivenkintoksnowktokprovidekakquic kanchor.PiedkkplatkkkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokclimbkonkhigh-anglekicekwithkfeetkflatkonkthekicek(askopposedktokfront-pointing).PiedkassiskkkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokrestkonkhigh-anglekicekwithkonekfootktuc edkunderkthekbuttoc s,ktoeskpointedkstraightkdown-slope.Piedkenkcanardk

kkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokwal konkmoderate-anglekicekwithktoeskpointedkoutward;kliterally,k"duc kfooted".PiedkmarchekkkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokwal konklow-anglekicekwithktoeskpointedkstraightkahead.Pic nic kstopkkkkkAkNo-handkrest.Pin pointkkkkkTokcompletekakleadkclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekropek(hangdogging),kbutkwithkpre-placedkprotectionkandkcarabiners.kAlsokseekcleankandkredpoint.PinchkHoldkkkkkThiskiskakholdkwherekyoukmustkpinchkitktokholdkon.kTheykcomekinkvariousksizes.

PitchkkkkkInkthekstrictestkclimbingkdefinition,kakpitchkiskconsideredkonekropeklengthk(5060kmeters).kHowever,kinkguidekboo skandkroutekdescriptions,kakpitchkiskthekportionkofkakclimbkbetweenktwokbelaykpoints.PitonkkkkkAkflatkorkangledkmetalkbladekofksteelkwhichkincorporateskakclippingkholekforkakcarabinerkorkakringkinkitskbody.kAkpitonkisktypicallykusedkink"aid-climbing"kandkankappropriateksizekandkshapekiskhammeredkintokakthinkcrac kinkthekroc kandkpreferablykremovedkbyktheklastkteamkmember.Pitonkcatcherk


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kkkkClip-onkstringkfastenedktokpitonkwhenkinsertingkorkremoving,ksokasktokavoidkloss.PlungekstepkkkkkAnkaggressivekstepkpatternkforkdescendingkonkhardkorksteepkangleksnow.PofkkkkkAnkalternativektokchal kmadekfromkpinekresin.kPopularkinkFontainebleaukbutkdiscouragedk(orkactivelykforbidden)keverywherekelseksincekitkdepositskakthic ,kshinykresinklayerkonkthekroc kandkfrictionkcankonlykbekachievedkbykusingkmorekpof.PositivekkkkkOfkakholdkorkpartkofkakhold,khavingkaksurfacekfacingkupwards,korkawaykfromkthekdirectionkitkiskpulled,kfacilitatingkuse.PressurekBreathingkkkkkForcefullykexhalingktokfacilitatekO2/CO2kexchangekatkaltitude.kAlsokcalledkthek"Whitta erkwheeze".ProblemkkkkkUsedkinkbouldering,kthekpathkthatkakclimberkta eskinkorderktokcompletekthekclimb.kSamekaskroutekinkropedkclimbing.ProtectionkkkkkProcesskofksettingkequipmentkorkanchorskforksafety.kkkkEquipmentkorkanchorskusedkforkarrestingkfalls.kCommonlyk nownkaskPro.Prusi kkkkkAk notkusedkforkascendingkakrope.kItkisknamedkafterkDrkKarlkPrusi ,kthekAustriankmountaineerkwhokdevelopedkthisk notkink1931.kkkkTokusekakPrusi k notkforkascendingkakrope.

PseudokLeadingkkkkkTokclimbkakwallkTopropekwithkhavingkanotherkropekconnectedktokthekclimber,kforkpracticekofkLeadkclimbingkclipping.kThekotherkropekisknormallyknotkconnectedktokanykbelayerkbelowkandkiskonlyktherektokpracticekthekclipping.kUsuallykpracticedkwhileklearningkhowktokLeadkClimb.PsychologicalkprotectionkkkkkAkpiecekofkprotectionkthatkeveryonek nowskwillknotkholdkakfall,kbutkma eskthekclimberkfeelkbetterkaboutkhavingkgearkbeneathkthemkanyhow.PumpedkkkkkTokhaveksuchkankaccumulationkofklactickacidkinkthekflexorkdigitalisk(forearm),kthatkformingkevenkakbasickgripkbecomeskimpossible.kOftenkeasykactivitiesksuchkaskholdingkakcamerakbecomekdifficultkorkimpossible.kkkkSometimeskalsokusedktokreferktokakfeelingkofkexcitementkandkenergykbeforekak

climb.kThekdoublekmeaningkiskoftenkaksourcekofkgreatkfrustrationkifkwithoutkcontext.

kkQ

Quic drawkkkkkUsedktokattachkakfreelykrunningkropektokanchorskorkchoc s.kSometimeskcalledk"quic ies"korkjustk"draws."

kkR

Rac kkkkkTheksetkofkequipmentkcarriedkupkakclimb;kalso,kthekpartkofkakharnessk(consis

tingkofkseveralkplastickloops)kwherekequipmentkiskhung,kreadyktokbekused.RappelkkkkkThekprocesskbykwhichkakclimberkmaykdescendkonkakfixedkropekusingkakfrictionkdevice.kAlsok nownkaskAbseilkorkropingkdown..ReboltingkkkkkThekreplacementkofkboltskonkankexistingkclimb.RedkpointkkkkkTokcompletekakleadkclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekropek(hangdogging).kAlsokseekcleankandkpin point.Restkstepk


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kkkkEnergy-savingktechniquekwherekunweightedk(uphill)klegkiskrestedkbetweenkeachkforwardkstep,ksometimeskbyk"loc ing"k neekofkrearkleg.Retro-boltingkkkkkThekadditionkofkboltsktokankexistingkclimb.RoofkkkkkHorizontalkoverhang.RopekkkkkAkbasickitemkofkclimbingkequipmentkthatkphysicallykconnectskthekclimberktokthekbelayer.RopekjumpingkkkkkJumpingkfromkobjectskusingkroc kclimbingkequipment.RoutekkkkkThekpathkofkakparticularkclimb,korkakpredefinedksetkofkmoves.RunnerkkkkkAnotherktermkforksling.RunoutkkkkkAklengthykdistancekbetweenktwokpointskofkprotectionkwhichkinksome,kbutknotkall,kcaseskmightkbekperceivedkaskfrighteningkorkdangerous.kMaykalsokbekusedkaskankadjectivektokdescribekakroute,korkaksectionkofkakroute.kkkkAklongkportionkofkakroutekwithkminimalkprotection.RugositykkkkkHoldksizedkareakofkroc kthatkhaskrougherktexturekthankitsksurroundings.RURPkkkkkAcronym,kstandskforkRealizedkUltimatekRealitykPiton.kMiniature,kpostage-stam

pksizedkpitonkoriginallykdesignedkbykYvonkChouinard

kkS

SaddlekkkkkAkhighkpasskbetweenktwokpea s,klargerkthankakcol.SandbagkkkkkAkclimbkwhichkreceiveskakmuchklowerkgradekthankdeserved.kAlsokusedkaskakverbkwhenkreferringktokthekactkofkdescribingkakclimbingkroutekaskeasierkthankitkactuallykis.'scendkkkk(contractionkofkthekwordkascend,kpastktense:k'scended.)kTokcleanlykcompletekakroute.kiekon-sight,kflash,kredpoint.kSometimeskevenkonktr.

ScramblingkkkkkAktypekofkclimbingksomewherekbetweenkhi ingkandkgradedkroc kclimbing.Screamerk

kkk1.kAklongkandkloudkfall.kkk2.kAknylonkwebbingkstructurekconsistingkofkoneklargekloopksewnkupkinkmultiplekplacesktokma ekakshorterklength.kInkthekeventkofkakfallkthekstitchingkofktheksewnksectionskpurposefullykripkapart,kabsorbingksomekofkthekfallkenergykandkdeceleratingkthekclimber.

ScreekkkkkSmall,kloose,kbro enkroc s,koftenkatkthekbasekofkakcliff.Screwkonk

kkkkAksmallkclimbingkhold,kscrewedkontokthekwallkinkclimbingkgyms.kCankbekusedkforkfeetkinkakroutekregardlesskofkitskcolour.kAlsokreferredktokaskakfootkchip,kchipkorkmicro.SecondkkkkkAkclimberkwhokfollowsktheklead,korkfirst,kclimber.Self-ArrestkkkkkThekactkofkplantingkthekpic kofkyourkicekaxekintoktheksnowktokarrestkakfallkinkthekeventkofkakslip.kAlsokakmethodkofkstoppingkinkakcontrolledkglissade.SendkkkkkSeek'scend


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SerackkkkkAklargekicektower.SewingkmachineklegkkkkkThekinvoluntarykvibrationkofkonekorkbothklegskresultingkfromkfatiguekorkpanic.kAlsok nownkask"Scissorkleg",k"ElviskPresleykSyndrome",kork"Discok nee".kCankoftenkbekremediedkbykbringingkthekheelkofkthekoffendingklegkdown,kchangingkthekmuscleskusedktoksupportkthekweightkofkthekclimberSharpkendkkkkkThekendkofkthekbelaykropekthatkiskattachedktokthekleadkclimber.ShortkfixingkkkkThekleadkclimberkswitcheskoverktokselfkbelayingkandkcontinuesktokclimbkafterkreachingkakbelaykandkfixingkthekrope.kMeanwhilektheksecondkclimberkjugskthekfixedkropekandkcleanskthekpitch.kWhenkhekreacheskthekbelay,khektieskinkandkstartsktokbelaykthekleaderkinkthektraditionalkwaykagain.kWhenkthekleaderkreachesktheknextkbelaykthekprocesskiskrepeated.SidekpullkkkkkAkholdkthatkneedsktokbekgrippedkwithkaksidewayskpullktowardskthekbody.SimulclimbingkkkkkAktechniquekwherekbothkclimberskmoveksimultaneouslykupwardkwithkthekleaderkplacingkprotectionkwhichktheksecondkremoveskasktheykadvance.kAkdevicek nownkaskakTiblockwhichkallowskthekropektokonlykmovekinkaksinglekdirectionkisksometimeskusedktokpreventktheksecondkclimberkfromkaccidentallykpullingkthekleadkclimberkoffkshouldktheksecondkslip.SinglekRopekTechniquek(SRT)k

kkkkThekusekofkaksinglekropekwherekonekorkbothkendskofkthekropekarekattachedktokfixedkanchorkpoints.SirdarkkkkkHeadkSherpakmountainkguide.SitkstartkkkkkStartingkakclimbkfromkakpositionkinkwhichkthekclimberkisksittingkonkthekfloor.kThiskiskcommonkinkclimbingkgymskinkorderktokfitkankextrakmovekintokthekclimb.kNotedkaskSDSkinksomektopokguides.SlabkkkkkAkrelativelyklow-anglek(significantlyklesskthankvertical)ksectionkofkroc ,kusuallykwithkfewklargekfeatures.kRequireskslabkclimbingktechniques.SlabkclimbingkkkkkAkparticularktypekofkroc kclimbing,kandkitskassociatedktechniques,kinvolvedk

inkclimbingkroc kthatkisklesskthankvertical.kThekemphasiskiskonkbalance,kfootwor,kandkma ingkusekofkveryksmallkfeatureskorkroughkspotskonkthekroc kforkfriction.Slac kkkkkPortionkofkropekthatkisknotktaut,kpreferablykminimizedkduringkbelay.SLCDkkkkkAbbreviationkforkspring-loadedkcammingkdevice,kaktypekofkprotectionkdevice.kThesekarekbetterk nownkbykthektermkcam.SlingkkkkkWebbingksewn,korktied,kintokakloop.SloperkkkkkAkslopingkholdkwithkveryklittlekpositiveksurface.kAksloperkiskcomparablektokpalmingkakbas etball.

SmearingkkkkkTokusekfrictionkonktheksolekofkthekclimbingkshoe,kinkthekabsencekofkanykusefulkfootholds.SnargkkkkkAktypekofktubularkicekscrewkthatkiskinsertedkbykhammering.Snowkflu ekkkkkAnkangledkaluminiumkplatekattachedktokakmetalkcable.kThekflu ekiskburiedkintoksnow,ktypicallykusedkaskakdeadmankanchor.SolokclimbingkkkkkSettingkandkcleaningkoneskownkprotectionkonkankascent;kclimbingkbykoneself.


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SportkclimbingkkkkkAkstylekofkclimbingkwherekform,ktechnicalk(orkgymnastic)kabilitykandkstrengthkarekmorekemphasizedkoverkexploration,kself-reliancekandkthekexhilarationkofkthekinherentkdangerskinvolvedkinktheksport.kSportkclimbingkroutesktendktokbekwellkprotectedkwithkpre-placedkbolt-anchorskandklendskitselfkwellktokcompetitivekclimbing.SpottingkkkkkAnkalternativektokbelayingkcommonlykusedkduringkbouldering.kAkfriendkofkthekclimberkstandskbeneathkthemkandkpreventskaw wardkfallskorkfallskontokhazards.SpragkkkkkAktypekofkhandkpositionkwherekthekfingerskandkthumbkarekopposed.StatickkkkkOfkakstylekofkclimbingkorkspecifickmove,knotkdynamic.StatickropekkkkkAknon-elastickrope.kComparekwithkdynamickrope.Stemk

kkk1.kTheksimultaneouskusekofktwokwidelykspacedkfootholds.kkk2.kClimbingkusingktwokfaceskthatkarekatkankangleklesskthank180ktokeachkother.

StichtkplatekkkkkAkbelaykdevicekconsistingkofkakflatkplatekwithkakpairkofkslots.kNamedkafterkthekinventorkFranzkSticht.Stic kclipk

kkkkAklongkstic konkthekendkofkwhichkakclimberkcankaffixkakquic draw.kItkallowskthekclimberktokclipkakquic drawktokthekfirstkboltkonkaksportkclimbkwhilekstillkstandingkonkthekground.kThiskiskespeciallykusefulkifkthekfirstkboltkiskhighkup,kandkoutkofkthekcomfortkzonekofkthekclimber.kAkstic kclipkcankbekboughtkorkeasilykmadekbykattachingkakquic drawktokakstic kwithkakrubberkband.Stopperk

kkk1.kAkwedge-shapedknut.kkk2.kAk notkusedktokpreventkthekropekrunningkthroughkakpiecekofkequipment.

Summitk

kkk1.kThekhighkpointkofkakmountainkorkpea .

kkk2.kTokreachksuchkakhighkpoint.

SwamikBeltkkkkkAk indkofkproto-kclimbingkharnesskconsistingkofkaklongklengthkofktubularkwebbingkwrappedkseveralktimeskaroundkthekclimberskbodykandksecuredkwithkakwaterk not.kLargelykeschewedktodaykinkfavorkofkcommercialkharnesses.Swinging-liebac kkkkkAkdynamickformkofkthekliebac kdescribedkabove,krotatingkoffkonekfootkwhilekmaintainingkakgripkwithkthatkhand,kthenkgrabbingkakhighkhandholdkatkthekdeadpointkofkthekswing.kThiskmovekiskfrequentlykreversible,kunli ekmorekaerialkdynos.SherpakkkkAkSherpakiskakworldkrenowedkclimbingkguidekonkHimalayankmountains

kkT

TaluskkkkkLargekroc kfragmentskformingkankoftenkunstablekslopekbelowkscree.TeabaggingkkkkkWhen,kafterkakwhipper,korklongkfall,kakclimberkfallskpastktheirkbelayer,kwhokiskgenerallykliftedkupkoffkthekground.TechnicalkclimbingkkkkkClimbingkinvolvingkakropekandksomekmeanskofkprotection,kaskopposedktokscramblingkorkglacierktravel.


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TensionkkkkkAktechniquekforkmaintainingkbalancekusingkaktautkropekthroughkakpointkofkprotection.ThrutchingkkkkkBadktechniquekork'bodykclimbing'kspecificallykatkMountkArapilesTopkropekkkkkTokbelaykfromkakfixedkanchorkpointkabovekthekclimb.Top-outkkkkTokcompletekakroutekbykascendingkoverkthektopkofkthekstructurekbeingkclimbed.TraditionalkclimbingkkkkkAkstylekofkclimbingkthatkemphasizeskthekadventurekandkexploratoryknaturekofkclimbing.kWhileksportkclimberskgenerallykwillkusekpre-placedkprotection,kmanyktraditionalk(ork"trad")kclimberskwillkplacektheirkownkprotectionkasktheykclimb,kgenerallykwithkakrac .MountainkTrammingkkkkkAktechniquekthatkisktypicallykusedkwhilekcleaningkgearkfromkaksteepkroute.kAkquic drawkiskclippedkbetweenkthekclimber'skharnesskandkthekropekthatkiskthreadedkthroughkthekgear.kAskthekclimberkiskloweredkbykthekbelayer,ktheykwillkdescendkalongktheklinekofkthekgear.TrainingkkkkkGettingkpreparedktokclimbkonkdifficultkmountainsTraversekkkkkTokclimbkinkakhorizontalkdirection.

kkkkAksectionkofkakroutekthatkrequireskprogresskinkakhorizontalkdirection.kkkkAkTyroleanktraversekiskcrossingkakchasmkusingkakropekanchoredkatkbothkends.kkkkAkpendulumktraversekinvolveskswingingkacrosskakwallkorkchasmkwhileksuspendedkfromkakropekaffixedkabovekthekclimber.TricamkkkkkAkpiecekofkroc kclimbingkprotection.TuberkkkkkAkbelaykdevice.TufakkkkkAklimestonekribkformationkthatkprotrudeskfromkthekwallkwhichkcanksometimeskfitkwithinkthekpinchingkgraspkofkakclimber'skhand.

kkU

UnderclingkkkkkAkholdkwhichkiskgrippedkwithkthekpalmkofkthekhandkfacingkupwards.

kkV

"V"-gradekkkkkAktechnicalkgradingksystemkforkboulderingkproblems,kinventedkbykJohnkSherman.V-threadkkkkkAktypekofkabseilingkpointkusedkespeciallykinkwinterkandkicekclimbing.kAlsokcalledkabala ovkthread.Verglask

kkkkAkthinkcoatingkofkicekthatkformskoverkroc skwhenkrainfallkorkmeltingksnowkfreezeskonkroc .kHardktokclimbkonkaskcramponskhavekinsufficientkdepthkforkreliablekpenetration.

kkW

WandkkkkkAkbambookstic kwithkaksmallkflagkonktopkusedktokmar kpathskoverkglacierskandksnowkfields.Webbingk


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kkkkHollowkandkflatknylonkstrip,kmainlykusedktokma ekrunnerskandkslings.WebelettekkkkkAkpiecekofkwebbingkwithkeyesksewnkintokthekendskwhichkcankbekusedkinkplacekofkakcordelette.WeightingkkkkkAskin,k"weightingkthekrope."kAnyktimekthekropekta eskthekweightkofkthekclimber.kThiskcankhappenkduringkakminorkfall,kakwhipperk(longkfall),korksimplykbykrestingkwhilekhangingkonkthekbelaykropek(seekalsokhangdogging.)WhipperkkkkkAkleadkfallkfromkabovekandktoktheksidekofktheklastkclip,kwhippingkoneselfkdownwardskandkinkankarc.kHaskcomektokbekthektermkforkanykfallkbeyondktheklastkplacedkorkclippedkpiecekofkprotection.WiredkkkkkDescribeskakroutekorksequencekwhichkakclimberkhaskrehearsedkextensivelykandkthuskascendskwithkease.kSeekdialled.WireskkkkkAkslangktermkforknuts.WoodiekkkkkAkhomekmadekclimbingkwall.kOftenkspecificallykakhybridkbetweenkakclimbingkwallkandkakfingerboard.kSpecificallykcalledksuchkbecausekofkthekwoodenkpanelsk(usuallykleftkunpainted)kusedktokattachkthekclimbingkholdskto.

kkX

kkY

YosemitekDecimalkSystemkkkkkAknumericalksystemkforkratingkthekdifficultykofkwal s,khi es,kandkclimbskinkthekUnitedkStates.kThekroc kclimbingk(5.x)kportionkofkthekscalekiskthekmostkcommonkclimbkgradingksystemkusedkinkthekUS.kThekscalekrunskfromk5.0ktok5.15bk(askofk2008)

YabokkkkkAnotherknamekforkakSitkstart,kak'Yabokstart'kwasknamedkafterkJohnk'Yabo'kYablons i[2].

kkZ

Z-clippingkkkkkClippingkintokankanchorkwithktheksegmentkofkropekfromkbeneathkthekpreviouskpiecekofkprotection,kresultingkinkaktangledkconfigurationkofkthekbelaykrope.ZipperkfallkkkkkAkfallkinkwhichkeachkpiecekofkprotectionkfailskinkturn.kInksomekcaseskwhenkthekropekcomesktautkduringkakfall,kthekprotectionkcankfailkfromkthekbottomkup,kespeciallykifkthekfirstkpiecekwasknotkplacedktokaccountkforkoutwardkand/orkupwardkforce.Z-pulleykkkkkAlsokZ-system.kAkparticularkconfigurationkofkrope,kanchors,kandkpulleysktypicallykusedktokextricatekakclimberkafterkfallingkintokakcrevasse.k

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