Climate Smart Agriculture in Gujarat, India

Combined Joint Agresco meeting

9-11 April 2014

at Junagadh Agricultural University

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURECLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURECLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURECLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE

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Dr. Kirit Shelat – I.A.S. (Retd.)

Executive Chairman - National Council for Climate Change,

Sustainable Development & Public Leadership

Email ID: [email protected]

PART – I

Climate Smart and Sustainable

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Climate Smart and Sustainable

Agriculture

Why is Climate Smart Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture need of time?

• As per FAO estimate, by year 2050 world population will increase by one –

third and food security will be required to be increased by 60 %.

• Cumulative impact of climate change has effect on productivity since last

decade. Agriculture has become a high risk profession- farmers

increasingly prefer to migrate. As per NSSO 2005 estimate, in India 60% of

farmers are likely to be leave farming.

• This has direct impact on socio-economic development process. Countries

after countries are facing social turmoil with growing local terrorism and

riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movementriots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement

and Maoist who act brutally, and attract young persons to snatch

property and income and has spread over 1/3 of its total districts.

• But with available knowledge and experience use of science and

technology, it is possible to make sustainable livelihood through

agriculture but this requires intensive efforts at ground level – local level

where agriculture exists. If agriculture can be prioritized, this can be

converted into an opportunity

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Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time?

What CSA means:

• It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals

• It integrates – social, economical and environmental development to meet

challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food

security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty.

It is composed of four pillars:

• Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income

• Adapting and building resilience to climate change• Adapting and building resilience to climate change

• Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible

• It uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG – CO2 by laying

emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO2 and release Oxygen

through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a)

increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water

and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland,

wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture

(Source: Page IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book)

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Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)

• It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the

technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in

overall development strategy

• It makes agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on climate

change.change.

• The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists,

Extension teams and agricultural organizations both Public and Private,

and of course Public leadership is to make this happen.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet

human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously.

• This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also

in the infinite future.

• The word “Sustainable development” has well-known implications.

• It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

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• It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic

growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable

livelihood.

Sustainable livelihood means.....

• Provide enough to all to live or exist,

• It should not become less and that

• There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life.

Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture

Despite change in climate and its adverse impact on crops/animals, income to

farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to

have multiple source of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries-

milch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports.

It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,



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It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,

support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply

situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house

technology.

It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop

insurance – for crops & animal husbandry.

It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at time

of drought or whenever needed.

Climate smart agriculture involves :

• Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual

piece of land to support crops which can be sustained by its soil.

• Weather advisory – long term- medium term – short term inputs to take

precautionary action.


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precautionary action.

• Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have

occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss.

• Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.

• All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep.

• And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more

productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.

Indian Situation

• India’s success over six decades:

– 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth.

– Brought many out of poverty

– Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges

– Validated research into raise productivity

– Several States & individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or

equal to International level.

– But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like – But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like

services and manufacturing. Later have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is

Increasing rural and urban divide.

– Further there unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village

with similar land, and, water resources, one makes profit and other fails –

commits suicide.

• Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to

poverty

• Farmers suicide / Large scale exodus to urban centers.

• There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line.

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There are three kinds of impact of change in climate

A concurrent impact which is

taking place over the decades.

This has already affected

productivity and reduction in

water resources, while cost of

energy is growing higher

At local level action plan is needed to

provide by taking stock of what has

happened to soil and its productivity and

same about livestock due to changes in

weather – increase in temperature etc

Unexpected change in weather

pattern during monsoon season

A contingency plan to modify cropping

pattern. This has to be part of local level

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pattern during monsoon season

like delayed rain, long intervals

for rain or heavy rain – flood

has already affecting

Horticulture crops.

pattern. This has to be part of local level

(Taluka Level) action plan and

Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan

(CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri.

Universities but need to be made available

to farmers.

Major calamity like floods,

cyclone/tornado , cloud burst

etc

Need restoration strategy because such

disasters some time wipe out entire soil

strata and sweet water sources including

livestock and shelter

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

• The climate impacts on agriculture are based onhistorical, present, and future projections under climateChange

• ‘Impact’ refers to the effects of climate change onnatural and anthropogenic systems.

• In the case of CSA, the impact is felt in a variety of


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• In the case of CSA, the impact is felt in a variety ofareas, including: landscapes, ecosystems, watersheds,infrastructure, farms, agricultural production andmarkets.

• The assessment of impacts considers exposure toclimate effects and sensitivity to such exposure. It isdone in monetary and/or non-monetary terms.

SOME BASIC DEFINITION

• Vulnerability’ is frequently defined as a function of potential

impacts (exposure and sensitivity to exposure) and adaptive

capacity (Carter et al., 2007)

• Exposure is the extent to which the system is physically harmed

by climate change.


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• Sensitivity is how affected a system is after the exposure.

• Adaptive capacity is the system’s ability to avoid potential

damages, take advantage of opportunities, and cope with the

consequences of damages.

SOME BASIC DEFINITION

• ‘Resilience’ is the ability of a system and its component parts toanticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of ahazardous event in a timely and efficient manner (IPCC, 2012).

• Adaptive capacity is the capacity of people to influence resilience.A system may be made more resilient in a number of ways.

• Managing human and environmental components of a system in a


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• Managing human and environmental components of a system in amanner that maintains the system’s status quo (e.g. managingwater resources to better cope with drought)or transforming intoa new system when the current system becomes untenable (e.g.eliminating irrigation and agricultural production if drought risk istoo extreme).

(Source: Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book)

Examples of projected Climate Change

Impacts on Crop production


EVENT POTENTIAL IMPACT

Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter in days and nights becoming hotter

Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased outbreaks of new insect pests and pathogens; potential impacts on crop production

Heavy precipitation events increasing in

frequency .

Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to

cultivate land owing to water logging of soils

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frequency . cultivate land owing to water logging of soils

Drought-affected area increases Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields

from crop damage and failure; loss of farm

land

Intense tropical cyclone activity increases Damage to crops and livestock and shelter

High sea levels increase in incidence Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and

freshwater systems; loss of farm land

Source: adapted from IPCC,2007, in FAO 2008

PART – II

Climate Smart Agriculture

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(CSA)


I. In the arena of climate change focus on development administration

II. Water Cycle

III. Soil Management

IV. Live stock Management

V. Weather forecasting and Agri. Advisory based on that

VI. Energy saving in farmingVI. Energy saving in farming

VII. Value chain for Agro produce – enhancing value

VIII. Multiple source of Income to farmers

IX. Bridging gaps in productivity.

X. With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and

Sarpanches of villages.

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLE

Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture

• Even without climate change, underground water resources are reducing due tohigh discharge by tube wells – both for agriculture but more for washrooms fornew urban enclaves.

• There is increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urbanareas and this drives away water meant agriculture even from irrigation dams.

• With the temperature increase due to higher rate evaporation etc., there will bereduced water availability. This will reduce also “Soil Moisture” having directimpact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking waterimpact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking waterscarcity for cattle and human being and require migration plan.

• Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari,Cambay – Anand resulting into direct loss of agri. land. This may need planedshifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangrovesand casuarina.

• Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil surface.

• Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise and giveAgro Advisory – how to preserve and use water.

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Climate change and its impact on water cycle


Element of Water Cycle Climate Change

Annual precipitation Expected to increase globally during the 21st Century, with

potentially great spatial variations

Inter-annual variations

in precipitations

Expected to increase everywhere

Seasonal variability of

rainfall

• Expected to increase everywhere

• Delayed monsoon

• Interim delay with in season

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• Interim delay with in season

Soil moisture stress

(droughts)

Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing

variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain) and

increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster than

natural vegetation

Floods Increased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of

extreme rainfall events flood intensity can affect standing crops,

washing away of upper fertile crust of soil & cause soil erosion

(Navsari District)

Climate change and its impact on water cycle


Element of Water Cycle Climate Change

River discharge

(Kutch District)

Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall

patterns. Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from

region to region

Groundwater Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and

distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to

increasing recharge,

and droughts leading to increased pumping

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and droughts leading to increased pumping

Evapotranspiration Increases as a function of temperature increases

Water quality (in

rivers, lakes and

aquifers)

Moderate impact through temperature increases

Salinity in rivers and

aquifers

Potentially high impact where sea water level

rise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal

Agri. Scientists particularly Krishi Vigyan Kendra team need to identify what a

farmer need to do and what is required by Village Community and District .

Comprehensive approach like River Basin Management needed

Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas


Major

Agricultur

al System

Vulnerability

Typical response Main climate

options. Main Climate

Change

exposure

Sensitivity Adaptive capacity

Kutch

North

Gujarat

Rainfall

variability,

droughts,

floods

High: mostly

rain fed agriculture,

marginal lands,

poor soil moisture

capacity

Low: high prevalence

of poverty, limited

options, knowledge,

social safety nets

and resources

Watershed

management and on farm water

storage for water conservation;

Integrated water resources

management in river basins;

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Gujarat capacity and resources management in river basins;

investment in social

infrastructures

High

temperatures

rainfall

variability,

droughts

High: crop and

animal sensitivity to high

temperature

and droughts, high

population density

on marginal lands

Low: high prevalence

of poverty, limited

options, knowledge,

social safety nets

and resources,

limited capacity for

water storage

On-farm water

storage; crop insurance;

increased

productivity through better

crop-livestock

integration; integrated water

resources management

Water Cycle

Vulnerability of Areas – All these districts


Major

Agricultur

al System

VulnerabilityTypical response Main climate

options. Main Climate

Change

exposure


Valsad

Navsari

South &

Reduction in

annual rainfall,

increased

rainfall

variability,

Variable,

depending

on the region

and

level on reliance

Low adaptive

capacity for

agriculture in

water

scarce areas

Water conservation

where possible;

integrated water resources

management; crop

insurance; improved

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South &

Middle

gujarat

variability,

reduction in

runoff and

aquifer

recharge, high

temperatures,

higher

occurrence of

droughts and

floods

level on reliance

on agricultural

activities.

Agricultural

systems highly

sensitive to

changes in

temperature and

water availability.

scarce areas insurance; improved

floods and drought

management plans;

shifting out of

agriculture

Water Cycle

Vulnerability of Areas


Major

Agricultur

al System

VulnerabilityTypical response Main

climate options. Main Climate

Change exposure


Junagadh

Saurashtra

Region

Increased

rainfall

variability,

reduced water

availability in

Medium to low. Some

high yielding varieties

more sensitive to

temperature and

water stress

Possibilities to

compensate

water

stress through

supplemental

On-farm storage

for supplemental

irrigation; integrated

water resources

management at river

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availability in

places.

water stress

Rain-fed agriculture

supplemental

irrigation in many

regions; low

capacity in water

scarce areas

management at river

basin level

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013

RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENTRiver is an important physical agentthat plays very vital role indistribution of water and maintainingequilibrium of water in hydrologicalcycle. The area from where rivercollects water is termed as watershedor catchment area. The whole unitcan be defined as basin where set ofphysical processes are interlinked

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physical processes are interlinkedwith each other and maintainrelationships between biological andnon biological components.

It is well known truth that any major civilizations have developed around

river or in other wards within balanced watershed region due to

healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basin is the key to

maintain balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this

through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in

Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State

of Gujarat, India.

Climate Change

Major culprit: CO2

Emerging Approach

•Low external input system

•Land management

(Agriculture, grassland & forest)

•Promoting Photosynthesis

Issues to tackle

•Food & Water insecurity

•Deteriorating soil health

•Depleting water resources

Environmental Issues

•Increasing temperature

•Change in rainfall pattern

•Change in season cycle

Tackling the Climate Change

•Promoting Photosynthesis•Depleting water resources

Integrated

River Basin

Management

Promoting

Photosynthesis to consume CO2

Food & water security

through better natural

resource management

Integrated River Basin Management Means…….

The Integrated River Basin Management can be

defined as a “process of coordinating conservation,

management and development of water, land and

related resources across sectors within a given river

basin.”

An integrated approach using the whole River Basin

as a basis for holistic & sustainable planning, can

provide a good solution to ensure Economic, Social

and Environmental sustainability and ensure Food

& Water security.

Our Test Ground – Rukmavati River Basin of Kachchh

- An Semi Arid Region

Rukmavati Basin

Dahinsara

Kurbai

Bheraiya

Samatra

No of Villages 46

Total population 108033

Total Area 59075 Hac.

Total Agricultural Land 33477 Hac.

Irrigates Land 10268 Hac.

Cultivable Wasteland 5649 Hac.

Forest Area 4282 Hac.

Don

Maska

Asambiya Mota

Punadi

Koday

Bhadai Moti

Mandvi

DrainageRiver BedWaterbody

Rukamavati Wshed

Stdudy Villages

4 0 4 8 Kilometers

N

Other Land 15671 Hac.

Approach & Methodology

There are four phases of the entire project:

– Community Awareness

– Participatory Planning

– Participatory Implementation

– Participatory Management

However there is overlapping of activities of these

phases

Problem Analysis – Decision Matrix

Problem Strategy Activity Plan Expected Impact

Over exploitation of

Ground water

ground water

Recharge

Rainwater harvesting

structures like check

dams

Increase in water

table

Salinity ingress in

coastal aquifers

Checking sea water

intrusion

Construction of

‘Bandhara’, sub

surface dyke

Improvement in

ground water quality

Poor quality drinking

water

Storing rain water Roof top rain water

harvesting, filter well

in tank

Availability of good

quality drinking

water

Decreasing crop

productivity &

Soil degradation

Mitigating ill effect of

chemicals and saline

irrigation water

Promoting use of

compost, green

manuring and drip

irrigation

Improvement in soil

quality, Increased

productivity

Problem Analysis – Decision Matrix

Problem Strategy Activity Plan Expected Impact

Soil erosion and

reducing vegetative

cover

Soil moisture

conservation

Contour Trenches,

Staggered Trenches,

Silt Traps

Conservation of soil

and regeneration of

vegetative cover

Increased climate

driven risk in farming

Creating awareness

regarding climate

Village level agro-

met observatory,

Development of

weather based agro driven risk in farming regarding climate met observatory,

climate risk manager

weather based agro

advisory

Low return for

agricultural produce

& milk

Providing forward

and backward

linkage

Developing local

market, ‘Pro-sumer

(Producer +

Consumer) society’ ,

Agro industrial

complex

Better return on

produce

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE� Activities as per strategy will be carried out through linkages with Govt.

departments and other funding agencies

� Irrigation department

� Forest Department (JFM)

� Agriculture Department (RKVY, RADP)

� Other Funding Agencies

� CBO formed during planning phase are involved in each stage of

implementation

• During the planning phase,

enthused by the project, the

chairman of the ‘Sardar Patel

Sahbhagi Jal Sanchay Yojna’

had sanctioned 51 check

dams in basin area of about

5.15 crore cost.

• 44 checkdams have been

constructed till date.constructed till date.

Achievements

– Desilting – In 20 structures, 5.5 MCFT water storage.

250 hectares of land benefited from this fertile soil.

– Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structures – 19

– Distribution of Kitchen Garden kits - 350

– Compost preparation - 19

– Animal vaccination – 1691 animals– Animal vaccination – 1691 animals

– Formation of SHGs – 30 (410 members)

– Exposure tour – 9 (186 beneficiaries)

Linkages with Government programmes

– Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)

(Agriculture department): 922 farmers

– Linkages with different government schemes for

farmers – 412 farmers

– Seed village – 5 villages – 250 farmers

– Cotton demonstration – 225 farmers– Cotton demonstration – 225 farmers

– Accelerated Pulse Production Programme – 1800

farmers

Linkages with Government programmes

– Vocational trainings – 13 (403 participants) trainings (

In coordination with Rural Technology Institute &

VRTI)

– Group formation (ATMA):

• Agriculture & Animal husbandry groups – 70 (985members)

– Farm schools (ATMA): 10– Farm schools (ATMA): 10

– Capacity Building Workshops – 4 (552 participants)

• Total spending: Rs. 8 crores

• Rukmavati Rural Agro Producer Company -

farmers’ producer company in Rukmavati

basin area has been formed.

• Developing/improving degraded lands and

‘Gauchar’

Activities In Progress

‘Gauchar’

Activities In Progress

• Weather base farm decision making .

– Installation of Agromet observatory at VRTI campus.

– Disseminating recorded data & IMD forecast of the

region through SMS in Gujarati

– Also providing agro advisory based on weather

Agromet Observatory

Agro Advisory Bulletin

MANAGEMENT PHASE

• As per our experience involvement of community

from planning to operation and management of

common asset is essential

• After completion of the project, we will act as a

facilitator and provide guidance to basin level

instituteinstitute

Way Forward

97 River Basins of Kachchh

Increasing greenery, more vegetative cover

More photosynthesisBetter solid waste management

Positive impact on climate change

CO2

Fixation

Reduction in

METHANE

generation

Soil & Climate Change

• Soil with moisture and sunlight makes agriculture production possible.With inputs and combination of soil health and moisture, productivityincreases – declines or remains stable.

• The challenge is to that, in the changing weather parameters, stabilityin productivity is maintained and wherever possible, increased. We haveto make this happen by farmers providing not only scientific inputs butdemonstrating its success.

This includes


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This includes� Bio-diversity� Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM)� Conservation of agriculture system� Organic and In-organic inputs� Agro-forestry , Perennial crops� Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions� Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS)� Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer


Soil and Climate Change The soil has direct impact of changes in climate and that in turn affects productivity –sustainability of crops that grow on it.


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Soil and Climate Change


Life Support

Services

Provision

Services

Regulating Services Cultural Services

The soil renews,

retains, and

delivers plant

nutrients and

provides physical

support to

plants.

Soil is the basis

for the provision

of food, fiber,

fuel and

medicinal

products that

sustain life.

The soil plays a

central role in

buffering, filtering

and moderating the

hydrological cycle.

(e.g. nitrogen,

Soil provides the

foundation for

settlement and

infrastructure.

Soils and their wider

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plants.

It sustains

biological

activity, diversity

and productivity.

sustain life. (e.g. nitrogen,

potassium,

phosphorus, calcium,

magnesium and

sulphur) that affect

plant production and

the climate.

Soils and their wider

ecosystems provide

spiritual or heritage

value.


Soil and Climate Change


Life Support

Services

Provision

Services

Regulating Services Cultural Services

The soil

ecosystem

provides habitat

for the dispersion

and dissemination

of seeds, which

ensures the

It holds

and

releases

water for

plant

growth

and water

Soil biodiversity contributes to

regulating soil pests and

diseases.

Soil micro-organisms process

and break down wastes and

dead organic matter (e.g.

manure, remains of plants,

Soils are the basis

for landscapes that

provide recreation

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ensures the

continued

evolution of the

gene pool.

and water

supply.

manure, remains of plants,

fertilizers and pesticides)

preventing them from building

up to toxic levels and entering

the water supply as pollutants

Soil Management for sustained crop productivity and climate change adaptation and mitigation

Conventional

practices

Practices to enhance

Productivity and Adaptation

Practices to enhance mitigation

Soil tillage for annual

crops:

Hoeing or plugging

improves the seedbed

and uproots weeds.

However, it disturbs

microbes, destroys soil

drainage created by

soil fauna (e.g.

Conservation agriculture systems are practiced

advice. It involves three principles:

• Minimizing soil disturbance (no-tillage)

through digging sticks or jab planter to plant

seeds or mechanized direct drill systems

(mechanized systems have been developed to

drill the seed through a vegetative layer and

may use herbicides to manage weeds).

• Keeping the soil covered with a protective

The sequestration potential

increased after adoption of

improved management practices.

Although there may be slight

negative GHG impacts from

application of additional chemical

herbicides for weed control instead

of weed control by tillage.

soil fauna (e.g.

earthworms), speeds

decomposition of

organic matter and

releases CO2. It may

develop a compacted

layer or hardpan

which impedes plant

root growth and

rainwater percolation.

• Keeping the soil covered with a protective

layer of mulch or crop residues which reduces

weed growth, reduces moisture loss, keeps the

soil cooler, reduces erosion by water and wind

and restores soil carbon (C) through

decomposition.

• Rotating and diversifying crops to reduce crop

pests and diseases and use leguminous species

to replenish soil nutrients.

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Conventional practices Practices to enhance



Fertilizer use:

A shortage of any one of the

nutrients required for plant

growth can limit crop yields.

Increased productivity is

needed to meet current and

future food demand. Balance

Integrated soil fertility

management (ISFM) aims to

make available required soil

nutrients by balancing

different onfarm soil organic

sources (amendments) with

nutrients from mineral

Nitrate leaching from overuse

of mineral fertilizers also

increases nitrous oxide

emissions add to GHG

emission.

Options to reduce losses and

emissions include:

us of fertilizer to meet this. But

dealers provide bulk fertilizer

bags and farmers tend to use

more than needed. It

increasing cost of cultivation

and nutrients are not taken up

by the crop but released into

water bodies and emitted into

the atmosphere – which

releases GHG into the

atmosphere.

fertilizers (to address

deficiencies) and reducing

nutrient losses through soil

and water conservation based

on recommend made by soil &

health moisture analysis

• change the fertilizer source

from ammonium-based to

urea, or switching to slow-

release fertilizers;

• placement of fertilizer N near

the zone of active root

uptake;

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Conventional

practices

Practices to enhance



Crop specialization

and annual harvesting:

Many crop production

systems progressively

decrease SOC as most

plant growth is above

ground and is

removed at harvest.

Often crop residues

Organic agriculture systems do not use inorganic

fertilizers or pesticides but use crop rotations and

mixed farm strategies, with mulch / composts /

animal manures /green manures to replenish soil

C, improve nutrient cycling and use by plants and

suppress weeds. The enhanced biodiversity

reduces pest outbreaks and severity of plant and

animal diseases.

Increasing the use of perennial crops and

Decisions to irrigate should factor in the

consideration of the cost and GHG

implications of mechanized systems.

Perennial crops and trees can sequester

substantial amounts of C and can store C

for longer periods than annuals in the

biomass of roots as well as in stems and

branches. The frequency of tillage is

reduced, protecting SOC and other soilOften crop residues

are removed for

fodder, fuel or

industrial applications

or are burned for pest

control (e.g. cotton).

Increasing the use of perennial crops and

maintenance of shrubs and trees in the farm

landscape improves soil resilience and provides

diverse products (food, fuel, fibre, timber, etc.)

while supporting ecosystem services.

Appropriate agro-forestry systems that integrate

crops trees with crops and restore SOM and N.

They enhance diversity, build healthier soils,

enhance crop and fodder production. Some

species provide fruits, timber and fuel-wood or

bio-energy. They can also reduce erosion and

provide water quality and habitat benefits through

shade and deep rooting, hence enhancing

resilience to climate change.

reduced, protecting SOC and other soil

functions. Other soil management

options in cropping systems include

breeding deep rooted crops and

managing fallow periods to increase soil

C stocks.

The C sequestration potential of agro-

forestry varies widely, depending on the

specific practice, individual site

characteristics and the time frame.

49

Soil Health Card

• Soil Health Card based on crop selection system to include all Advisorydiscussion.

• This is already in practice and is key to sustainable agriculture growth inGujarat. It provides farmer information about status of soil health of hisland, need of supplemental nutrients, alternative crops that can grown,average market price.

• The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and• The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil andprovide Soil Health and Moisture Analysis to Farmers.

• The Soil Health Card must include alternative crops including Mix crops,Agro forestry that can be sustained on individual piece of land.

• Farmers believe and like to follow written guidance.• Inform farmers about Soil heath card with change of water cycle. The

water also needs to be tested and analyzed and perception to beprovided.

50


Conventional practices Practices to enhance



Soil crusting and degradation

in dry-lands:

This is a severe problem in

the Kutch – Combay Tarapur

(Anand) and Dandi due to

wind erosion and loss of

In kutch – under watershed programmes

and prevention of salinity ingress

programmes – check dams, bandh,

villages, ponds, farms ponds, gully

plugging and protection wall have been

successfully used to meet this challenge.

Kutch Examples – are in case

studies

wind erosion and loss of

SOM due to high

temperatures and burning.

When rain fails it can no

longer infiltrate the soil and

the region becomes

increasingly barren and arid.

successfully used to meet this challenge.

The latest approach integrated is river

basin management in rukmavati river

basin.

51

Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices

CSA OBJECTIVES

Energy

Smart

Food

objectives

Increased

Energy

Efficiency

Sustainable increases in

productivity and income

Strengthened resilience to

climate change and

variability

Agriculture’s reduced

impact on climate

change

General:

Savings on energy costs (after

upfront costs for technology have

been paid) will result in increased

profit if productivity is not

excessively decreased

Specific:

General:

Savings in energy costs will

result in increased income

available to enhance

adaptive capacity

Decreased dependence on

energy inputs (especially

General:

Improvements in energy

efficiency, whether due

to lower embedded

energy in inputs or on-

farm fuel

combustion, will reduce

GHG emissions in the Specific:

Practices such as replacement of

synthetic fertilizers with application

of agricultural residues or manure,

which require fewer external inputs

and increase yields, can contribute

to both increased energy efficiency

and sustainable increases in

productivity and income.

energy inputs (especially

fossil fuels) will tend to

reduce vulnerability to

shocks in energy prices

Some “climate-proof”

agricultural production and

energy systems may

result in lower energy

efficiency

GHG emissions in the

production chain

Source: Climate Smart Agriculture – Handbook – FAO – 2013

52

Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices CSA OBJECTIVES

Energy

Smart

Food

objectives

Increased

Energy

efficiency

Sustainable increases in productivity

and income

Strengthened

resilience to climate

change and variability

Agriculture’s reduced

impact on climate change

Practices that reduce external energy inputs and (at least) maintain yields, such as reduced or zero tillage, will increase energy efficiency and sustainably increase income. If such practices are combined with others that increase yields (such as nitrogen fixing cover crops or manure trees),

Specific:Practices such as conservation agriculture that enhance crop cover, soil water retention and soil organic matter may increase

Specific:Practices such as reduced or zero tillage, precision agriculture, replacement of synthetic fertilizers with agricultural residues or manure, elimination of pesticides through fixing cover crops or manure trees),

this can contribute to both energy efficiency and sustainable increases in productivity and income.

There is also much scope for enhanced post-harvest technologies and practices that contribute to bothenergy efficiency and sustainable increases in productivity and income, such as improved crop and food storage, packaging and distribution.

matter may increase resilience to drought and extreme weather events

Drip irrigation tends to enhance resilience and may increase energy efficiency through its impacts on productivity –compared flow irrigation through by direct pumping.

pesticides through integrated pest management or enhanced distribution logistics that reduce fossil fuel combustion will generally lead to reduced GHG emissions. Reduced or zero tillage, in combination withpermanent crop cover, crop rotation and elimination of agrochemicals may also sequester carbon

53

Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices

Raised bed planting Less water use, improved drainage, better residue

management, less

lodging of crop, more tolerant to water stress

Leaf colour chart for N

management, nitrification

inhibitors

Reduces fertilizer N requirement, reduced N loss and

environmental pollution, reduced nitrous oxide emission

Crop residue management Moderates soil temperature, improves soil quality, reduces soil

erosion, reduces evaporation losses and conserves soil moisture,

54

erosion, reduces evaporation losses and conserves soil moisture,

increases C sequestration, avoids burning and reduces

environment pollution, increases tolerance to heat stress,

reduces weed infestation.

Sprinkler/drip irrigation Increases water and nutrient use efficiency, reduces GHG

emissions

Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices

RCT Potential benefits relative to conventional practices

Zero tillage Reduced water use, C sequestration, increases yield and

income, reduced fuel consumption, reduced GHG emission,

more tolerant to heat stress

Land leveling Reduced water use, reduced fuel consumption, reduced GHG

emissions, increased area for cultivation

55

emissions, increased area for cultivation

Direct drill seeding of rice Less requirement of water, time saving, better post-harvest

condition of field, deeper root growth, more tolerance to water

and heat stress, reduced methane emission

Diversification Efficient use of water, increased income, increased nutritional

security, conserve soil fertility, reduced risk

Source: Dr. J. C. Dagar, Ex. ADG (ICAR)

ADAPTATION MEASURES

Crop diversification

Cropping system Total variable

cost (Rs/ha/yr)

Net returns

(Rs/ha/yr)

WUE (Kg/m3) Electric

consumption

Maize-potato-

onion

83383 125023 130 1205

Groundnut-

potato-bajra

62435 111839 103 955

Maize-potato-

moong

64250 78588 105 93

moong

Maize-wheat-

moong

48255 72797 92 853

Rice-wheat 39318 59742 212 1963

Replacement of 5% area under Rice-wheat system (2.6 million ha) by alternative crops will

save 1.3 lakh ha-m irrigation water with additional net returns of Rs. 465 crores besides

162 million electric units thus contributing a lot in reducing GHGs

Source: Dr. J. C. Dagar, Ex. ADG (ICAR)

56

PART – III

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

58

Effect of Seasonal Changes

• Summer – Drought

• Monsoon – Floods , Heavy Rains

& long period of monsoon.

• Winter and severe cold• Winter and severe cold

o Milk Animals

o Poultry

o Fisheries

Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals

• Selection of breed

• Shelter Design

• Feeding practices

• Mixing Ration

• Drinking water

requirement

• Breeding practices

• Rearing Practices• Mixing Ration

o During extreme heat and

drought

o During monsoon and Flood

o During winter

• Rearing Practices

• Vaccination and

deceases prevention

• Milking care before &

after

Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals

SELECTION OF MILK ANIMAL BREED

• Two major zones

o Northern Gujarat (Dry) &

o Saurashtra

o South Gujarat (Humid )

• Selection of breed within zone.

• Indigenous cow breeds preferred are

Kankrej Gir

Protection Against Climatic Change

Milk Animals

SHELTER FOR MILK ANIMALS

• 50% effect of Climate change can be eliminated by properly

designed Shelter.

• Key factors

o Ventilation and lighting

o Roofing and heat reflection

o Floor and wooden slits

o Sides with windows

o Cooling fans and water spray

o Spacing A Typical sketch showing requirement of shelter


Milk Animals


Milk Animals

FEEDING PRACTICE

• Feeding practice is very important to protect milk • Feeding practice is very important to protect milk animals against climate change.

• Total feed is given to animals all 24 hours.

• Feed has to be balanced with urea treated dry fodder properly cut & mixed with silage green fodder, concentrated feed and mineral mixture.

• Avoid poor quality straws.

Climatic Change and Poultry

Production

• As the ambient temperature reaches ≥ 34°C

• Mortality:

o Heavy meat type chickens (8.4%)

o Light layer type (0.84%)o Light layer type (0.84%)

o Native type (0.32%) chickens.

• Feed Consumption:

Decreases in feed consumption ie

o At 31.6°C : 108.3 g/bird/day

o At 37.9°C : 68.9 g/ bird/day

Climatic Change and Poultry Production

• Egg production:

• Egg production decreases as given below

o decrease in broiler 7.5%

o decrease in layer 6.4%

• As shed temperature rises from 28 to 42°C, body temperature increases from 41 to 45°C during heat periods. periods.

• Beyond shed temp of 42°C, birds would scrub led to die.

• Naked neck birds performed significantly better than the normal birds at high temperatures with respect to

o Thermo tolerance,

o Growth,

o Feed efficiency

o Immunity

Climatic Change and Poultry

Production

Effect of Climate Change on Fisheries

Drought

Provide water linkage to all the ponds either by

water through tankers or by pumping water from

nearby reservoir. Alternatively capture the maturenearby reservoir. Alternatively capture the mature

fishes and send to market to reduce stocking density

or transfer others to alternative water ponds. In case

of Capture of Fisheries ie both marine and inland

fishes either migrate or not survive.


Flood and Cyclone

In case of Capture fisheries , floods will have positive

impact but flood will affect culture ponds which are

situated near the river. It damages the ponds andsituated near the river. It damages the ponds and

also contaminates the culture. In such case harvest

the culture fish and wild fish which come with the

flood water. Repair the ponds, disinfect the ponds

with chemical after flood, and recharge the fresh

water.


Heat Wave and Cold Wave

Heat and cold wave affects the fish stock, in case ofcapture marine and inland fishes will migrate to saferplace where as culture fisheries will have large affect asfish growth will be retarded as well as breeding andplace where as culture fisheries will have large affect asfish growth will be retarded as well as breeding andrearing of fish larvae will be severely get affected. Insuch case one has to exchange the water from time totime during heat wave. During cold wave provideheaters with thermostat to maintain constant watertemp and aerator to maintain the oxygen level.Increase the fish density. Provide probiotics as well asfresh and live feed.

Source: Dr. Mayur Vyas, formerly Managing Director of Sabarkantha District Milk Union, Gujarat

PART – IV

CONTINGENCY PLAN

71

CONTINGENCY PLAN

CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS

• When there may be unforeseen climate change effects observed in the

atmosphere due to increasing or decreasing climate parameters following

types impacts was observed in the climates.

• The Contingency Plan are prepared by Agriculture University for each

district. The general remedial measures are as follows.

• This should become part of Agro Advisory in current years Krishi

Mahotsav. Mahotsav.

Flowing hot wind,

• Irrigate the crop at shorter interval

• Protect the crops by growing the living hedge.

• Show the 4-5 lines of sorghum crops around the field to protect against

wind effect

72


Flowing of a cold wind,

• Irrigate the crop at shorter interval

• Burn the waste grasses of hip in the field to create the warmer effects in the field

Dry spell observed after the onset of monsoon

• 8-10 days break is not severe

• If dry spell prolongs up to the 15 day

• Irrigate the crop at critical stage of crop growth

Remedial measures:

• Thinning and gap filling must be carried out in the field

• If rainfall is not receive up to 25-30 days after on set of monsoon

• Reduce the numbers of raw in the field and inter culturing operations must be carried out in the field

• Weeding operations should be carried out in time

• Apply the supplementary irrigation in alternate furrow system in the field

• Spry the crop with 2% solutions of Urea (Hy. Castor), Cotton, Arhar)

• Delay the split application of Urea in the crops when rain is delayed

73


Monsoon is prolonged than Normal:

• This situation is favorable to the crops

• Rabi crop like gram can be easily shown on the residual moisture under

black soil condition

Water conservation operations carried out by the farmers:

1. Form the compartmental block in the field:

If slope is observed less than 1% in the field built up the farm bund If slope is observed less than 1% in the field built up the farm bund

opposite the slop direction in the field

2) Contoor farming:

If slope is observed 1-2% in the field contoor farming must be adopted

3) Strip cropping:

To prevent the soil erosion in the field strip cropping cultivation adopted

keeping with 6-8 raw in the field and show the sprading types crop to

avoid the soil erosion in the field

74


4) Sow the seeds on Ridge and Furrow system

Furrow should be dippen upto the 15-18 cms and spaced with 30-35 cms

apart. Keep 45 distance between two furrows

5) Plowing should be done in summer season

6) Form the contoor/graded bunds in the fields

It applicable there is slope is observed up to 1 to 6% in the field and total

rain fall received up 800 mm

7) Alternative use of land7) Alternative use of land

• Agro-forestry

• Silvi-pasture Management

• Agri-Horticulture

75


Work should be carried out by the Panchayat & Government:

• Watershed Management

• Construction of water harvesting structures

Common packages of practices to be adopted:

• Select the crop resistance variety which can with stand with under • Select the crop resistance variety which can with stand with under

aberrant weather conditions

• Select the proper method of planning

• Use sufficient quantities of organic manures in the field

• Use various methods of water conservation in the field

• Use advance method of micro-irrigation system

Source: Dr. Ratibhai Patel, formerly Senior Research Scientist, Anand Agricultural University,

Anand, Gujarat.

76

PART – V

STRATEGY FOR RESTORATION

77



• Climate change has brought in recent years, major calamities which has

affected entire agriculture and livelihood in affected areas.

• To illustrate in the current year

• Uttarakhand cloud bursting

• Odessa cyclone

• International level – Philippines cyclone

• At local flooding in Navsari district and part of Anand District

• Such devastation can not be remedied by existing mitigation – adaptation

strategies.

• It needs total rehabilitation of agriculture activity which is not forming

part of current disaster Management strategies which caters emergency

situation and provide relief measures.

• What is needed is total restoration strategy for reviving agriculture.

78

Impact of disaster and Action Needed

• Permanent increase in sea level and

submergence of agriculture land.

• Washing out of soil strata and spread of

salinity due to cyclone both underground

and over-ground.

• Farmers have to be given alternative land

• If feasible protection wall has to be

constructed along with plantation of

Bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the

wall

• Soil replacement

• New cropping pattern based on fresh Soil

Health & Moisture analysis along with

analysis of water.

• Residing of sea level in certain areas

opening of barren saline land. a. sub soil water strata

b. water availability for irrigation

from wells/tube wells

• Making available certified seeds and other

inputs for cropping pattern suggested and

agro advisory on new crop management –

Kutch case studies

• Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in such

areas to prevent salinity ingress.

79

Impact of disaster and Action Needed

Wastage of fields due to

floods in overflow river/

check dam bursting

Reconstruction of check

dams on adoption of

River Basin Management

Cropping pattern based

on Soil Health & Moisture

Analysis along with

making available of seeds

and other inputs.

• Loss of

tractors/storage of

bins/agriculture

• Replacement by special scheme

bins/agriculture

implements.

• Death of livestock and

poultry due to floods

There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding

current Relief Scheme.

80

PART – VI

THE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

81

THE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

Multiple Source of Income

MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME

• Objective of climate smart agriculture is to make farmers and theirincome resilient to climate change. This can be made by providingmultiple source of income. If one fails other sustains. This is initiative asto be guided local public governance system and civil society.

Poultry / Cattle with Crop

• Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is• Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one isresource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family whenincomes from crops are at the end of season. Animal like cow providegobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crops residue isfeed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Furtherlivestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash andincase even if one fail, other supports thus offer a way to escapepoverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variablerelated environment.

82

Multiple Source of Income

Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in

some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas

of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balance diet.

Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system.

• It prevents soil erosion

• Facilitates water infiltration

• Diminish impact if extreme weather• Diminish impact if extreme weather

• Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to

enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks

• More of all, it sale of provides alternative income.

• This already exists, but needs to be expanded.

Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternate

source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both

livestock and crops provides low or no income.

83

CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH

Sr.

No

Name Of

Village

Name

Of Block

Name of

Member

Occupa

tion

Best

Year

Income

Week

Year

Income

Livelihood Project Joined After

Income from

alternate

source

1Charopadi

NaniAbdasa

Sodha

Ladhubha

Aamrji

Farming 30000 8000Animal

RLFFarming Inputs

Sewing

machine40000

2Charopadi

MotiAbdasa

Mandhara

Mariyamba

i Sidhik

Farming 50000 12000Farmer

loan

Sewing

machine

Ration

shop30000

Maheswari

3Charoapdi

MotiAbdasa

Maheswari

Tejbai

Vachiya

Farming 45000 15000Floor

millAsset(Tractor ) 54000

4 Jethamalpar Abdasa

Bhatt

Bhupatram

Mohbatra

m


RLFLand levelling 40000

5 Bhoa Abdasa

Chuahan

Khetubha

Bhojubha


RLFLand levelling

Sewing

machine

Kitchen

Garden55000

84

CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH

6 RodasarLakhap

at

Maheswari Kanbai

GopalFarming 50000 20000

Animal

RLF

Ration

Shop

Kitchen

Garden72000

7 Ukir AbdasaLuhar Hanifabai

AlimamadFarming 30000 10000

Ration

Shop

Home

Floor Mill

Kitchen

Garden

Animal

RLF48000

8 Ukir AbdasaLuhar Kulsumbai

HajiFarming 35000 12000

Sewing

machine

Animal

RLF40000

9 Bara AbdasaMaheswari Lakha

KaruFarming 50000 25000

Seed

Support

Crop

Loan

Kishan

Credit

Card

Irrigated

Farming100000

Animal Irrigated Diesel Crop 10 Bara Abdasa Jadeja Takhatsinh Farming 60000 20000

Animal

RLF

Irrigated

Farming

Diesel

Engine

Crop

Loan90000

85

Bridge Productivity Gaps

Major challenge to Agri. Administration is reducing productivity gaps –

• Between farmers in one village

• Between villages within same taluka

• Brining up taluka average above State & National average.

86

• Brining up taluka average above State & National average.

• The analysis of Anand and Mandvi block illustrate this.

Mandvi-Rukmavati River Basin Current Agricultural Crops – area

Sr. No CropArea

(ha)

Average

yield

(qt/ha)

Optimum

yield

(qt/ha)

Yield gap

(qt/ha)

Yield gap

%

Anand Block

Yield gap %

1Groundnut

(K)8624 15 22 -7 -31.8 -36.9

2 Hy. Cotton 5279 25 50 -25 -50.0 -24.3

3Moogbean

(K)3994 5 8 -3 -33.3 -39.6

4Sesamum

(K)3320 3 6 -3 -50.0 -29

(K)

5 Wheat 2651 30 40 -10 -25.0 -17

6 Hy. Castor 1651 30 50 -20 -40.0 -14

7 Hy. Bajra (K) 889 20 25 -5 -20.0 -29.6

8 Cluster bean 578 8 15 -8 -50.0 -32.6

9 Hy. Bajra (S) 228 25 35 -10 -28.6 -9.6

10Groundnut

(S)150 18 22 -4 -18.2 -36.9

11 Isabgol 60 8 12 -4 -33.3 -

Total 2742487

Statement on Crop wise average yield and optimum yield –Anand Block – Gujarat

Sr. No CropArea

(ha)

Average yield

(qt/ha)

Optimum yield

(qt/ha)Yield gap (qt/ha)

1 Hy. Bajra (K) 2890 14.25 20.25 -6.00

2 Hy. Bajra (S) 8560 26.78 29.65 -2.87

3 Rice (K) 5455 32.00 38.50 -6.50

4 Rice (S) 35 40.80 49.84 -9.04

5 Tobacco (B) 7860 20.00 24.62 -4.62

6 Tobacco (C) 820 25.00 30.24 -5.24

7 Hy. Castor 390 20.00 23.38 -3.38

8 Pigeonpea 205 8.00 13.24 -5.24

9 Sesamum (K) 210 4.61 6.50 -1.89

10 Sesamum (S) 360 7.50 10.69 -3.19

11 Hy. Cotton 360 20.57 27.19 -6.62

88

Statement on Crop wise average yield and optimum yield –

Anand Block – Gujarat

12 Moog bean/

Green gram (S)

289 3.25 5.37 -2.12

13 Chickpea (G) 72 8.10 11.44 -3.34

14 Chickpea (V) 150 16.00 20.00 -4.00

15 Groundnut (S) 100 23.00 17.45 -6.45

16 Mustard 310 14.29 16.95 -2.66

17 Cluster bean 80 6.50 9.65 -3.15

18 Wheat 2610 35.20 42.53 -7.33

Source: District Agriculture Office, Anand (2010-11

89

Suggested Planning of Income for different enterprises of Agriculture

during 2011-12 & 2012-13 (Rs. In crore)

Sr. No. Name of EnterpriseTotal Income of

2011-12

Additional income

to be received due

to suggested

planning

2012-13

% increased as

against previous

year

1 Field crop 172.36 15.61 9.06

2 Forage crop 59.03 6.66 11.28

3 Horticultural crop 144.06 2.91 2.02

4 Vegetables crop 115.19 12.58 10.924 Vegetables crop 115.19 12.58 10.92

Total A 490.64 37.76 8.32 (Av.)

5Animal Husbandry & Live Stock

Management68.20 2.58 3.78

6 Agro-forestry crops 50.0 2.00 4.00

7Agro-Processing & value addition

units12.50 1.00 8.00

Total B 130.70 5.58 5.26

Grand Total 621.34 43.34 7.00 % (Av.)

90

WEATHER FORECASTING

It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought

huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture sector, Crops – Horticulture,

Livestock and Poultry – birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a)

advance information about possible changes by FM Radio & TV (b) Agro-

Advisory – followed by information of impending weather forecast and un-

usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level.

91

usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level.

It should also be provided at the local level.

In the Farmers Interaction Meet with

Experts during National Conference

organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural

University – March, 2013, it was revealed

that only 10% of farmers have access to

weather forecasting.

.It is the need of hour to communicate to

farmers about:

a. Possible rainfall pattern-long term

b. Mid-season correction, if any in same

c. Weekly forecast

d. More specific forecast on day to day basis

for unseasonal or heavy rain, high wind

velocity, frost and spell of heat and cold.

e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by

92

e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by

simulation model and communicate to

farmers in time to time. Only this can

prevent the crop failure.

f. While many of advance countries do have

technology and communication system,

most of developing countries do not have

this. There is, therefore, need for knowledge

transfer with international cooperation in

this regard.

WOMEN FARMERSWomen play important roles in agriculture production. These roles pertain to all

aspects of crop production / protection, management of livestock, farm animals /

husbandry and fisheries but are treated as “workers” and not farmers.

In recent times, women are increasingly replacing men in all farm activities – they

are now new farmers – no longer with partial responsibility and are required to

take all on farm decisions as men go out to urban centre/off farm urge for

employment. This is in addition to routine domestic and family functions (house-

keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles

93

keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles

and responsibilities.

Meeting of Women

Farmers at MGLI,

Ahmedabad

• Efforts to build capacities of women in agriculture are, however,

constrained by the fact that agriculture tools, equipment and extension

communication strategies are predominantly men – centred. The needs is

to ensure that women are adequately trained to take on farm decision,

made available appropriate tools and techniques that optimize on time

and reduce stress while handling them.

94SGSY Training Programme for Self Help Groups

SMALL FARMERSAttention of Extension team is on progressive farmers who are generally big

farmers. Small holders own majority of land in many countries. In India 80% of

farm holding are by small farmers. They need to be provided focused attention as

individual family unit on:

a) Soil Health Analysis Growth Card

b) Crop related guidance including market price & quality of product in demand

c) Adaptation measures needed for changed climate and provide information

related to its impact

95

related to its impact

d) Link to supply chain for inputs and demand chain for their products; direct

disbursement of subsidy including free inputs, and provide link with Banks –

Finance.

e) Implement door-step approach to farmers at village in pre-monsoon for crop

guidance.

f) Monitor and inspect spurious seeds and fertilizer-mix and pesticides.

This can go a long way in developing sustainable agriculture all around and not

confined to rich.

RURAL YOUTH

• Rural youth across the world are

becoming increasingly restless.

They look forward to higher

income at a rapid pace which

agriculture most often does not

provide and in the context of

climate change sometime lend

farmers into debt due to crop

96

farmers into debt due to crop

failure.Mr. Gondaliya Sanjay in his Agri Business Centre

• One major adverse impact on rural youth is they are misdirected by groups

which encourage internal violence, spread of terrorism and grab income of

others through brutality. In India, this is prevalent in some districts and is

known as “Naxalism”. Hence youth has to be

� Oriented to scientific agriculture

� Educated in multi-skills

Continued------

� Moved to set up micro

enterprise or agro service centre

� Adopt modern agriculture,

protected agriculture through

green house or otherwise

� This has to be with addition of

modern infrastructure in village

97

modern infrastructure in village

which includes round the clock

Electric Power Supply.

Mr. Laheri Suraj in his Emu Farm

COMMUNITY BIO-GAS PLANTThe cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major cause of Methane, hence agriculture is

blamed for GHG emissions. The Chhota Udepur, a remote Tribal Taluka of Gujarat, India saw

a major community initiative in which about 3 to 4 slurry was utilized appropriately. Its

network of gas pipelines was laid for supply of gas to all of households. A Community

biogas plant set up after interaction with village community. The State Government

provided financial assistance though a registered cooperative society in the village. Animal

holder paid price for cow dung per kg. per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70

householders. A Vermicompost bed has been set up and slurry used for it. Liquid slurry is

not marketable but when it is converted into vermicompost can be transported to urban

centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is

99

centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is

the key to success of the project.

Biogas Project – Chhota Udepur – Gujarat, India

The gobar and agri waste emanatesmethane which affects environment, butconverted into Biogas, has a different valueand is a solution to the problem. TheShroff Foundation Trust took this initiativewith convergence of governmentdepartments with participation of localcommunity. In fact such efforts need to beincentivized as we have agro waste andcow dung in all our villages which areinefficiently used.

AGRO INDUSTRIES IN VILLAGES

Natural resource

management

Soil, Water, vegetation

etc.

Agro Industrial

R & D

To continuously assess

the opportunity, solve

problems & provide

Inputs management

Seeds, nutrients, pests

etc.

Capacity building through

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Agro Industrial

Complexproblems & provide

services

Capacity building through

Education, Training, Skill –

development & on job

training

Services to farmers and other community

Climate & weather information, banking &

credit supply, trade in inputs & output, storage

and transport. Infrastructure, value addition

related knowledge. Processing expertise, market

linkages

Use of Biotechnology

Select the crop variety which are well adapted / resistant to high or low

conditions of temperature, rainfall, which stand with high wind velocity and

resistant to the pest and disease

Adopt the genetic modified (GM) crops variety which can highly resistant to the

pest i.e. approved BT Cotton

� Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better

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� Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better

export market. Nearly in recent years, we are able to export 120 million

bells of BT Cotton in export markets.

� Similarly tissue culture plants of Banana (Grand T -9 Variety) provides to a

excellent results on farmers field and significantly gave the higher yields

and quality production for export market under the best advance

management practices

VERSATILITY OF

AGRIBIOTECHNOLOGY

Hybrids

GM

Seeds

Farm

Energy

Water

Tissue

Culture

PLANTING

MATERIALS

Bio

Fuel

NATURAL

RESOURCES

Water

Soil

Health

Bio

Pesticides

(Botanicals,

Microbial)

Bio

Fertilizer

Diagnostics

Organic

Manure

NUTRITION

Weather

Forecast

PEST & DISEASE

MANAGEMENT

CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod


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Prior to 1974

� poorest district in the state & country too

� Roughly 90 % people in tribal villagesfacing acute poverty

� Migration rate in non-irrigated villagesbetween 50-70 %

� The irrigation coverage 10 % in records, inreality around 5 %

Agriculture yields poorest in the state

In 2010

� Achieved food security

� Housing conditions improved

� School enrolment and attendanceincreased manifolds

� Ground water improved - CGWB� Irrigation coverage is around 30 %� 450 community water resourcesdeveloped & managed by community


� Agriculture yields poorest in the state

� Milk production lowest in the state

� Literacy rate - lowest in the state – womenliteracy in one digit

� Landscape almost barren with hardly anytree cover

� Most forest land - without tree cover

� No horticulture activity

� No vegetable cultivation

� No floriculture

developed & managed by community� 2,500 village institutions - users groupsmanaging their affairs & assets� 65 rivers and rivulets made perennialthrough series of structures� migration rate 10-15 %� six crore trees planted with 50 %survival at long run� About 25,000 farmers opted forhorticulture

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Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits of project

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OF RESILIENCEVulnerability to climate change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of

Resilience

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Vulnerability to climate change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of

Resilience

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Summery

Key Recommendation to Farmers :

• Unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns resulting from climatechange will affect crop production. This will have an impact onfarmer livelihoods and food availability. Climate-smart agricultureprovides management options to farmers to both adapt to, andmitigate, climate change and maintain his income and look foropportunity to increase it.


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• Crop production must adapt - crop varietal selection, plantbreeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem managementapproaches and become resilient to changes (frequency andintensity).

• Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change byreducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - for example byreducing the use of/judiciously using inorganic fertilizers, avoidingsoil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. inpaddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. plantingperennial crops and grass species).

• Farmers are the primary custodians of knowledge about theirenvironment, agro-ecosystems, crops and cropping patterns, and localclimatic patterns.

• Adapting cropping practices and approaches will be related to localfarmers’ knowledge, requirements and priorities.

• Sustainable crop production provides farmers with options for farmingsustainably, taking into account the local ecosystem and they how tofollow selection crops which can be sustained by soil – based on soil


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follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil – based on soilhealth and moisture analysis of their land.

• Integrated approaches — such as crop-livestock systems, rice-fish systemsand agro-forestry — diversify food sources and consequently strengthenthe resilience of farmers’ livelihoods. They also provide opportunities formitigating climate change but more precisely also increase their incomelevel and in worst circumstances maintain it.

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION

Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA

Communication to

farmersIssues Suggested Measures

Soil Health Card

Weather forecasting

• Make available Taluka

information (obtaining same

from Indian Metrological

Department, Pune to farmers.

• Give Agro Advisory before and

during the season and even at

harvesting time.

Krishi Mahostsav

harvesting time.

SMS by KVK/ATMAProductivity Gaps at village &

Taluka level

Advise correct selection of seeds,

balance use of fertilizer and right

pesticides.

Use of local TV cable Multiple Source of Income

Advise to those who do not have

how to obtain same under existing

schemes of Government

FM Radio, Helpline Soil Health & Soil ManagementSoil testing at every season

providing of soil health card

Water conservation within farmCrop selection based on Soil

Health & Moisture Analysis

Soil Management 114

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION

Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA

Communication to

farmersIssues Suggested Measures

Saving of energy

Selection of right required

horsepower for

• Pump

• Tractor

Value addition to harvested • Grading

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Value addition to harvested

crops• Sorting

• Packing before sending to sale

Woman farmers• New farmers - guide them for

Agri practices

Young farmers

• Advise about availability of

higher income on farm/village

level value addition

• Multiple skill

• Micro enterprise

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Impact of Climate

ChangeIssues Suggested Measures

Vulnerability Assessment of

Block levelBlock level agro advisory

Organic manure and pesticides

Contingency plan for every

block

Bio-diversity Mix crop pattern

Crop which may initially flourish

with increase in temperatureAgro forestry pattern

Agro Forestry Tissue culture

B T Cotton GM Crops

Selection of Agri equipments

and tools suitable to area 116

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Impact of Climate

ChangeIssues Suggested Measures

• Perennial crops

• Balance mix of nutrients

– organic & in organic

• Development of salinity

resistant varieties

• Yearly revision

• Normal crop practices

based on changes that

have taken place.

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resistant varieties

• Heat tolerant varieties

• Development of

pesticides mix in

increased humidity

• Development of vaccines

for new virus for

livestock

have taken place.

• Communicating with

IMD – Pune about local

weather parameters

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - EDUCATION

Development of syllabus based on Climate

Smart Agriculture

Redesigning and updating at regular

interval of course curriculum

Special Diplomas

Multiple skills

Weather advisorySpecial Diplomas Weather advisory

Water conservation management

Special training and refreshing course

Woman

Young farmers

Agri input dealers & Agro service centres

– Sarpanches

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Dr. Kirit Shelat

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development

and Public Leadership (NCCSD)

Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009.

Gujarat, INDIA.

Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)

Email: [email protected] Website: www.nccsdindia.org

Climate Smart Agriculture in Gujarat, India

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