Advisory Committee

Chairperson :Dr.J.Meenambigai, Asst.Prof (Agrl.Ext)

Members:Dr.Santha Govind , Professor & Head (Agrl.Ext)Dr.G.Tamil Selvi, Professor (Agrl.Ext)Dr.P.Karuppaiah, Professor ( Horticulture)

Climate Smart Agriculture – Opportunities and Challenges

Introduction

.

Definition -Global Warming

Defined as an increase in the average

temperature of the Earth's atmosphere,

especially a sustained increase great enough

to effect changes in the global climate’.

Climate

The climate is defined as’ the general or average weather conditions of a certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind’.

Climate Change Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time.

It could show up as a change in climate normal's for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next.

Why the Climate change?

Natural Causes

2. Volcanoes

1. Continental drift

4. Ocean currents

3. The earth's tilt

Man made Causes

1. The Industrial pollution

2. The burning of fossil fuels

3. Deforestation

4. Agriculture

Green House effect

The earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation.Mediated - presence in the atmosphere of gases.Carbon dioxide, water vapor & methane Sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from the earth's surface.

Climate and Indian Agriculture

Considerably dependant on changes in weather.

Contribution of agriculture to GDP is decreasing, yet large population dependent on this for livelihoods.

Need to understand the impacts of increasing climatic risks and possible adaptations.

Impact of Climate Change on Food Supply

Items Production (million tons)

Demand of food (million tons)

2015 2020

Rice 104.80 122.1

Wheat 88.94 102.8

Coarse grains 41.75 40.9

Total cereals 235.49 265.8

* Source: Commodity India 2016

What is climate-smart agriculture?

Sustainably increases productivityResilience (adaptation)Reduces/Removes greenhouse gases (mitigation)Enhances achievement of national food security

History of CSA 2009: Term Climate-Smart Agricultural development 2010: 1st Global Conference on Food Security, Agriculture and

Climate Change in The Hague - the concept of CSA was presented. 2012: At the 2nd Global Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam: Climate-

Smart Agriculture Sourcebook advanced the CSA concept intending to benefit primarily smallholder farmers and vulnerable people in developing countries.

2013: 3rd Global Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, discussions began on a climate smart agriculture alliance.

2014: Climate Summit in New York, the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture Action plan was presented.

Definition - CSA

Is a relatively new approach to developing the technical, political and financial conditions for the achievement of sustainable development goals.

- FAO 2015

CSA - Concept An integrated approach to developing technical, policy

and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change.

It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges.

CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes, which are unfamiliar to farmers.

CSA - three pillars

Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity

and incomes.

Adapting and building resilience to climate

change.

Reducing and/or eliminating GHG emissions.

Objectives of CSA

“Climate-Smart” -Agriculture

• Developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change.

• Population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 % to meet demands by 2050.

Cont…..Climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity.

Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals.

Climate-smart practices

Crop managementLivestock managementSoil and water managementAgroforestryIntegrated food energy Systems

Crop management

Intercropping with legumes.

Crop rotations.

New crop varieties. (e.g. drought resistant)

Improved storage and processing techniques.

Greater crop diversity.

Livestock management

• Improved feeding strategies (e.g. cut ’n carry) • Rotational grazing • Fodder crops • Grassland restoration and conservation• Manure treatment• Improved livestock Health • Animal husbandry improvements

Soil and water management

• Conservation agriculture (e.g. minimum tillage) • Contour planting• Terraces and bunds• Planting pits• Water storage (e.g. water pans)• Alternate wetting and drying (SRI rice)• Dams, pits, ridges • Improved irrigation (e.g. drip)

Agroforestry

• Boundary trees and Hedgerows • Nitrogen-fixing trees on farms• Multipurpose trees • Woodlots• Fruit orchards

Integrated food energySystems

Biogas

Production of energy Plants

Improved stoves

Dimension - Climate Smart Agriculture

Water smartWeather smartNutrient smartCarbon smart Energy smartKnowledge smart

Water smart

Direct seeded riceRaised bedMaize bedSRI technologyDrip Irrigation

Weather smartWeather forecast Index based insurance Seeds

Nutrient smart

Nutrient expert decision support tool for agriculture.

Carbon smart & Energy smart

Residue management No tillage or zero tillage

Knowledge smart

ICTs

Gender empowerment

Capacity

Ex- Knowledge SmartMobile APP for Pest and Disease

Management of crops

(PEAT) – ICRISAT (ICM)

Examples – climate smart production systems

The production, processing and marketing of agricultural goods are central to food security and economic growth.

Products derived from plants and animals include foods .

Fibers

Fuels

Ex- Soil and nutrient management

This can be done through composting manure and crop residues, more precise matching of nutrients with plant needs, controlled release and deep placement technologies or using legumes for natural nitrogen fixation.

Ex- Improving soil nutrient content

This can be partially resolved by the use of legumes as green manures, planted in intercropping systems, as part of a scheme of crop rotation or in agro-forestry systems.

Ex- Water harvesting and use Improved water harvesting and retention & water-use efficiency

are fundamental for increasing production and addressing increasing irregularity of rainfall patterns.

Today, irrigation is practiced on 20 percent of the agricultural land in developing countries but can generate 130 percent more yields than rain-fed systems.

The expansion of efficient management technologies and methods, especially those relevant to smallholders is fundamental.

Ex- Resilient Ecosystems Sustainable systems that may also contribute to

reducing or removing greenhouse gases.

Services include, control of pests and disease, regulation of microclimate, decomposition of wastes, regulating nutrient cycles and crop pollination.

Enabling and enhancing the provision of such services can be achieved through the adoption of different natural resource management and production practices.

Ex- Harvesting, processing and supply chains

Reduce post-harvest losses and preserve food quantity, quality and nutritional value of the product.

It also ensures better use of co-products and by-products, to produce renewable energy in integrated systems or to improve soil fertility.

To ensure increased shelf life, retain quality and reduce carbon footprints.

CSA - Conservation agriculture

Minimum soil disturbance

Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover

Use of crop rotations

Minimum soil disturbance

Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25% of the soil surface is disturbed.

Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover

CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as

the minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover

is site-specific.

Use of crop rotationsReduce build-up of weeds, pests and diseases.

Where farmers do not have enough land to rotate crops, intercropping can be used.

Legumes are recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing functions.

CA - Key messagesIncrease resilience to climate change and has

the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation.

The benefits of CA are highly site specific.

Innovative approaches are needed to overcome barriers for uptake of CA by smallholders

Benefits of CA

Stable yieldsDrought bufferingReduced field preparation costsReduced soil erosionClimate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation

Under certain conditions, CA may contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and reduced GHG emissions.

But climate change adaptation rather than mitigation should be the main policy driver for its promotion.

Challenges to CA adoptionAppropriate soil typeSufficient availability of crop residues

or other mulchAffordable access to fertilizer and

herbicidesWeed controlDelayed yield benefits

CSA- Millets Millets are climate change compliant crops

that resist the challenges.

Such as global warming, water scarcity, recurring droughts and malnutrition posed to us in the coming era of climate change through their capacity to withstand these challenges.

Cont…..Demand is slowly increasing for

various types of millets that require very little water to grow.

Scientists say that millet cultivation needs to be further encouraged to adapt to global warming that leads to losses in crop yields.

Cont…..Millets are increasingly being included in

the food basket of rural and urban households.

They cost less than rice or wheat, and keep you healthier.

They also need less water to grow and can tolerate higher temperatures, crucial for farmers in this era of climate change.

Cont….. Millets are highly tolerant to increased temperatures,

droughts and floods.

millets are generally resilient to pests

Millets are rich in nutrients

Suitable for mixed and intercropping, crops like maize and broad bean, grown with millets, offer food and livelihood security to farmers

Millets – Climate ChangeClimate Change bonus for being low

carbon crops.

Help us fight the carbon crisis

Ability to sequester carbon

As millets have more tillers or branches than corn and sorghum, they provide better fodder too.

Millet crops also have a good ability to sequester carbon and so help climate adaptation, considering the water needs and methane emission of rice fields.

Millets - Water Conservation

Millet farmers grow their crop without irrigation.

Thus every acre of millet farm saves the country up to six million liters.

This is the “root print” of millets that needs state recognition and acknowledgement.

Millets - Nutrition• Millets crops are storehouses of nutrition For

the impoverished populations residing in the dry land areas of India.

• Millets offer a huge nutrition solution during the climate change years when India will face a nutritional emergency.

Climate Smart Agriculture with Gender Perspective

Gender Socio cultural differences between the

males and females.

Biological process does not discriminate between man and woman.

Gender Status in Agriculture

As farmers, agricultural workers and women form the backbone of agricultural rural economy.

Women farmers represent more than a quarter of the world’s population.

Women comprise, on an average, 43 % of the agricultural work force in developing countries.

Cont…..Yet women have less access than men to

agriculture related assets, inputs and services.

Had they enjoyed the same access to productive resources as men, women could boost yield by 20-30 %.

Also raising the overall agricultural output by 2 ½ to 4%.

Share of crops produced by - FHH

Asian32%

Africa60%

Other8%

% of rural HH

Asian Africa Other0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% of total value of food produced

% of total value of food pro-duced

Women in Agriculture allied sectors (World level)

livestock keepersfisheries and aquaculture

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

400

45

Women in Agriculture allied sectors (World level) Peoples (Mil-lion)

Gender- Climate Smart Perspective

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach.

FAO: developing countries, an average of 43 % of the agricultural labor force is made up of women; in many countries this proportion is much higher.

Policy Recommendations to Make CSA More Gender-Smart

Conduct gender analysis within all CSA projects, programs and policies to assess the implications and benefits of CSA technologies and practices on men and women.

Identify women’s groups and provide them with training and support for leadership, negotiation and communication skills, as well as business skills.

Cont….. Support women’s participation in decision making

related to climate change, particularly at the local level.

Provide training to both men and women on CSA technologies and practices and awareness related to gender.

Facilitate women’s access to land and credit through transforming laws and local practices.

Economic benefits of CSA practices CSA intervention

% change intotal production

% change intotal input cost

Change inyield (t/ha)

Change in inputcost (INR ha)

Net return(INR ha)

Improved seeds (IS)

19 52 1.03 1,402.00 15,712

Laser land leveling (LLL)

10 9.5 0.33 3,037.00 8,119

Zero tillage (ZT)

6 -41 0.36 -1,577.00 6,951

IS + LLL 17 63 0.87 1,752.00 14,194IS + ZT 16 6 0.94 234.00 15,303

*Source: FAO report 2015.

Economics & Policy Innovations for CSA

Identifying the synergies and tradeoffs between food security, adaptation and mitigation that may arise in transforming .

Identifies the local institutions needed to support the transition to CSA systems.

Provides assistance for strategic planning that integrates climate change, agricultural development and food security policy objectives and investments.

Builds mechanisms and investment plans to combine climate finance with agricultural investment finance to support the transition to CSA.

CSA IN INDIA

1800

1300

800

300

-2002010 2012 2014 2016

Num

ber

of C

limat

eSm

art

Villa

ges

End of2016

Climate Smart Villages In India

Source: Pramod aggrawal (2015), CIMMYT-CCAFS

Key Interventions - CS Village

In XII Plan period, the vision is to develop at least 50 CSVs by 2016-17.These villages should act as hubs for upscaling climate smart practices under NMSA.Vision is to have all these villages fully comply with climate resilience practices like:

1. Utilization of complete surface water harvesting potential

2. Mandatory ground water recharge structures

3. Fertilizer use only based on soil testing

4. Nitrogen application based on better products

5. Use of energy efficient pumps for water lifting

6. No burning of crop residues; mandatory greening of waste lands with tree cover

7. Green and brown manuring to the extent feasible

8. Water saving paddy cultivation practices (direct seeding, AWD etc.)

9. Mandatory vaccination of livestock for seasonal diseases

10. Livestock feeding, housing and manure management that emit least methane

11. All farmers to have access to agro advisories through mobiles

12. Appropriate weather insurance packages identified

Towards Developing Climate Smart villages

National Solar

MissionNational

Mission for Enhanced

Energy Efficiency

National Mission on Sustainable

Habitat

National Water Mission

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

National Mission for Sustaining

the Himalayan Ecosystem

National Mission for a Green India

National Mission on Strategic

Knowledge for Climate Change

National Action Plan INDIA

To make agriculture productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient

To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility status

To optimize utilization of water resources through efficient water management

To conserve on-farm resources through appropriate resource conservation technologies

To develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders in the domain of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures

To pilot models in select blocks by mainstreaming rainfed technologies and leveraging resources

To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination for accomplishing key deliverables .

National Action Plan Objectives

Newly launched CSA related schemes in India

•To enhance resilience of Indian agriculture (including crops, livestock and fisheries) to climatic variability and climate change •To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields to cope with current climatic variability •To enhance the capacity of scientists, farmers and other stakeholders in climate resilient agricultural research and awareness of impacts

Project Components • Strategic Research • Technology Demonstrations • Capacity Building • Sponsored / Competitive

research grants

Program areas •Rainfed crop production systems •Irrigated crop production systems •Horticultural production systems •Soil, water and nutrient management •Monitoring of GHGs •Resource use efficiency in agriculture •Improved machinery for adaptation and mitigation •Livestock and Dairy sector •Fisheries including Aquaculture

National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

Objectives

Implementationframework

Plan of Work

PRAICAR

FGDNRM Div.

Extn. Div.

Baseline

CRIDA ATARIAction plan

KVK Interventions

Impact & up-scalingNICRAvillage

ZMC for Monitoring& Third party

evaluation

Village level Climate Risk Management Committee

(VCRMC)(10-20 villagers)

1. Water conservation and water harvesting.2. Drought proofing including afforestation and tree plantation .3. Irrigation canals.4. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by SC, ST/beneficiaries under

IAY.5. Renovation of traditional water bodies.6. Land development .7. Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas.8. Rural connectivity to provide all weather access.9. Agriculture related works10.Livestock related works 11. Fisheries related works12.Works in coastal areas13.Rural drinking water related works14.Rural sanitation related works15.Any other work notified by the GOI

MGNREGA INTERVENTION FOR CSA

CSA Project - TN

On going project Tamil Nadu

ClimaAdapt

V- KVK SMS Advisory Community Radio

Weather Information Hiring Agricultural Implements

New initiatives in KVK

Supporting & Funding Institutions

Climate Smart

Agriculture

Producing and sharing technical knowledge

Providing financial services, credit and access to markets

Supporting the co-ordination of collaborative action

help people translate CSA information into knowledge.

• credit, • insurance, • social safety

nets, • payments or

rewards for environmental services.

networks and knowledge-sharing platforms).

Roles of Funding Institution

Weather Information Current weather

forecasts Seasonal forecasts Longer-term climate

trends

Available Options information Climate smart

technologies Climate smart practices

Services to Farmers

Research evidence

Figure : 1 knowledge level about climate change

Himachal Pradesh Sarkar and Padaria (2015)

n=100

Table 1 : major coping mechanism adopted by them to mitigate the impact of climate change

Sr. No. Coping mechanism Small

FarmersMedium Farmers

Large Farmers Total Farmers

A. Technological mitigation

1 Change in cropping pattern 60.00 40.00 26.67 42.22

2 Mixed/inter cropping 93.33 76.67 56.67 75.56

3 Cultivating tree crops 0.00 10.00 76.67 28.89

4 Soil organic matter enhancement 46.67 46.67 16.67 36.67

5 Drought resistant crops 13.33 43.33 20.00 25.56

6 Mixed farming system 93.33 76.67 43.33 71.11 B. Socio-economic factors 7 Reduced consumption expenditure 60.00 50.00 0.00 36.67 8 Shifting to other profession 80.00 50.00 20.00 50.00 9 Borrowing 86.67 50.00 10.00 48.89

10 Crop insurance 6.67 16.67 10.00 11.11 11 Selling of land and livestock 26.67 6.67 3.33 12.22 12 No response 6.67 23.33 23.33 17.78

Karnataka

n=250

Asha et al. (2012)

90

Adapted measures Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%)

1 Intercropping 92 08 00

2 Rain water harvesting 29 70 01

3 Mulching 95 05 00

4 Zero tillage 00 12 88

5 Improved varieties 52 40 08

6 ITK knowledge to control disease, insects and pests

95 05 00

7 Use of insurance 00 25 75

8 Agroforestry 69 29 02

9 Crop rotation 37 52 11

Table 2 : coping and adaptive strategies adopted by them to combat impact of climate change

Shukla et al. (2015)Sikkim

n= 300

Table 8: Impact of Agro Advisory Service in terms of their adoption of recommended practices

SrNo.

Adoption level

Before After % Change

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Low(0 – 8)

263 34 70 9 -25

2 Medium(9 - 16)

364 47 473 61 14

3 High(17 - 24)

147 19 232 30 11

Total 775 100 775 100

Raipur Sushil et. al (2015)

n=775

CASE STUDY

93

Organization(s) Involved:• Centre for Development Informatics (CDI) • International Development Research Centre (IDRC)   • University of Manchester, UK • Timeframe 2007 – 2011 Location/Region:• Adi tribal community, Siang river valley and foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh

State, North-East India  Condition: • Smallholders and practice slash-and-burn cultivation for subsistence, and production is low.• 40 % of the population live below the poverty line.• The environmental conditions are hard: mountainous terrain, regular natural catastrophes and

irregular rainfall during the wet season.   Primary Objective:• To provide better information about climate-smart agriculture in order to raise awareness and adoption

of practices that are sustainable. • The aim of such practices is to increase productivity, resilience, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

and enhance food security and development. Expected Results:• The adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by the beneficiaries is the main expected result.  

eArik : Using ICTs to Facilitate "Climate Smart Agriculture" among Tribal Farmers of North East India

(Saravanan, R. 2011. http://www.niccd.org)

95

Results To Date:• 44 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on rice • 92 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on mandarin • 42 % of farmers reported increased production of rice • 29 % of farmers reported increased production of mandarin • 55 % of farmers moved from slash-and-burn to settled cultivation • Increase of income  

Success Factors:• It is estimated that the e-Arik approach is 3.6 times cheaper than a conventional

agricultural extension system and that farmers can access information 16 times faster.• each farmer is saving – on average – Rs.2,400 (US$53) per year in fuel costs due to

journeys to the agricultural extension office that would previously have had to be made, but which can now be foregone. (Saravanan 2008a).

Critical success factors :• Use of trusted local intermediaries between experts and farmers• Appropriate use of a wide variety of ICTs• Multi-stakeholder partnership  

Scale-Up Potential:• A scale-up phase of the project is planned with further government funding. • The goal is to replicate the project in the other seven north-east states of India. • There, a greater emphasis will be on the use of mobile phones. 

• Mrs. S. Meenakshi Ammal• Allikundam NICRA Village of Kovilpatti Centre• 8 acres of land under cotton cultivation. • SVPR 2 variety was grown during Rabi 2014-15. • series of AAS bulletins were issued which was followed as such by

the farmer.

Success story of a farm woman

Higher profit obtained by Mrs. Meenakshi Ammal is attributed to: She followed all the AAS issued and carried out all farm operations in time.

She avoided insecticide spraying two times due to rainfall forecast.

Comparison of BC ratio analysis between Meenakshi Ammal AAS and non-AAS farmers in rainfed cotton

Input details AAS Farmer Non-AAS FarmerField preparation cost (` ha-1) 1500 1500

Seed cost (` ha-1) 1900 1900

Seed treatment (` ha-1) 650 50

Fertilizer cost (` ha-1) 4850 7300

Labour cost (Weeding, Nipping, sprayingof fertilizers and pesticides) (` ha-1)

4750 4500

Cost of plant protection (` ha-1) 9500 14000

Harvesting (Transport and picking) 7500 5500

Cost of cultivation (` ha-1) 30650 34750Kapas yield (q ha-1) 25.5 21.25Price of cotton (` q-1) 2800 2800

Total income (` ha-1) 70,700 59,500

Net profit (` ha-1) 40,050 24,750

Benefit cost ratio 2.30 1.71

Supporting agricultural extension towards CSA

• Agricultural Advisory System

• Agro meteorological- tools for CSA

• FFS

• ATMA

• KVKs

Innovative Extension Approaches for CSA

• Digital Green’s model • ‘Festival of Agriculture’• ‘KRISHI MAHOTSAV’

Climate Smart Agriculture

Reducing or eliminating GHG emissions

Research Opportunity• Evaluating new and existing climate-smart and gender

sensitive agricultural options

• Understanding the barriers to adoption of different climate-smart agricultural practices

• Building evidence of the benefits of climate-smart agriculture

• Identification of socio-economic and institutional barriers for adopting climate-smart portfolio

Research Funding • International – FAO, ICRISAT, CCAF,S, IRRI, IFPRI,

World Bank etc.

• National – UGC, CISIR, MHRD, ICSSR, IARI, ICAR etc.

• State – TANSCHE, TEDA

• Regional – ICDP, DRDA

• NGOs – MSSRF, DHAN, CSE, CPRRF, OXFAM

• Corporate – RATAN TATA & Welcome Trust

• Publication – New India Publication

Upcoming Training Programme• “Impacts of drought and high temperature effects on

agriculture in present scenario”-Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology , Faizabad. Nov 1.

• Soil, air and water pollution and mitigation strategies, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana. Nov 2.

• Adoption of Suitable Conventional and Biotechnological Approaches for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management in Crops. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar. Feb 13.

Upcoming Seminar

International

Conclusion Developing countries must undergo a significant

transformation in order to meet the related challenges of food security and climate change.

Effective climate-smart practices already exist and could be implemented in developing country agricultural systems.

Adopting an ecosystem approach, working at landscape scale and ensuring intersectional coordination and cooperation is crucial for effective climate change responses.

Conclusions

Cont…..Considerable investment is required-

(knowledge gap, research and development of technologies).

Institutional and financial support

Strengthened institutional capacity

Cont…..

Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate change .

Synergistically combining financing from public and private sources

  Extension functionaries were having medium level

awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They needs training on climate smart agriculture aspects.

Thank u