Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity

Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan for Rural Water Supply

Training Manual

November 2016

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

i

Acronyms

BoA Bureau of Agriculture

BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development

BoH Bureau of Health

CESDWS Compulsory Ethiopian Standard of Drinking Water Specifications

COWASH Community-Led Accelerated WASH

CR-WSP Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan

DFID Department for International Development

EDHS Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

EPHI Ethiopian Public Health Institute

EPLAU Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use

ESA Ethiopian Standard Agency

DWQS Drinking Water Quality Standard

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FMHACA Federal Ministry of Health, Food, Medicine, Health care Administration and Control Agency

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

HDA Health Development Army

HEWs Health Extension Workers

H-NAP Health National Adaptation plan

JMP Joint Monitoring Program

KWSP Kebele Water Safety Plan

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MoFED Ministry of Finance Economy and Development

MoH Ministry of Health

MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity

MSF-5 Multi-stakeholders Forum on WASH Ethiopia

NGOs Non-Governmental Organization

NWI National WASH Inventory

ODF Open Defecation Free

SNNPR Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples' of Ethiopia

SOPs Standard operation procedures

TWG Technical Working Group

WASH Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

WASHCOs Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Committees

WHO World Health Organization

WSP Water Safety Plan

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

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Table of contents

Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................... i

Table of contents ........................................................................................................................................... ii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v

Forward ........................................................................................................................................................ vi

Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................................... vii

Operational Definitions .............................................................................................................................. viii

Part 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background Information on Ethiopian Water Supply Status ............................................................. 1

1.2. Major impacts of unsafe water: Global and National context ............................................................ 2

1.3. Impact of climate change and variability on WASH ......................................................................... 3

1.4. Safe drinking water framework .......................................................................................................... 4

1.5. The rational for CR-WSP for Rural water supply for Ethiopia ......................................................... 5

1.6. Progress on CR-WSP in Ethiopia ...................................................................................................... 5

Part II: About the CR-WSP training manual ................................................................................................ 6

2.1. Overview of the Training Manual ...................................................................................................... 6

2.2. Objective of the Training Manual ...................................................................................................... 6

2.2.1. General Objective ....................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.2. Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6

2.3. Expected Outcome of the Training Manual ....................................................................................... 7

2.4. Scope of the Manual .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.5. Methodology of the Manual to Deliver the CR-WSP Training ......................................................... 7

2.6. Structure of the Training Manual ....................................................................................................... 8

Part III: Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan for Rural Water Supply System ............................................ 9

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3.1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 9

3.1.1. Basic Concept and Principles of CR-WSP.................................................................................. 9

3.1.2. Objective of CR-WSP ............................................................................................................... 10

3.1.3. The need for CR-WSP .............................................................................................................. 11

3.1.4. The Benefits of CR-WSP .......................................................................................................... 12

3.1.5. The CR-WSP Approach ............................................................................................................ 13

3.2. CR-WSP Processes for Rural Water Supply .................................................................................... 14

TASK 1. Ensure Community Engagement and Form CR-WSP Team ................................................... 15

Task 1.1. Engage the Community ....................................................................................................... 15

Task 1.2. Assemble CR-WSP Team ................................................................................................... 16

Task 1.3. Mapping of the CR-WSP Team Members .......................................................................... 18

TASK 1.4. Organize capacity building training program for Kebele CR-WSP team......................... 19

TASK 2: Describe the Community Water Supply .................................................................................. 21

Task 2.1 Map all the Water Supply System ........................................................................................ 23

Task 2.2: Gather Supporting Information ........................................................................................... 24

Task 2.3 Check the Map and Water Supply Description .................................................................... 25

Task 2.4 Discuss and Identify Community Water Supply Objectives ................................................ 25

TASK 3–Identify Hazards, Hazardous Events, Evaluating Existing Control Measures, and Asses Risks

................................................................................................................................................................ 26

Task 3.1 Identify Hazards and Hazardous Events .............................................................................. 28

Task 3.2 Identify Existing Control Measures and Evaluate their Effectiveness ................................. 32

Task 3.3 Assessment of Risks Associated with Each Identified Hazards ........................................... 36

TASK 4 – Develop and Implement an Incremental Improvement Plan ................................................. 41

Task 4.1 Identify Additional Control Measures to Improve Drinking Water Safety .......................... 41

Task 4.2 Develop an Incremental Improvement Plan ......................................................................... 43

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TASK 5: Monitor Control Measures and Verify the Effectiveness of the CR WSP ............................. 46

Task 5.1: Establish a monitoring program .......................................................................................... 46

Task 5.2. Documentation and sharing of the monitoring results ........................................................ 49

Task 6: Document, Review and Improve all Aspects of the CR-WSP Implementation ......................... 50

Task 6.1 Document Management Procedures ..................................................................................... 51

Task 6.2 Development of the CR-WSP Supporting Activities ........................................................... 52

Task 6.3 Regularly Review the CR-WSP ........................................................................................... 54

Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 55

Technical Annexes ...................................................................................................................................... 56

Annex I: CR-WSP implementation Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders at all levels .................. 56

Annex II: Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 57

Annex III: Training program on development and implementation of CR-WSP for Kebele CR-WSP

team ......................................................................................................................................................... 59

Annex IV: Detail data to be gathered during water supply system assessment (task 2.2) ...................... 60

Annex V: Sanitary Survey Form for Different Water Sources ............................................................... 63

Annex VI: Risk Assessment Matrix........................................................................................................ 68

Annex VII: Incremental Improvement Plan Format ............................................................................... 69

Annex VIII: Health and Water Quality Match Game Toolkit ................................................................ 70

v

List of Tables

Table Page

Table 3.1: Information to capture about CR-WSP team members.........................................18

Table 3.2: Example of identified hazardous events paired with hazard type and condition of

existing control measures, importance of the hazardous event and additional control measure

needed.....................................................................................................................................33

Table 3.3: Descriptive Risk assessment..................................................................................36

Table 3.4: Definition of Likelihood and Consequence for the risk ranking approach............37

Table 3.5: Example risk matrix for the risk ranking approach................................................37

Table 3.6: Example of multi-barrier approach.........................................................................42

Table 3.7: Example of an incremental improvement plan.......................................................44

Table 3.8: Operational monitoring of small community rural water supply systems..............46

List of Figures

Figure Page

Fig 1.1: Framework for safe drinking water..........................................................................4

Fig 3.1: Illustration of primary objective of CR-WSP.........................................................11

Fig. 3.2: Limitation of end-pipe water quality testing..........................................................12

Fig. 3.3: Benefits of CR-WSP..............................................................................................13

Fig.3.4: CR-WSP Processes for rural water supply.............................................................14

Fig 3.5: Picture showing the community engagement..........................................................16

Fig 3.6: Typical rural piped water supply system in Ethiopian context...............................22

Fig. 3.7: Map of water supply system in a Kebele replace..................................................23

Fig. 3.8: Discussion with community on water supply objectives.......................................25

Fig 3.9: Hazardous events and hazard relationship..............................................................27

Fig 3.10: Sanitary inspection form illustration from cathement to consumer......................31

Fig.3.11: Verification Monitoring........................................................................................48

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Forward

Water pollution along the water supply system (source/catchment to point of use), environmental

degradation, and climate change undermine the effort of the Government of Ethiopia, and development

partners in the provision of safe and adequate water supply to the community in a sustainable manner.

It is to be recalled that, in 2012, the fifth MSF (MSF-5) recognizing the above mentioned challenges

brought the water safety issue

upfront for discussion and

reached consensus to develop

national Climate Resilient

Water Safety Strategic

Framework and Guideline for

water safety plans so as to

address the challenges.

Based on this, the MOWIE in

collaboration with development

partners has developed Climate

Resilient Water Safety Strategic

Framework and Climate

Resilient Water Satiety Plan

guidelines both for the urban and the rural water supply.

Having the strategic framework and guidelines alone is not enough to implement CR-WSP. To implement

the CR-WSP, the human resource at all level (federal, regional, woreda, Kebele, and the community

level) shall take the required capacity building trainings on CR-WSP. Currently, both government and

some development partners and NGOs have already started piloting the CR-WSP after giving training on

the CR-WSP using different training materials though the basic concepts and principles are the same.

Recognizing this, the MoWIE decided to prepare one national CR-WSP training manual for rural water

supply to be used by different WASH stakeholders and partners when implementing the CR-WSP. Based

on this, the Ministry in collaboration with development partners has prepared this training manual.

Finally, the Ministry calls all WASH stakeholders and partners at all level to use this training manual

when delivering training to their staffs so that there will the same level of understanding of the CR-WSP,

and implement the CR-WSP effectively.

Semunesh Golla, Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate Director; Ministry of Water, Irrigation and

Electricity.

vii

Acknowledgement

The development of this training manual of Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan for Rural Water

Supply is an expression of the strong initiation of the Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate

of the Federal Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Electricity (MoWIE); COWASH; and WHO,

Country Office. The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity would like to acknowledge the

contribution of the following experts who participated from development to finalize the training

manual:

No Name Organization

1 Sisay Derso Ethiopian Public Health Institute

2 Osman Yiha WHO, Ethiopia Country Office

3 Balew Yibel MoWIE, Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate

4 Eyob Abebe MoWIE, Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate

5 Belachew Eshetu MoWIE, Hydrology and Water Quality Directorate

6 Asmamaw Abeje MoWIE, Water Supply and Sanitation Directorate

7 Endalkachew Landu MoWIE, Water Supply and Sanitation Directorate

8 Melaku Worku COWASH Federal Technical Assistance Team

9 Mussie Hailegeorgis COWASH Federal Technical Assistance Team

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Operational Definitions

Audit: review and evaluation of CR-WSP practices

Catchment: drainage basin/watershed – a discrete area of land that has a common drainage

system. A catchment includes both water bodies that convey the water and the land surface from

which water drains into these bodies.

Climate Change: According to IPCC definition Climate Change refers to any change in the

climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.

Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans: Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans (CR-WSP): is a

comprehensive and continuous risk assessment and management approach encompassing all

water supply system, from catchment to consumer, taking into account both the climate change

impacts on the water supply system, and service level including quantity, quality, reliability,

affordability and accessibility.

Control Measures: are activities or processes to prevent or reduce a hazardous event/hazard.

The CR-WSP process involves consideration of both existing control measures and

new/proposed control measure (or improvements).

Control Point – A step at which control can be applied to prevent, eliminate or reduce the risks

of a water safety hazard

Critical Limit: is cutoff point that signifies when a control measure has failed or is working

ineffectively and therefore emergency action is required

Hazard: is a biological, chemical or physical agent that has the potential to cause harm.

Hazardous Event: is an event or situation that can introduce a hazard to the rural water supply

system from catchment to point of consumption.

Monitor: the act of conducting a planned sequence of observations or measurements of control

parameters to assess whether the control point is under control or whether the water meets

quality criteria

Multi-barrier Approach: the concept of using more than one type of barrier or control measure

in a water supply system (from catchment through abstraction, treatment, storage and distribution

to the consumer) to minimize risks to the safety of the water supply.

Operational Monitoring: Routine monitoring of control measures along the water supply chain

to confirm ongoing effectiveness. Carried out by the WASHCO/Board (responsible for

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management of the water supply system) and involves defining critical limits for relevant

parameters and corrective actions to take when critical limits are breached.

Risk: is the likelihood that a hazardous event/hazard will occur combined with the severity of

the consequences.

Rural Water Supply System: is a water supply that provide water for drinking and other

domestic uses including a rural piped system that could cover multiple villages, multiple Kebeles

and/or multiple Woredas managed by the WASHCO /Board.

Sanitary Survey: is an on-site inspection of rural water supply system to identify actual and

potential sources of hazards and hazardous events such as physical structure, operation of the

system, point of consumption and external environmental factors, are being evaluated and select

appropriate remedial actions to improve or protect the water supply.

Stakeholders: individuals or organizations those are influenced by, or influential to, the water

supply

Validation: refers to reviewing evidence to determine whether or not the existing control

measures can effectively control the hazardous event/hazard. This must be done prior to risk

assessment so that the risk assessment considers how well controlled the hazardous event/hazard

is currently.

Verification: Monitoring to confirm the effectiveness of the CR-WSP as a whole and involving

three elements: 1) compliance monitoring (generally by health authorities to confirm final water

compliance with drinking water quality standards); 2) consumer satisfaction survey; and 3)

internal/external CR-WSP auditing.

Vulnerability: Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has defined vulnerability in

terms of systems, as ‘the degree, to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with,

adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.

Water Safety Plan (WSP): A comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach

that encompasses all steps in the water supply system, from catchment to consumer.

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Part 1: Introduction

1.1. Background Information on Ethiopian Water Supply Status

Safe drinking water is a basic need for human development, health and well-being, and because

of this it is an internationally accepted human right. The human right to drinking water is

fundamental for life and health. Sufficient and safe drinking water is a precondition for the

realization of all human rights(UNHR, 2002).However, billions of people in the world still have

no access to it. Increased access to improved water supply services has given due attention being

one of the essentials for health, welfare and livelihood of Ethiopian population. The Ethiopian

government has developed Water Sector Development Plan (WSDP)/Universal Access Plan

(UAP-2) for WASH and has been implementing these to increase urban and rural communities’

access to safe and adequate drinking water supply services.

The overall drinking water supply access has reached to 84% with an average per capita

consumption of 15 liters per person per day with in 1.5 km radius in rural, and 0.5km radius in

urban. In addition, the rate of non-functionality is reduced to 11.2% (MoWIE, 2015b). The main

water supply sources for rural communities includes; deep and shallow boreholes, spot and

gravity springs and hand dug wells fitted with hand pumps which are managed by communities.

Yet too many people (23.3%) exclusively depend on unimproved sources such as rivers,

unprotected springs, open hand dug wells (self-supply) and ponds.

Moreover, water supply from improved sources does not always guaranty that the water is safe.

The existing operation and maintenance practices are reactive and are exercised after the supply

system interrupts and stops providing services, and the system may be maintained and operation

is depending on the availability of materials, spare parts, and capacity of the operators and care

takers. In most of the cases, system remains dis-functional over long period of time due to

various reasons including; lack of ownership as a result of inadequate community

involvement/participation during system development, lack of spare parts supply chain, poor

operation and maintenance. The protection of the catchment where the source of water is

embedded has also a significant influence on the quality and quantity of the water produced.

A climate change impact on the water supply system is being a crucial issue that demands great

attentions of political leadership to undertake measures. Now we are facing problems mainly

declining the water yield, and damage of water supply infrastructure by flood.

The poor quality and low quantity status of drinking water initiated government and WASH

development partners to bring the water safety issue upfront for discussion on MSF-5 and

reached consensus to develop national strategic framework and guideline for water safety plans

so as to address the above mentioned challenges.

2

Thus, this training manual will be useful to describe how rural communities can get and sustain

safe and adequate drinking water by developing and implementing their own CR-WSP.

1.2. Major impacts of unsafe water: Global and National context

Global

Safe and adequate drinking water, along with adequate sanitation and hygiene have implications

across all Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – from eradicating poverty and hunger,

reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating infectious diseases, to ensuring

environmental sustainability. However, as the world turns its attention to the formulation of the

post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) much remains to be done particularly to

reduce inequalities across populations since 2.5 billion people lack access to improved

sanitation; 1 billion people practice open defecation i.e. nine out of ten in rural areas; 748 million

people lack access to improved drinking water and it is estimated that 1.8 billion people use a

source of drinking water that is faecally contaminated; Hundreds of millions of people have no

access to soap and water to wash their hands, preventing a basic act that would empower them to

block the spread of diseases (GLAAS, 2014).

Unsafe drinking water, along with poor sanitation and hygiene leads to high levels of

environmental contamination and exposure to the risks of microbial infections, diarrhoeal

diseases (including cholera), trachoma, schistosomiasis and hepatitis(GLAAS, 2014).

Furthermore, diarrheal diseases contribute a major burden of disease in the world, especially in

low and middle income countries. Of all medical conditions, diarrhea is the second leading cause

of healthy time lost to illness (72.8 million DALYs)(Ahs et al., 2010). Its contribution reaches

globally about 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease and causing more than 760 000 deaths

annually among under 5 years’ children(UNICEF/WHO, 2009).

National

Improvements in access to safe water and adequate sanitation, along with the promotion of good

hygiene practices (particularly hand washing with soap), can help prevent childhood diarrhea.

Different studies and reports on child morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia showed that diarrhea is

a major public health problem. In Ethiopia, a total of 73,700 annual child deaths reported due to

diarrhea (Mengistie et al., 2012). A community based survey report showed that diarrhea remains

the second common cause of under-five mortality (88 per 1000 live births), and morbidity (13%)

in Ethiopia ((EDHS, 2011), (Sathiyasusuman, 2011)(Mengistie et al., 2012).

A more recent estimate indicated the two-week period prevalence of diarrhea in under-five

children is about 22.5% and 19.6% in eastern and southern Ethiopia, respectively (Mengistie et

al., 2012). The 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) reported that 13% of

the children had diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey at the national level. The

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national prevalence of active Trachoma for children in the age of 1-9 years is 40.14% (EDHS,

2011).

1.3. Impact of climate change and variability on WASH

Climate change and weather variability impacts affect the water sector with significant

consequences. In Ethiopia, climate change is expected to intensify the already high hydrological

variability and frequency of extreme events.

Water is a primary medium through which climate change influences earths’ eco-system, and

thus, the livelihood and wellbeing of the society. Ethiopia has one of the most complex and

varied climate in the world due to its diverse geography resulting in drought and flood which has

a direct negative impact on the quantity and quality of water for drinking, domestic use and

agriculture.

It is to be noted that existing shallow well water and springs are vulnerable to microbial

contamination due to runoff during rainy seasons in flood prone and water logged areas. On the

other hand, shallow ground water sources in arid and semi-arid areas most frequently suffer from

lowering of the water table, decreased discharge rate (quantity) and drying due to high

temperature and evapo-transpiration.

When there is increased intensity of rainfall there is increased risk of flooding, leading to both

infrastructure damage and contamination of surface and groundwater supplies. In rural areas for

example, floods can damage or inundate springs, wells, and rainwater harvesting systems and

boreholes. This can hamper both access to water and cause contamination and health risks. In

addition, pit latrines widely used in rural areas are also vulnerable to flooding and can cause

serious environmental contamination that aggravates deterioration of drinking water quality.

Furthermore, quality of the existing water sources is under threat as a result of poor sanitation,

open defecation (exclusively practiced by 29% (28.3 million people)) (WHO/UNICEF, 2015),

and intensive use of agrochemicals including pesticides and fertilizers.

Degraded micro-watershed has significant impact on the sustainability of the water supply. In the

one hand, degraded micro-watershed has low recharging capacity of the ground leading to

decreased yield of the water point. On the other hand, degraded micro-watershed generates more

flood that may damage the water supply infrastructures and cause contamination of the shallow

groundwater and surface water sources.

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1.4. Safe drinking water framework

Framework for safe drinking-water comprises three key components. These are:

Health based targets: health based targets for microbial and chemical qualities of drinking

water are set nationally based on evaluation of health concerns by the FMoH. Health-based

targets can be used to support incremental improvement by marking out milestones to guide

progress towards water safety and public health goals.

Water Safety Plan: is a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that

encompasses all steps in the water supply system from catchment to point of consumption. The

approach enables the operators, managers of the rural WASH boards, CR-WSP teams and other

concerned body to know the system thoroughly, identify where and how problems could arise,

put multiple barriers and management systems in place to stop the problems before they happen

and making all parts of the system work properly so as to ensure safety of water intended for

human consumption and other domestic uses.

Independent surveillance: is the continuous and vigilant public health assessment and review of

the safety and acceptability of drinking-water supplies (WHO, 1976). Following establishment of

health base targets, assuring the safety of water through independent public health surveillance of

water safety is confirmed by the surveillance /regulatory agencies namely: Federal Ministry of

Health, Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Health care Administration and Control Authority

(EFMHACA), Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) and Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA).

The above key components are summarized in fig. 1.1 as follow.

Fig 1.1: Framework for safe drinking water (WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality 4th

edition)

5

1.5. The rational for CR-WSP for Rural water supply for Ethiopia

Rural water supply consists of the system/s used by the community to collect, treat, and store

then distribute drinking-water from source to consumer. Experience shows that rural community

water supply systems are more at risk of breakdown and contamination, leading to outbreaks of

waterborne disease and gradual decline in their functionality and service. The greatest risks to

health from these water supplies are the potential for microbial contamination and outbreaks of

infectious disease, such as acute diarrheal illness.

In order to manage the above mentioned problems related to unsafe water and climate change

impact issues, preventive management approach can be achieved through preparation and

implementation of Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans (CR-WSP) which is risk assessment and

risk-based management of drinking-water from source to consumers. The technical detail of the

need for the CR-WSP is described in part 3 of this manual.

1.6. Progress on CR-WSP in Ethiopia

Water Safety Plan was identified as one of the five major undertakings to be implemented in

Ethiopia during the 5th WASH Multi-stakeholders’ Forum (MSF-5, Nov 2012). Following the

above undertakings, Water Safety Plan trainings were conducted with support of partners such as

COWASH, German Agro Action and Hope for Drop of Water in collaboration with WHO

country office. For the first time in Ethiopia pilot Water Safety Plan (WSPs) started in 2013 in

parts of Oromia, Tigray and Amhara regions on rural water supply. The aforementioned partners

have been supporting the implementation of Water Safety Plan in selected parts of respective

project areas. Currently, Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity has been also implementing

Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan in selected pilot water supply systems in Oromia, Amhara a

SNPPR and Tigray regions through the support of WHO/DFID in a project titled 'Building

adaptation to climate change in health in least developed countries through resilient WASH.

Major outcomes of the project include; development of policy and guideline documents on

Climate resilient Water safety Plan (Climate Resilient Water Safety Strategic Framework and

Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan implementation guideline for both urban utility & rural

community managed water supplies), and over all implementation of climate resilient Water

Safety Plan in selected sites with focus to capacity building/training, risk assessment and

developing comprehensive improvement plan to ensure water safety from source to consumption

in proactive manner.

The other major achievement is that CR-WSP is harmonized into the GTP-II (2015-2020) to

mainstream it as integral part of the WASH implementation.

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Part II: About the CR-WSP training manual

2.1. Overview of the Training Manual

This CR-WSP training manual is adapted from WHO WSP for small community water supplies

approach. It is developed taking into account climate change impacts and weather variability on

Water supply systems, and the rural water supply context of Ethiopia especially the technologies

used there to develop drinking water resources. It is also based on the national CR-WSP strategic

framework and CR-WSP guideline for rural water supply. The training manual addresses the

basic concept, principles and approaches of CR-WSP for rural water supply. The manual

describe in detail the processes and procedures that is followed when Kebele CR-WSP (KCR-

WSP) team and WASHCOs are implementing the CR-WSP. The focus of the training manual is

for rural water supply system. The aim is to show how rural water supply projects integrate the

CR-WSP into their implementation. This manual helps to provide training for regional WSP

team, and cascaded to Woreda CR-WSP team then to Kebele and Scheme specific CR-WSP

teams.

The activities and practical exercises in the training manual are very useful to enable trainees at

all level better understand the subject matter effectively, and hence implement on the ground

successfully.

2.2. Objective of the Training Manual

2.2.1. General Objective

The general objective of the manual is to develop National Standard Training Manual for CR-

WSP trainers at all level. Moreover, the manual is designed to engage, empower and guide

communities in the development and implementation of CR-WSP for their drinking water supply

systems.

2.2.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the manual are to:

Provide the basic knowledge and skill on concept, principles, approaches and detail

processes of the CR-WSP for CR-WSP teams at Regional, Woreda, Kebele and Scheme

Specific (WASHCO) level,

Use the manual as a trainer's guide to cascade CR-WSP training at all level,

Help the CR-WSP teams at all level especially at Kebele and Scheme Specific teams

easily identify risks related to WASH hazards and hazardous events, develop an

increment improvement plan, take appropriate control measures, monitor and act

accordingly to ensure the safety of water supply.

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2.3. Expected Outcome of the Training Manual

After the successful completion of the training course in this manual:

Trainees at all level have the knowledge and skill on basic concepts, principles,

approaches and detail processes of CR-WSP for the rural community water supply

system,

Trainers acquainted with the knowledge, skills, and tools/methodologies to cascade the

CR-WSP training at all level in an understandable manner,

Enable Kebele and Scheme Specific CR-WSP teams, and the community at large for

successful implementation of CR-WSP.

2.4. Scope of the Manual

The training manual is used both as operational manual and trainer's guide. As a trainers' guide,

it is used to cascade the CR-WPSs training at all level (Region, Woreda, Kebele and Scheme

Specific CR-WSP teams). Note that a simplified and easy working CR-WSP manual or booklet

should be prepared for Kebele and scheme specific CR-WSP teams. As operational manual, it is

used as working material for region, zone and Woreda WASH sector experts in integrating CR-

WSP in to the regular WASH planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation. The manual is

also used by the Kebele and scheme specific CR-WSP teams when implementing the CR-WSP

actually on the ground.

Furthermore, other WASH implementing stakeholder and partners including NGOs can use the

manual when delivering training, and as a technical guideline/operational manual when

implementing CR-WSP.

2.5. Methodology of the Manual to Deliver the CR-WSP Training

To make the training practical and attractive, a variety of training methodologies can be used in

each of the training sessions/topics covered. Trainers should take care to avoid lengthy lectures

or large group discussions, always remembering that each individual learns in a different way.

Trainers should try to use as many of the following training methodologies as the length of the

training session allows:

Brainstorming,

Lectures by the trainers (using PowerPoint presentations, overhead projectors),

Group discussions,

Group exercises, activity questions, and game toolkits,

Practical field visit with exercises,

Case studies,

8

Presentations by participants after group exercises, and field visit,

PoP quiz to assess the knowledge and skill of the participants on the subject matters,

Check in and reflection session of the previous training day at the beginning of each day.

2.6. Structure of the Training Manual

The training manual is organized in to three main parts.

Part 1: Introduction - the introductory part of this training manual briefly describes the

background information on Ethiopian water supply status, major impacts of unsafe water both

global and national context, and water quality and climate change related problems of rural water

supply systems. The section also briefly introduces the progress of CR-WSP implementation in

Ethiopia in order to prevent the risk posed by unsafe drinking water, and environmental

degradation and climate change.

Part2: About the CR-WSP training manual. This section gives general overview of the CR-WSP

training manual, the target groups that are to use the manual, the objective and outcomes of the

manual, the methodology to provide the training using the manual, and the structure of the

manual.

Part 3: Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans (CR-WSP) for Rural Water Supply System. This

part of the training manual provides the basic concept, principles, approaches, and detail

processes and procedures of CR-WSP for the rural water supply systems. This section is the

corner stone of the training manual providing the step-by-step practical procedure on how to

prepare CR-WSP.

9

Part III: Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan for Rural Water Supply System

3.1: Introduction

Section overview: This section describes the basic concepts, principles, objectives, benefits of

developing and implementing CR-WSP, and its approaches.

Objective: The objective of this section is to acquaint trainees with the basic concepts,

principles, objectives, benefits of developing and implementing CR-WSP, and its approaches.

Outcome: After completing the material in this section, trainees will be able to understand the

basic concepts, principles, objectives, benefits of developing and implementing CR-WSP, and its

approaches.

3.1.1. Basic Concept and Principles of CR-WSP

Definition: Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans (CR-WSP): is a comprehensive and continuous

risk assessment and management approach encompassing all water supply system, from

catchment to consumer, taking into account both the climate change impacts on the water supply

system, and service level including quantity, quality, reliability, affordability and accessibility.

CR-WSP is an organized and systematic multiple-barrier approach to ensure the safety and

adequacy of a drinking water supply, focusing on the key hazards identified from the catchment

to the point of use. It is designed to help a community manage risks that threaten the water

supply, taking steps (over time) to improve and sustain water safety using available resources. It

is also a way to ensure safe and adequate drinking-water by:

Knowing the system thoroughly

Identifying where and how problems could arise

Putting barriers and management systems in place to stop the problems before they

happen

Making sure all parts of the system work properly

Key principles of CR-WSP

Understanding and committing to achieving drinking-water safety are prerequisites to

the implementation of any effective CR-WSP.

Water safety can be effectively and sustainably improved through the use of a preventive

risk management approach.

The CR-WSP approach is meant to be flexible and adapted as needed.

The greatest risk to drinking-water safety is contamination with disease-causing

microorganisms.

Risks to the safety of drinking-water are best controlled using a multiple-barrier

approach.

10

Incremental improvements to the water supply system can be made over time, with the

aim to eventually achieve water quality targets or objectives.

Any (sudden) change in the local environment should result in investigative action to

confirm that drinking water is safe or to provide information on how to undertake

corrective actions.

Climatic change risks should be taken into account throughout the water supply system to

ensure the safety and adequacy of water.

Any complaints about illness, taste, color or smell require follow-up to ensure that the

drinking-water continues to be safe.

Regular review of the CR-WSP (including newly identified risks) is critical to ensure that

water safety planning remains up to date and effective.

3.1.2. Objective of CR-WSP

The primary objectives of CR-WSP are to:

Prevent or minimize contamination of source water,

Reduction or removal of contaminants through treatment processes,

Prevent contamination during storage, distribution and handling of drinking-water, and

Minimize the impact of climate change and environmental degradation on the water

supply system.

See fig 3.1 in the next page for the illustrations on the primary objective of CR-WSP

11

Fig 3.1: Illustration of primary objective of CR-WSP

3.1.3. The need for CR-WSP

Group exercise: Make a list of the problems with relaying on end product testing to confirm

water safety.

Without a risk management approach, water suppliers must rely on water testing to

confirm water safety,

In Ethiopia, 75.5% of the rural population have access coverage to drinking water sources

at the end of 2014 (MoWIE, 2015b). However, access coverage and improved water

sources are not equivalent to safe water. The JMP report of 2015 showed that 43 % of the

total population of Ethiopia still uses unimproved drinking water sources (i.e. 57% of the

population uses from the improved sources),

The existing and new constructed schemes are being vulnerable to different hazards

including climate change related risks,

Communities need a proactive approach to ensure water safety through good

management of the complete water supply system,

12

Despite water quality testing is an important component of water supply system

management; it is not enough to ensure water safety. Limitations of relying on end-pipe

water quality testing alone include:

o Reactive approach (problem has already occurred and results may come too late)

o Sampling takes time – response delayed,

o Test results provide a “spot check” only (problems can be missed in space and

time),

o Limited laboratory capacity (not all tests possible and/or laboratories may be far

away),

o Testing can be very expensive, and not feasible to test all water parameters,

o May not be clear what went wrong, where and when (community may not know

how to correct problem).

Fig. 3.2: Limitation of end-pipe water quality testing

3.1.4. The Benefits of CR-WSP

Benefits of CR-WSP include: maximizing public health protection, efficient and effective use of

existing resources, provide information to maximize current and future investments, improve

water suppliers’ practices, and facilitate decision making on safe drinking water framework for

all stakeholders etc (see fig 3.3 on next page for the benefits of CR-WSP).

13

Fig. 3.3: Benefits of CR-WSP

Group exercise on water quality and health

Complete the table provided (see annex VIII) by matching each water related hazards with the

indication/potential sign and possible sources of the hazards (hazardous events); and review the

answer together (20minutes). The trainer must carry out this exercise before going to the next

section using the toolkit attached in annex VIII.

3.1.5. The CR-WSP Approach

The CR-WSP approach is the assessment, prioritization and continuous management of risks to

water safety from catchment to consumer. The major CR-WSP approach includes:

Proactive risk assessment and management,

Entire supply: catchment to point of use,

Basic components (Preparation, System assessment, Planning and Implementation,

Monitoring, Management and communication, and Feedback),

Will vary in complexity according to situation,

Water Safety is secured through a multi-barrier approach,

Key control points are known and monitored effectively,

Not a new tool that requires additional work by the water supplier,

Build on existing procedures, continuous improvement, transparent and shared

experience with all stakeholders,

The CR-WSP approach is not a recipe that needs to be followed rigidly to achieve

success. It is meant to be flexible and adapted to local needs.

It is up to each community to determine how best to achieve each task and establish a

“living” CR-WSP.

Clear understanding of roles and responsibilities

Helps to prioritize limited resources most effectively

WASHCOs/WASH

board/Water Offic

Consumers

Regulators

Increased confidence in water supply

Safe water

Clear risk-based targeting and justification of investment

Anticipates future regulatory agenda

14

3.2. CR-WSP Processes for Rural Water Supply

The development and implementation processes of the CR-WSP for rural water supply have six

interdependent tasks. This manual presents tasks to be accomplished by steps and clarifies what

to be considered under each task during development, implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the CR-WSP focusing on how to ensure safety and quantity of drinking water from

catchment to point of consumption. CR-WSP process is illustrated in Figure 3.4 below. It is

adopted from WHO WSP manual for small community water supplies (WHO, 2012), and is

modified by the training manual team taking into account the national CR-WSP Strategic

Framework, and implementation guideline for the rural water supply.

Fig.3.4: CR-WSP Processes for rural water supply

Climate Resilient Water

Safety Plan continuous

improvement cycle

TASK 1 – Ensure

community engagement

and form CR-WSPs team

TASK 2 – Describe the

community water supply

system

TASK 4 – Develop and implement

an incremental improvement plan.

TASK 5 – Monitor control

measures and verify the

effectiveness of the water

safety plan

TASK 6 – Document,

review and improve all

aspects of water safety

plan implementation

CR-WSPs Processes for rural Water Supply

6 Tasks

TASK 3 – Identify hazards,

hazardous events, evaluating

existing control measures, and

asses risks

15

TASK 1. Ensure Community Engagement and Form CR-WSP Team

Task Overview: This task gives brief description of why and how to engage the community and

assemble CR-WSP team when implementing CR-WSP. The task also describes mapping of CR-

WSP members with their roles and responsibilities.

Objective

The objective of the task is to engage the community, relevant government sectors, Kebele

administration, NGOs and other key stakeholders; and assemble a team to develop, implement

and maintain the CR-WSP.

Outcome:

A community empowered through interest and ownership in the management of its water

supply

Support from health, water, agriculture, environment and other relevant staff in the

concerned administrative unit (e.g. regions and Woreda) and/or from experienced NGOs

Linkage to prevailing government policies, water quality standards, laws and local by-

laws

Task 1.1. Engage the Community

Community engagement involves identification of key stakeholders and creation of awareness on

CR-WSP concept and benefits among community leaders through consultation with

stakeholders. For successful CR-WSP implementation, it is important to secure the support of

community leaders and decision-makers.

Why? To build support within the community

To share knowledge and experience

To support changes in operation, maintenance and

management of community water supply

To make resources available

How? By making clear the benefits of a CR-WSP

By explaining DWQS requirements

By explaining the impact of environmental

degradation and climate change on the water supply

system

16

Community can be engaged in the following ways, but not limited to:

By identifying suitable members of the community to represent the community’s interests

as part of a CR-WSP team

Through public meetings, sub group meetings, by service areas (Primary Health Care

Unit - PHCU, Farmer Training Centre - FTC), interest groups (women, farmers), etc...

Through participatory techniques such as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), mapping,

transect walk, pocket chart

A visit to a nearby community that has successfully applied a CR-WSP is a good way to

trigger interest in the approach.

Fig 3.5: Community engagement

Task 1.2. Assemble CR-WSP Team

CR-WSP teams are to be established at different level including national, region, Woreda,

Kebele, and Scheme specific with different roles and responsibilities (see annex I) taken from the

national CR-WSP rural implementation guideline, and strategic framework.

Proposed CR-WSP team structure and general responsibilities:

National CR-WSP task force led by MoWIE, and memberships from MoWIE, MoH,

MoEF, Universities, and WASH development Partners. Their role includes: agrees on

national CR-WSP approach, creates guidance documents and tools, provides CR-WSP

training, etc.

Regional CR-WSP Task force led by regional water bureau, and memberships from

RHB, BoA, regional EPLAUA, BoFED, regional WASH development partners. Their

main roles include agrees on Regional CR-WSP approach, provide support to Woreda

level CR-WSP, provide CR-WSP training, etc.

Woreda CR-WSP team led by Woreda Administrator with membership from Water

office, health office, education office, agriculture, environment, women, finance. Their

17

main roles include agrees on CR-WSP approach, provide support to kebele/scheme

specific level CR-WSP.

Kebele/Scheme specific CR-WSP team. Their roles and membership is indicated below:

The focus of this task is mainly on the establishment of CR-WSP team at Kebele and scheme

specific level as described below.

Assemble Kebele CR-WSP Team

Kebele CR-WSP team will be established wherever more than one scheme share the same micro-

watershed in the same Kebele. The main roles and responsibilities of kebele CR-WSP team

include:

Responsible for developing, implementing and maintaining the CR-WSP.

Support the community to understand and accept the CR-WSP approach.

Provide technical support for the scheme specific CR-WSP team in the development and

implementation of the CR-WSP.

Group exercise on CR-WSP team building: Build an ideal CR-WSP team based on your

experience and present it (30 minutes).

The Kebele CR-WSP team is composed of formal and informal community leaders and

professionals with different backgrounds on:

operation and maintenance of rural community-managed water supply schemes,

management of the rural WASH board,

understanding of water quality standard specification and skills on water quality

testing/analysis and sanitary surveys, water resource extension services,

Agricultural development/natural resource management,

Gender issues, with good understanding of gender and sustainable WASH implications

on gender,

Institutional WASH (schools and health institutions),

Leadership of the social and religious institutions (Iddir and church/mosque leadership),

and

Promotion of hygiene and sanitation with good understanding of the socioeconomic

dynamics in the population.

Therefore, in Ethiopia a CR-WSP team at Kebele level commonly consists of the following actor

such as:

Kebele Administrator,

Kebele Manager,

Kebele Women’s Affair,

18

Sub-Kebele development committee chair,

WASHCO chair persons of respective selected water schemes,

Development Agent/natural resource management DA

Environmental protection and land administration officer

Community and religious leaders

Kebele water technician, pump attendant/care takers

Health Extension Workers (HEWs)

School director

Scheme Specific CR-WSP

In a situation where different water schemes in the same Kebele are located in the different

micro-watersheds, formation of scheme specific CR-WSP sub-team is important. Members could

be the village leader, WASHCO members, scheme care taker, Health Development Army (HDA)

leader, Health Extension Worker (HEW) responsible to that village, director of the school,

community and religious leaders with technical and management support from Kebele CR-WSP

team.

Task 1.3. Mapping of the CR-WSP Team Members

Once Kebele and Scheme specific CR-WSP teams are identified, member names and roles

should be documented and shared with all team members and the community. To avoid

overlapping roles, core responsibilities specific to each member should be described as indicated

in the example below.

Table 3.1: Information to capture about CR-WSP team members (example)

Full name

Roles in the Kebele

Interest in the water supply

Contact

address

(mobile

phone)

Kebele administrator Increased household access to safe and adequate water

Kebele manager Lead all rural community development including water supplies

Rural WASH board

manager

Safety, quantity and sustainability of the rural community

managed water supplies

Water Technician Continuous and uninterrupted, safe, and sustainable water supply

to the community and institutions

Water Scheme/point care

takers

Continuous and uninterrupted adequate and safe water supply to

the community

Water quality and

environmental health

worker

Compliance of the drinking water with compulsory national

drinking water quality standard specification, provision of

recommended quantity of water, reduction of prevalence/incidence

of water borne diseases and open defecation free(ODF)

community through realization of water supply service provision

indicators (Quantity, quality, continuity, coverage,

cost/affordability and, in some cases, sanitary risk assessment).

These professionals (where available) have technical knowledge

and skills, and can serve at cluster of Kebeles on water quality

19

Full name

Roles in the Kebele

Interest in the water supply

Contact

address

(mobile

phone)

/testing and conduct sanitary survey to the water supply systems.

Natural resource

management

Agricultural extension

workers/Agronomist

Soil and water resource conservation through watershed

management, and work on actions that increase quantity and

sustainability of the drinking water sources and prevention of

source depletion due to the effects of climate change

Work on reduction in the use of agrochemicals such as pesticide

and fertilizer in order to minimize hazardous events and hazards to

water supply sources

Environmental protection

and land administration

workers

Ensure the environment is protected from deforestation and

environmental degradation through monitoring and verification of

environmental degradation control measures. Ensure land is

available for the construction of water supply facilities.

School teacher Continuous and uninterrupted safe water supply to school

community, ODF school, and elimination of absentees due to

water borne diseases, and lack of mistral hygiene facility

Water resources

development extension

worker depending on local

context

Conservation of water resources, continuous supply of safe water

to the community

Health extension worker Safe water at point of consumption, adequate water for drinking

and personal hygiene, reduction of WASH related disease burden,

ODF community and safely managed private water sources

Women, youth and child

affairs

Access to safe water with reasonable distance and in the yard,

reduced physical pain to women and more time for child care,

adequate water for domestic use and child care

Women development army

leader

Access to sustainable safe water sources, safe water storage in the

home, personal hygiene, ODF village and safely managed private

water sources

Social and religious leaders Followers access to safe water at home and in the church, safe

holy water, religious norms respected, ODF community

NGOs Improved access to safe water supplies and improved sanitation

facilities and good hygiene

TASK 1.4. Organize capacity building training program for Kebele CR-WSP team

Building technical knowledge and skills of the CR-WSP team on the steps to be followed (tasks)

during development and implementation of CR-WSP is important. The training will be given for

five days focusing on issues indicated below. See annex III on training program on development

and implementation of water safety plans for CR-WSP team.

20

The national WASH policies, strategies, national water quality standard specifications,

and forming and leading team work;

Climate change/weather variability and its effects on drinking water supplies;

Concepts, principles and tasks of the climate resilient water safety plan;

How to describe water supply systems, identify hazards, hazard events and to

characterize risks and existing control measures;

How to develop and implement an incremental improvement plan, how to monitor

control measures, and verify effectiveness of the water safety plan; and,

How to document, review and improve all aspects of water safety plan implementation.

Finally, the CR-WSP team prepares action plan for CR-WSP process with timeline and submit to

the local government (Woreda and Kebele Administrator) and the WASH board office/manager

for approval.

21

TASK 2: Describe the Community Water Supply

Overview of the section: This task describes how to describe and map the water supply system

from the catchment to consumer, and the importance of doing it. It also involves the description

of the environmental and climatic factors that directly or indirectly influence the resilience of

services, and the management of sources.

Objective:

The objective of the task is to thoroughly describe and map the complete water supply system,

from catchment to consumer.

Outcome

Proper documentation of the community water supply (with drawings, maps, photos,

water quality records and relevant management and institutional records).

Activity 2.1: Pre-evaluation of Participants’ Knowledge

The trainer is required to prepare quiz to evaluate/assess the knowledge and skill of trainees on

how to describe and map the water supply system from the catchment to consumer. The trainer

also needs to assess trainees on environmental and climatic factors that directly or indirectly

influence the resilience of water supply system. Trainees will map and describe their own water

supply system.

Activity 2.2: Power Point Presentation

This activity will introduce participants to the importance of mapping and describing water

supply system from the catchment to consumer, and how to do it. Trainers use this session to

clear up any misconceptions on this issue. Ask participants if they have any questions and get

their feedback and reactions to the presentation.

Describing the water supply system

A complete map and description of the water supply system are a precious source of information

that will help the CR-WSP team and the community members identify hazards and their potential

impacts on water safety.It also involves the description of source characteristics (quality,

reliability/seasonality, etc.), and the environmental factors that directly or indirectly influence the

resilience of services, and the management of sources. Components of typical example of rural

water supply system are shown in the figure 3.6 below.

22

Fig 3.6: Typical rural piped water supply system in Ethiopian context

A community water supply system may be made up of a number of connected components, as

illustrated for a rural piped water supply system above. Alternatively, a community may have

several point water sources (e.g. protected springs, wells, boreholes, rainwater harvesting)

serving a number of households. The CR-WSP team should check all of these sources and

include them in the community CR-WSP.

23

Task 2.1 Map all the Water Supply System

The first task of the CR-WSP team will be to understand what is in place. An easy way to do this

is to make a map/flow diagram of the water supply, including relevant elements of the catchment

area and the community served. Some environmental degradation aspects of the catchment like

gully, land slid, etc should be mapped and described. A great deal of information can be recorded

and presented in a drawing. Such mapping of the community water supply from catchment to

consumer is an essential part of the water supply description.Simple maps can be prepared using

only pencil and paper. See sample map produced by Kebele CR-WSP team, Fayo Kebele, in the

fig 3.7 below.

Fig. 3.7: Map of water supply system in a Kebele - Fayo Kebele.

Group exercise on system mapping: Case study. Draw the map of water supply system based

on the case study provided below.

The system has two water sources: Source #1 = shallow well (10m) and Source #2 =

spring.

The well is located in an agricultural area (vegetable farming and cattle grassing).

የውሀ ጣቢያ

ወደ አ.አ

የውሃ ጉድጓድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

የከብቶች ውሃ መጠጫ ገንዳ

ፋዮ ቀበሌ

የውሃ ጣቢያ

የአስፋልት መንገድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

የውሃ ጉድጓድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

የከብቶች ውሃ መጠጫ ገንዳ

ፋዮ ቀበሌ

ሜኤሶ መንገድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

ፋዮ ቀበሌ

ወደ አ.አ

የውሃ ጣቢያ

የአስፋልት መንገድ

የውሃ ጉድጓድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

የከብቶች ውሃ መጠጫ ገንዳ

ሜኤሶ መንገድ

የውሀ ጣቢያ

ፋዮ ቀበሌ

24

For the well source, there is a pump to extract water. Water is transferred from the

source by pumping to reservoir a capacity of 50 m3

made of concrete & distributed by

gravity. The reservoir is not yet well fenced.

The spring catchment is considered a protected area with laws prohibiting entrance of

human & cattle’s. However, there is agricultural activates near to the spring very close

to the source. There is a mountain near to the spring and peoples of the village bath and

wash clothes near the source, and open defecation is practiced. From time to time the

yield of the spring reduces. The mountainous catchment area was fully covered by

indigenous tress , but now deforestation highly practiced for production of charcoal as a

source of energy & income generation by local communities. There is also one big gully

passing nearby the spring about 50m from the spring, and the reservoir.

The water from the well and the spring are combined in a reservoir with no treatment

facilities. From the reservoir, water flows by gravity to serve a community of 7,000

people. Water is delivered to interior household taps and water is delivered to 8 public

tap stands among these 6 of these are functional & 2 of them are none functional &

from them only of 2 well fenced, 1 of them moderately fenced & 3 of them have no

fence.

From consumer point of view peoples are fetching water in Jerycans which develop algal

blooming inside it and stored unclosed.

Task 2.2: Gather Supporting Information

Make visits and visually observe all components of the community water supplies from their

catchment/ micro watershed (drainage areas) to point of consumption (household water handling

practices) and gather detailed information on each component of the community water supply

systems.

Information to be gathered should include, but is not limited to:

o Relevant water quality standards, see annex II, (CES, 2013)

o known or suspected changes in source water quality relating to weather or other

conditions;

o information on catchment land uses, and catchment degradation status

o Water treatment, distribution and storage details

o Who uses the water supply and for what purpose?

o Who is responsible for operating the system and what education and training they

received

o Financial and human resources available for managing and operating the system

o Details on existing community sanitation facilities, including their location.

25

o Information on geological condition to assess whether geological conditions are likely

to provide reliable groundwater with a reasonable yield,

o Information on catchment size in relation to the estimated recharge needed to meet

the projected demand for water across seasons and between wet and dry years,

o Information on water sources characteristics like quality, reliability/seasonality of the

sources,

o Information on climatic and environmental factors that directly or indirectly influence

the resilience of the water supply system.

When CR-WSP team collect detail data, they need to refer annex IV.

Task 2.3 Check the Map and Water Supply Description

It is important for the CR-WSP team to physically check the description of the water supply

system through a walk or site inspection. Taking photos and reviewing related documentation

can also be useful. Following the flow of water (from catchment to consumer), visit all points in

the water supply system and physically verify that the description is thorough and accurate.

Task 2.4 Discuss and Identify Community Water Supply Objectives

It is important to discuss the benefits of safe drinking water and good hygiene practice with the

community and the linkages among water supply, sanitation and hygiene and agree on

community water supply objectives.

Fig. 3.8. Discussion with community on water supply objectives

26

TASK 3–Identify Hazards, Hazardous Events, Evaluating Existing Control Measures, and

Asses Risks

Section Overview: This task briefly describes how hazards and hazardous events are identified,

and existing control measures or barriers in place are identified and evaluated. The task also

describes the methods to assess risks associated with each identified hazards.

Objective:

The objective of this task is to identify situations that could threaten the safety and adequacy of

the water supply, evaluate the effectiveness of control measures already in place, and assess risk.

Outcome:

Improved knowledge of hazards and hazardous events and associated risks to public

health in the system

Improved understanding of how the risks are currently being addressed (what control

measures are in place and whether they are suitable and effective) and what risks may

need further control measures.

Activity 3.1: Pre-evaluation of Participants’ Knowledge

The trainer, before starting presenting the subject matter in this sub-task, is required to prepare

quiz to evaluate/assess the knowledge and skill of trainees on hazards and hazardous events and

how they are identified, how existing control measures in place are identified and evaluated, and

the methods to assess the risks associated with identified.

Activity 3.2: Power Point Presentation

This activity will introduce participants with what hazards and hazardous are and how are

identified, how existing control measures in place are identified and evaluated, and the methods

to assess the risks associated with identified. In addition to the obvious hazards to the water

supply system (biological, chemical and physical), the trainer/s should also describe the

environmental and climate induced hazards to the water supply system. Trainers use this session

to clear up any misconceptions on these issues. Ask participants if they have any questions and

get their feedback and reactions to the presentation.

Key definitions:

Hazard: A chemical, physical or microbial agent that can cause harm to public health. It also

includes lack/shortage of water.

27

Hazardous event: An event or situation that introduces hazards to, or fails to remove them from,

the water supply.

What are the most common hazards?

Microbial pathogens: are microbial agents of disease. Microbial pathogens include various

species of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. When people get sick not long after drinking from a

water supply, it is likely that the supply has been contaminated with microbial pathogens.

Chemical contamination: is presence of unwanted substances that make air, water, soil, or food

unfit for consumption or use. Elevated levels of chemical contaminants in the water can lead to

long-term health issues that show up in the population after many years.

Physical: although not directly health related, aesthetic issues affect consumer satisfaction and

may cause consumers to seek out other (less safe) alternatives.

Fig 3.9. Hazardous events and hazard relationship

Hazardous event: Cattle grazing in

or near river can result in faecal

contamination of source water

Hazard type: Microbial

Hazardous event: Pesticide use in

catchment could result in chemical

contamination of source water

Hazard type: Chemical

28

In addition to the obvious hazards to the water supply system (biological, chemical and

physical), hazardous events related to climate change and environmental degradation includes:

Current rainfall extremes(amount and seasonal distribution)

Environmental and climate induced hazards such as landslides, flooding, more

pronounced seasonality, drought or expanding gullies

Environmental degradation processes in the catchment area of the water system that

might, over time, undermine its sustainability and resilience.

Task 3.1 Identify Hazards and Hazardous Events

When identifying hazards and hazardous events, the CR-WSP team should first look for signs

that may signal issues caused by contaminated water supplies. When identifying hazards,

consider each step in the water supply chain and ask:

What could possibly go wrong?

How, when, where and why?

When identifying hazardous events, be specific! Clearly indicate what hazard could be

introduced, and how. There is little value in preparing a “shopping list” when the hazard

identified is not relevant to local circumstances. A good hazardous event reads like this: X

happens (to the water supply system) because of Y

Examples:

o Source water becomes faecally contaminated (X) because of discharge of untreated

domestic waste from households (Y)

o Water in the pipe network becomes contaminated (X) because of improper pipeline

repair practices (Y)

o Water is over- or under-dosed with chlorine (X)because of insufficient operator

training (Y)

X = What can happen to the water supply

Y = How it can happen

o Water source becomes chemically/faecally contaminated (X), due to the damage of

WASH infrastructure by flood (Y)

o Water source becomes chemically contaminated (X), due to wash of agrochemicals

by flood from farmlands (Y)

o Water source yield decrease (X) result in water washed diseases, because of

catchment degradation - (Y) (e.g. by deforestation, overgrazing, land slide, soil

erosion, etc.).

29

Weak example:

Hazardous event: Agriculture in the catchment

X = What can happen to the water supply

Y = How it can happen

Stronger examples:

Hazardous event: The source water is faecally contaminated (X) due to fertilizer use on crops

and runoff during rains (Y)

Hazardous event: The source water is chemically contaminated (X) due to pesticide use on

crops and runoff during rains (Y).

Weak example:

Hazardous event: Old pipes

X = What can happen to the water supply Not clear enough

Y = How it can happen

Stronger examples:

Hazardous event: Physical and microbial contaminants enter the pipe network (X) due to

breaks and leaks in old pipes (Y)

Hazardous event: The water supply is chemically contaminated (X) due to leaching from old

lead pipes (Y).

Brainstorm exercise on hazard identification: Identify possible hazards and hazardous events for

the picture depicted below. 15 minutes

Are these clear enough?

30

Group work on Hazard identification: identify hazards and hazardous events of your area water

supply system from catchment to users. Use risk assessment matrix attached in annex VI.45

Minutes

When conducting hazard identification activity, a sanitary survey is also a powerful tool to help a

CR-WSP team systematically identify potential hazards and hazardous events (see annex V for

the sanitary survey form for HDWs, protected spring, Borehole, and shallow well). Sanitary

survey specifically:

o Assists in identifying potential contamination sources that would be missed by water

o Quality analysis alone.

o Supports adequate interpretation of water quality laboratory results.

o Provides information about known, immediate and ongoing contamination.

o Provides a longer-term perspective on causes of contamination.

o Enhances knowledge of the water supply system.

o Evaluates the effectiveness of operation and maintenance procedures.

Catchment

Storage/treatment

Distribution

Consumer

31

Fig 3.10: Sanitary Inspection Form Illustration from Catchment to Consumer

Group exercise on sanitary inspection: complete a sanitary inspection for the hand dug well

depicted in the picture below using the appropriate sanitary inspection form attached in annex V.

20 minutes

1. Dug well with hand pump

2. Dug well with windlass

3. Borehole with mechanised

pump

4. Spring source

5. Storage reservoirs

6. Piped distribution

and public taps

7. Water collection and

household containers

32

Task 3.2 Identify Existing Control Measures and Evaluate their Effectiveness

The CR-WSP team needs to identify any existing control measures or barriers that are already in

place and that address potential hazards and hazardous events. Evaluation of existing control

measure provides insight whether it is adequate enough to remove or eliminate the identified risk

or whether it needs requires additional control measures. Therefore, after analyzing the existing

control measures, summarize information collected during description of the water supply

systems and sanitary inspection and household level contamination risk assessment using the

following template (see table 3.2 below). Control measures can be technical (e.g. disinfection),

infrastructural (e.g. fencing), behavioural (e.g. pesticide use) or related to planning (e.g. land

use). (See table 3.2)

Control Measures: is an activity or a barrier or processes put in place to

prevent/reduce/eliminate hazardous events from entering the water supply system, and the

occurrence of water safety hazards. Example; flood diversion ditch prevents runoff from the

water sources, fencing of water source, reservoir, and distribution point prevents animals,

chlorination to kill/remove pathogenic microorganisms, training of caretakers/artisans, etc. This

key action focuses on identifying existing control measures. Recommendations for additional

control measures will be addressed in TASK 4 (improvement planning).

Example of control measures:

33

Table 3.2: Example of identified hazardous events paired with hazard type and condition of existing

control measures, importance of the hazardous event and additional control measure needed

Hazardous events (at

each component of water

supply system)

What type of

hazard (microbial,

chemical, physical)

is there due

hazardous event?

Is this hazardous

event under

control? (Existing

control measures

and validate their

effectiveness)

Risk level: high,

medium or low? (How

important is this

hazardous event? How

frequently does it

happen?)

What additional control

measures are needed? (These will

be further developed in Task 4.)

Open defecation around

the borehole, deep cracks

on the well head platform

runoff washes faeces and

enters in to the well

Microbial

contamination

No control measure Highly important

because majority of the

households are open

defecators and

contamination is there

during rainy season

Building flood diversion ditch,

Sanitation and hygiene promotion

through CLTSH, Maintenance of

well headwork

Almost all visited

households collect and

store water in dirty jerry

can (plastic water

container) and kept

uncovered, children and

dog direct access to the

container

Microbial

contamination

Health education at

Primary Health

Care Unit.

knowledge

improvement is not

sufficient to remove

microbial

contamination and

requires

improvement of

skills on how to

safely store water

and access to HH

water treatment

products

Highly important

because it happens

throughout the year

Promotion of household water

treatment and safe storage practices

through demonstrations and

household visits, and improving

supply chain of the point-of-use

water treatment chemicals/products

Flood/Heavy rain

damage the headwork of

the borehole and

consequently runoff

washed animal and

human faeces, and

agrochemical from uphill

grazing and crop land

and directly enters the

well,

Microbial and

chemical

contaminants,

turbidity

Diversion ditch

exist. However not

able to protect run

off of heavy rain

Highly important and

common during rainy

season of 3-4 months of

the year

Implement watershed management

work in the upper catchment of the

water point.

Build flood protection dike uphill

of the borehole and rehabilitate the

well and repair infrastructures

Promoting Integrated Pest

Management approaches to

manage pests. Treatment of the

catchment upstream of the water

point.

Drought resulted in

lowering of the ground

water table and as a

result hand dug and

shallow well dried,

Water scarcity due

to decreased

recharge (yield) of

shallow ground

water sources

No control measure Highly important (every

2-3 years). Due to the

event people turned to

unsafe source

Watershed/catchment management

(demarcation and construction of

an artificial recharge ponds,

plantation of shallow rooted

grasses and trees, flood control

during rainy season)

Using climate down scaled

information/data when selecting,

designing and constructing rural

water technologies

Replacement of the hand dug and

shallow wells and infrastructures

with more drought tolerant/resilient

deep boreholes

For new water point, consider

catchment size, geological

condition, and sitting of the water

point to get maximum yield.

34

Hazardous events (at

each component of water

supply system)

What type of

hazard (microbial,

chemical, physical)

is there due

hazardous event?

Is this hazardous

event under

control? (Existing

control measures

and validate their

effectiveness)

Risk level: high,

medium or low? (How

important is this

hazardous event? How

frequently does it

happen?)

What additional control

measures are needed? (These will

be further developed in Task 4.)

Damage to infrastructure

from land slips and

gullies.

Water shortage No control

measures

Highly important due to

the event people turned

to unsafe source

Construct check dam , and

implement watershed management

work to rehabilitate the gullies and

prevent/minimize the land slide.

Hand pump broken due

to continuous pumping

and lack of greasing of

moveable parts (lack of

regular preventive

maintenance)

Physical (system is

not working)

No control measure Highly important 2-3

months the system is out

of function and people

turned to unsafe sources

Proactive operation and preventive

maintenance with supply chain

Regular inspection of the water

supply infrastructures

Apron is not sealed due

to poor workmanship

Microbial and

chemical

No control measure Highly important and

during rainy season

Standard workmanship and

rehabilitation /maintenance of the

upper 3 meters of well and head

works

Leakage of pipe ( gravity

fed system) due to pipe

breakage

Microbial and

chemical

No control measure Highly important and

during rainy season

Regular visual inspection of the

pipe distribution systems and

repair/ replace the Brocken parts

Brainstorming exercise on control measure identification: Discuss the control measures that have been

put in place at the dug well depicted in the picture below. Assess control measure effectiveness. It is very

important to ask whether the control measures are working properly?5 minutes

35

Hazardous event: Animals or animal

waste can enter the dug well

Hazard: Microbial

The well cover was identified as control

measure. Is it effective?

Are there any limitations to the

control measures shown here

(or do you think they are

working effectively)?

Group exercise on control measure identification: Based on the outputs of the hazard

identification exercise done earlier by each group, identify possible control measures. 15

minutes

36

Task 3.3 Assessment of Risks Associated with Each Identified Hazards

Key definition:

Risk: The likelihood of a hazard causing harm to exposed populations in a specific time frame

and the magnitude of its consequences of that harm.

Unlikely to occur X Minor consequences = Low risk

Possible to occur X Major consequences = High risk

Most likely to occur X Major consequences = High risk

There are two methods to make risk assessment namely the descriptive risk assessment and risk

ranking methods.

Descriptive risk assessment method: It is the easiest method to determine risk level, prioritize

and decide actions. It depends on expert/CR-WSP team judgment (see Table 3.3 below).

Table 3.3. Descriptive Risk assessment (Adopted from the SCWS WSP Manual(MoWIE,

2015a))

Descriptor Meaning Notes

Significant Clearly a priority Actions need to be taken to minimize the risk, possible options (

short, medium, and long term options) should be documented ( as

part of the improvement plan developed in the next task) and

implemented based on community priorities and available resources.

Medium Medium priority Currently no impact on drinking water safety, but requires attention

in operation and/or possible improvements in the medium and long

term to continue minimizing risks.

Insignificant Clearly not a

priority

Actions may be taken but not a priority, or no action is needed at

this time. The risk should be revisited in the future as part of the

WSP review process.

Uncertain Clarification

required

Further data collection or studies are required to better understand

the significance of the risk. Some actions can be taken in the

meantime as deemed necessary to reduce risk based on existing

information, community priorities and available resources.

Risk ranking method: It is more complex and depends on likelihood of the hazardous event to

happen and associated severity of its consequences. It is more formal and two step processes.

Risk score is the product of likelihood and consequences (Box 1).

Risk = Likelihood X Consequence (box 1)

37

Table 3.4. Definition of Likelihood and Consequence for the risk ranking approach (Adopted from the

(WHO, 2012)).

Descriptor Description

Likelihood

Likely Will probably occur in most circumstances; has been observed regularly (e.g.

daily to weekly).

Possible Might occur at some time; has been observed occasionally (e.g. monthly to

quarterly or seasonally).

Unlikely Could occur at some time but has not been observed; may occur only in

exceptional circumstances.

Severity/Consequence

Major impact Major water quality impact; illness in community associated with the water

supply; large number of complaints; significant level of customer concern;

significant breach of regulatory requirement.

Moderate impact Minor water quality impact (e.g. not health related, aesthetic impact) for a large

percentage of customers; clear rise in complaints; community annoyance; minor

breach of regulatory requirement.

No/Minor impact Minor or negligible water quality impact (e.g. not health related, aesthetic

impact) for a small percentage of customers; some manageable disruptions to

operation; rise in complaints not significant.

Table 3.5. Example risk matrix for the risk ranking approach (Adopted from SCWS WSP Manual(WHO, 2012))

Consequence No or minor

impact

Moderate

impact

Major

impact

1 2 3

Lik

el

ihoo

d

Unlikely 1 1 2 3

Possible 2 2 4 6

Most likely 3 3 6 9

Risk Score < 2 3 -5 > 6

Risk level Low Medium High

Low Clearly not a priority

Medium Medium to long term priority and needs attentions

High Clearly a priority and requires urgent attention

Exercise on Risk ranking method:

Exercise 1:

Hazardous event: The water supply may become contaminated when dirty water enters the

pipeline during pipe bursts/repairs

Hazard: Microbial, Physical (turbidity)

Existing control measures: No control measures in place

38

Likelihood = 2 (Possible – has

been observed occasionally)

Consequence = 2 (Moderate

impact – illness considered

unlikely)

39

Exercise 2

Hazardous event: Bird excreta could enter well and contaminate the water supply

Hazard: Microbial

Existing control measures: No control measures in place

Likelihood = 3

(Likely – will

probably occur)

Consequence =

3 (Major

impact –

possible illness

in the

community)

40

Exercise 3

Hazardous event: Bird excreta could enter well and contaminate the water supply

Hazard: Microbial

Existing control measures:1) a wooden cover is kept over the well when it is not in use; 2)

there is a roof over the well; and 3) there is a fence around the well to keep chickens and ducks

away.

Likelihood

= 1 (Unlikely to

occur due to the

effective control

measures)

Consequence = 2

(Moderate impact –

in the unlikely event

bird excreta enters

the well, the amount

would be small and

illness is considered

unlikely)

Generally, it is better for the team

to start with less complicated risk

assessments and progress to more

precise approaches as more

information, skills and resources

become available.

Group exercise on risk ranking:

Working in groups, rank the risk

associated with the hazards and

hazardous events identified by

your group during the hazard

identification exercise earlier.

(Imagine that no control measures

are currently in place.) 45 minutes

41

TASK 4 – Develop and Implement an Incremental Improvement Plan

Section overview: The focus of this task is describing how to identify additional control

measures to improve drinking water safety by reviewing the significant risks determined to

require additional control. This task also discusses how to prepare an incremental improvement

plan taking into account capacity of the community to implement and available resources.

Objective:

The objective of this task is to identify additional control measures needed to improve water

safety and develop an incremental improvement plan.

Outcome of the section

Scoping of opportunities to improve drinking-water quality (by new or modified control

measures)

Priority actions identified to improve management and safety of the supply, including

proposed timelines and needed resources

Engagement of the community in implementation of the improvements

Activity 4.1: Pre-evaluation of Participants’ Knowledge

The trainer, before starting presenting the subject matter in this task, is required to prepare quiz

to evaluate/assess the knowledge and skill of trainees on how to identify additional control

measures to improve drinking water safety, and prepare an incremental improvement plan.

Activity 4.2: Power Point Presentation

This activity will introduce participants on how to identify additional control measures to

improve drinking water safety, and prepare an incremental improvement plan. Trainers use this

session to clear up any misconceptions on these issues. Ask participants if they have any

questions and get their feedback and reactions to the presentation.

Task 4.1 Identify Additional Control Measures to Improve Drinking Water Safety

In developing and implementing an incremental improvement plan, the CR-WSP team must first

review the significant risks determined to require additional control and, for each of these risks,

list possible control measures that could be put in place to address it. The aim of control

measures includes, but is not limited to:

Eliminating or reducing contaminants in the source water, thus preventing them from

entering the water supply;

Removing particles and chemicals from the water or killing or inactivating pathogens (i.e.

using control measures through treatment, if necessary);

Preventing contamination during drinking-water storage, distribution and handling.

42

Minimize the impact of climate change and environmental degradation on WASH

facilities such as flooding of WASH infrastructures, and decrease in yield of the water

sources.

Multiple barrier approach: When thinking about control measures, the multiple-barrier

approach, which consists of an integrated system of activities and processes that collectively

ensure drinking-water safety, should be considered.

Key definition:

Multiple-barrier approach: Activities or processes that can be used to prevent, eliminate or

reduce the occurrence of a water safety hazard.

Multiple-barrier

approach

2

3

1

43

Table 3.6. Example of multi-barrier approach

Source catchment Storage Distribution

point

Household

Demarcation of the

watershed/catchment,

prohibition of agricultural

activities, and fencing.

Community awareness

creation on the health

effects of agricultural

chemicals

Fencing, flood

diversion ditch,

sealing man-hole

cover, cutting large

trees and chlorination/

disinfection

Fencing, flood

diversion ditch,

regular site

cleaning,

Use of narrow necked storage

container, keeping water storage

container covered and clean and

placing the container off-floor.

Community education on the

importance of safe water storage

practices

Task 4.2 Develop an Incremental Improvement Plan

After listing of the possible control measures to be implemented at each stage of the water supply

system, CR-WSP team should prepare an incremental improvement plan taking into account

capacity of the community to implement and available resources. It is not always feasible for a

small community to address every possible significant risk and put in place all possible control

measures that have been identified at once. Therefore, short, medium and long term actions

should be identified. An incremental approach allows for improvements to be made over time.

The CR-WSP team need to decide which additional control measures will be implemented by

considering the costs and benefits of the various options, and develop an incremental

improvement plan. The incremental improvement plan should consider:

o What is the level of risk associated with each hazard and hazardous event (i.e.

priority)?

o What should be done to control the risk?

o Who will do it?

o When will it be done?

o Financial resources needed (i.e. cost)

The incremental improvement plan needs to be realistic and appropriate to the community’s

limited resources. Generally, there are some improvements that can be implemented immediately

at little or no cost, while other improvements may require additional resources. The incremental

improvement plan can be an excellent tool to attract government and external supporters to

provide funding assistance. Community contributions toward system improvements can be done

through:

Financial contributions from users including water tariff,

Local material like stone, sand, wood, etc.

44

Skilled and unskilled labour contribution for construction, maintenance and operation of

the water supply system (e.g. reservoir cleaning, fencing, etc.)

In general, community participation encourages community members to value and feel a sense of

ownership of their water supply system.

The following criteria can support the CR-WSP team to select priority control measures and to

develop and implement incremental improvement plan.

The level of risk associated with each hazard and hazardous event (as discussed in task-3

above),

Appropriate control measures to address each risk and how to implement,

Identify and assign responsible person or organization to carry out the control measure,

Determine time when the control measure (s) is implemented,

45

Determine the estimated costs of the control measures (allocate budget), and

Identify knowledge and skill gaps to implement the control measures and train the

responsible body.

Table 3.7: Example of an incremental improvement plan

Improvement plan

Responsible person/

organization

Implementa

tion

timeline

Estimated

implementation cost

(in ETB)

Hazardous event

Control

measures

Actions

Animals walkways cross

over the Spring cap/ box and

animal faeces observed on

the spring box and

contaminants could wash

into the spring

Exclude

animal

access to

spring box

Divert animal

walkways downstream

from the spring box

Fencing of the spring

box

WASHCO and the

community/ users

December

10, 2014

ET Birr 100.00

(labor, logs, skills is

contributed by the

users) and nail is

purchased

Runoff directly flows and

passes over the spring box

and box cover is muddy

during rainy season and

contaminants could enter the

spring protection box

Divert

runoff up

stream

Watershed

based soil

and water

conservation

measures

Dig diversion ditch

uphill of the spring

box

Implement soil and

water conservation

measures upstream of

the spring

WASHCO and water

users, Woreda office

of agriculture, Kebele

Agriculture

Development Agent

December

15, 2014

Labor contribution by

the community

Residents wash clothes on

the platform of the spring

box and contaminated water

could pass through platform

and contaminate the water

Avoid/disco

urage

washing of

cloths on the

spring box

Community education

Fencing of the spring

box

Fixing barbed wire on

the cover of the spring

box

WASHCO and health

extension worker

December

20, 2014

ET Birr 300.00 for

purchase of barbed

wire. Local skill is

used for fixing wire

on the capping box

Cattle graze in catchment

land/ watershed and animal

faeces could enter the water

sources with runoff during

rainy seasons

Delineation/

demarcation

and fencing

of the

catchment

Consultation with

catchment authority

and compensation for

land and property

owners

WASHCO and local

government, Woreda

Office of Agriculture

October

2015

ET Birr 100,000.00

for compensation and

fencing of the

catchment zone

(Adapted from Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan implementation guideline for community

managed rural drinking water supplies ( MoWIE, 2015b).

Group exercise on improvement plan: Develop an improvement plan for risks previously

identified by your group using the incremental improvement plan format attached in annex VII.

Be prepared to suggest where the required funds should come from. 40 minutes

46

TASK 5: Monitor Control Measures and Verify the Effectiveness of the CR WSP

Section overview: This task focuses on describing how establish a monitoring program, clarify

monitoring and verification, and explains on the documentation and sharing of the monitoring

results. The section describes how to confirm whether the community managed water supply

system is operating properly and the designed CR-WSP is providing adequate safety to the

drinking water and protecting health of the community.

Objective

The objective of the task is to confirm that control measures are operating as expected and that

the CR-WSP is protecting water safety and public health

Outcome of the section

Operational monitoring and inspections demonstrating that control measures continue to

work effectively

Verification monitoring that the CR-WSP is appropriate and working effectively to

provide safe drinking-water

Activity 5.1: Pre-evaluation of Participants’ Knowledge

The trainer, before starting presenting the subject matter in this task, is required to prepare quiz

to evaluate/assess the knowledge and skill of trainees on how to establish a monitoring program,

clarification of an operational and verification monitoring, and explains on the documentation

and sharing of the monitoring results.

Activity 5.2: Power Point Presentation

This activity will introduce participants on how to establish a monitoring program, clarification

of monitoring and verification, and explains on the documentation and sharing of the monitoring

results. Trainers use this session to clear up any misconceptions on these issues. Ask participants

if they have any questions and get their feedback and reactions to the presentation.

Task 5.1: Establish a monitoring program

1. Operational monitoring (controlling of the control measures)

It is an ongoing observation or inspection to assess whether the water supply system is operating

properly using observation checklists. It is a regular activity to check whether control measures

are able to remove and/or reduce potential risks of contamination, and important to timely detect

water quality problems so that corrective actions can be taken before supplying water to the

community. See the flow chart below for the control measure monitoring program.

47

Examples include checking fences, free chlorine concentration, operational reliability of

generators, construction of diversion ditches, implementation of watershed management

activities, household water storage and handling practice, regular operation and maintenance of

water supply system, etc. See below example of a failing control measure and corrective action.

Table 3.8.Operational monitoring of small community rural water supply systems (hand dug

well fitted with hand pump) - adopted from WHO WSPs manual (WHO/IWA, 2009).

Where What When Who Critical limits or

target condition

Corrective actions if critical

limit surpassed

Hand dug

well fitted

with hand

pump

Fence

Platform

Runoff way

Monthly

sanitary

inspection

Sanitarian/

HEWs/WASHCO

Fence is intact

Platform is not

cracked and is clean

Flood water cannot

pass over head work

Repair fence and platform

Clean mud and dirt on the

platform

Dig flood diversion ditch

Turbidity Every week Woreda Water

Office

<5 NTU Check for intrusion of runoff

through cracks on the headwork

and casing

Residual

Chlorine

Every week Woreda Water

Office

Cl2: 0.2-0.5mg/L Check Cl2 residual and measure

volume of water in the well and

disinfect

Fecal

coliform

Every six

month

Woreda Water

Office

0 faecal coliform

count/100ML

Check for intrusion of runoff

through cracks on the head work

and casing, and disinfect the water

HH water

storage

Residual

chlorine

Every six

months

PHCU/ Sanitarian

Cl2: 0.2mg/L

Promote household water

treatment, and safe water storage

practices

2. Verification monitoring

Verification monitoring is an action taken to confirm water quality targets are being achieved,

water supply systems are operating properly, and CR-WSP is thorough and effectively

functioning. It is based on water quality testing, internal and external auditing of the adequacy of

48

the CR-WSP, and checking of the consumer satisfaction. Verification involves three activities

undertaken together to provide evidence that the CR-WSP is working effectively.

2.1. Compliance Monitoring;

Compliance monitoring is typically based on water quality testing for faecal indicator organisms

and hazardous chemicals. It is usually carried out by external body such as public laboratories or

by Woreda health office.

2.2. Internal and External Auditing

Auditing is important to maintain quality of CR-WSP implementation. It is undertaken internally

and externally.

Internally, CR-WSP implementation reviews can be made by WASHCO/WASH board/Woreda

water office (responsible for operation of the water supply system).

Externally, the public health authorities (regulatory unit of the Woreda health office or sanitarian

from the PHCU) will undertake sanitary inspection and water quality testing to verify whether it

meets the compulsory standard drinking water specification(CES, 2013), and provide feedback

to the WASHCO/WASH Board.

Examples of factors/checklists to be considered when establishing an audit program

Have all feasible hazards and hazardous events been taken into account?

Have appropriate control measures been identified for each significant risk?

Have appropriate monitoring procedures been established?

Have operational limits for control measures been identified?

Have corrective actions been identified for control measures that are not working

effectively?

Have a system and time frame for verification been put in place?

2.3. Consumer satisfaction.

Water consumers’ satisfaction surveys should be conducted on a regular basis to confirm the

quality/safety, quantity/adequacy, reliability, continuity, and cost of the drinking water.

49

Fig. 3.11. Verification monitoring, adopted from WHO WSP training manual

2012(MoWIE, 2015a).

Task 5.2. Documentation and sharing of the monitoring results

All operational and verification monitoring data should be documented and shared with relevant

stakeholders such as rural WASH board members, local government, and health authorities for

the purpose of learning and decision making. Sharing of information could increase government

interest and commitment to support implementation of the CR-WSP, and to scale up the

approach in other areas, and/or to inform allocation of resources.

Group exercise on monitoring and inspection: each group should prepare monitoring plan for

the incremental improvement plan prepared above. 45 minutes

50

TASK 6: Document, Review and Improve all Aspects of the CR-WSP Implementation

Section overview: The section describes the importance of documenting operation and

management procedures when implementing CR-WSP, and how to do it at both emergency and

normal conditions. The section also details the developand importance of the CR-WSP

supporting activities, and the benefits of reviewing and revising CR-WSP, and when to do this to

make it up-to-date and useful.

Objective:

The objective of the task is to document the status and the level of operation and management of

the water supply system and to ensure that the CR-WSP approach is embedded in operations and

that the CR-WSP remains up to date and effective.

Outcome

Well-established management procedures for normal, incident and emergency situations

shared with the CR-WSP team and those responsible for managing the community water

supply

Supporting activities established to embed the CR-WSP approach into water supply

operations (e.g. training and education)

Establishment of processes to review the CR-WSP periodically, ensuring that the CR-

WSP remains up to date and effective, resulting in incremental improvements to water

safety

Activity 6.1: Pre-evaluation of Participants’ Knowledge

The trainer, before starting presenting the subject matter in this task, is required to prepare quiz

to evaluate/assess the knowledge and skill of trainees on how to document operation and

management procedures and its importance, what supporting procedures are and their

importance, thebenefits of reviewing and revising CR-WSP to make it up-to-date and when to do

this.

Activity 6.2: Power Point Presentation

This activity will introduce participants on how to document operation and management

procedures and its importance, what supporting procedures are and their importance, the benefits

of reviewing and revising CR-WSP to make it up-to-date and when to do this. Trainers use this

session to clear up any misconceptions on these issues. Ask participants if they have any

questions and get their feedback and reactions to the presentation.

51

Task 6.1 Document Management Procedures

Key definition:

Management procedures: is a step-by-step instruction describing important operational

activities.

Climate resilient water safety plan includes establishment of clear management procedures to

document actions taken when the water supply system is operating under normal condition

(standard operation procedures- SOPs) and when the system is operating in incident situation

(corrective actions) when critical limits are surpassed. Sometimes, incident situation such as

flood and/or drought may occur and create loss of control of the system, and could result in

damage of the water supply infrastructure, drying and/or gross contamination.

Documented management procedures are important because it:

o Build operator confidence in knowing what to do and when

o Help ensure that important tasks are done right

o Prevent valuable knowledge and experience from being lost

o Serve as training tools for new system operators etc...

The following are examples of standard operation procedures.

Operational Procedures under normal conditions

Prepare/update the operational manual that is used for operation and maintenance of rural

water supply schemes, water sampling, quality testing and surveillance, disinfection, and

household water treatment and safe storage practices, WASHCO and board management

guidelines,

Prepare/update procedure for record keeping and reporting (list of reportable key

parameters, failure reporting forms, users’ claim form, etc.),

Develop system of communication between WASHCO/rural WASH boards and health

sector/regulator particularly on sharing of compliance monitoring results.

Management procedures to deal with incidents

In addition to climate and weather information collected from the nearest meteorological

stations, CR-WSP team organizes community/expertise consultation workshop and

identify trends of climatic changes that occurred during the past years/decades (based on

the histories and experiences of the elders or on meteorological data, make prediction for

possible impacts on the water supply system and establish baseline for future monitoring,

and

Prepare/update clear description of actions required in the events of deviations from the

critical limits.

52

Depending on the type and complexity of the emergency situation, develop/update the response

action which could vary from:

Modification of treatment of existing sources, or temporary use of alternative sources

with appropriate water treatment, or water trucking during worst water scarcity,

Use of alternative water sources with household water treatment and safe storage

practices in cases of gross damage and contamination with existing water supply

schemes, and

Proper documentation of these emergency response actions in the emergency

management procedures.

In addition, address the following issues in the emergency response procedure:

Prepare response and monitoring actions,

Identify responsibilities of internal and external stakeholders,

Develop/update communication strategies (rules for internal information

sharing/exchange mechanism, with the regulatory, with media and the public),

Develop/update user manual for distribution of emergency supplies, surveillance

procedures, etc.

Note: Management procedure can be short and simple and utilize photographs or drawings so

they are clear and easy to use.

Task 6.2 Development of the CR-WSP Supporting Activities

Key definition:

Supporting Activities: Activities that contribute to drinking water safety but do not directly

affect water quality

Development and availing of the standard operational procedures (user manuals) for

implementation of CR-WSP under normal condition and during incident condition is not

sufficient by itself. Thus, there should be activities that support the CR-WSP team, WASH

committees, rural WASH boards, and local artisans and scheme caretakers develop necessary

knowledge, skills, and commitment to develop and implement CR-WSP approach, and capacity

to manage water supply systems to deliver safe water.

Therefore, start supporting programs from simple actions like:

Organize in-service training for laboratory professionals/analysts, local artisans, scheme

caretakers, sanitarians, etc

Calibration of water quality testing equipment,

Review of existing operation and maintenance manuals,

Strengthen hygiene and sanitation promotion interventions,

Conduct community sensitization,

53

Strengthen soil and water conservation (watershed management) interventions,

Provision of the Woreda water and health offices with rapid water quality testing kits,

Establish mechanisms for tracking consumer complaints and actions taken to respond to

complaints

Identify researchable issues to generate evidences for informed decision making

including:

54

Task 6.3 Regularly Review the CR-WSP

The CR-WSP document is not an end but it is the beginning of improved water supply system

management. CR-WSP team is expected to meet periodically to review and learn from CR-WSP

implementation experiences and new procedures. Therefore, the CR-WSP needs to be reviewed

and revised regularly to remain up-to-date and useful.

The need for regular review of the CR-WSP depends on the following situations:

Urgent review of CR-WSP when critical changes or problems occurred in the water

supply systems (e.g. contamination exceeding critical limits) and to make

operational/physical audits and take corrective measures,

Quarterly to assess progresses made on implementation of quick wins and solve

ambiguity/confusions related to CR-WSP implementation, which is carried out by the

Kebele CR-WSP team and Kebele cabinet,

Biannually to review the whole processes of CR-WSP implementation, outputs, and its

effectiveness from the viewpoints of ensuring water safety and meeting health based

targets, and

Annually to identify successes, challenges and learn from experiences and update the

CR-WSP.

55

Reference

AHS, J. W., TAO, W., LÖFGREN, J. & FORSBERG, B. C. 2010. Diarrheal Diseases in Low-

and Middle-Income Countries: Incidence, Prevention and Management. The Open Infectious

Diseases Journal, 4, 113-124.

CES 2013. Compulsory Ethiopian Standard: Ethiopian Drinking Water Quality Standard

2013.pdf>. Ethiopian Standard Agency, First Edition.

EDHS 2011. Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Report.

GLAAS 2014. Investing in water and sanitation: increasing access, reducing inequalities.

MENGISTIE, B., BERHANE, Y. & WORKU, A. 2012. Predictors of Oral Rehydration Therapy

use among under-five children with diarrhea in Eastern Ethiopia: a community based case

control study. BMC public health, 12, 1029.

MOWIE 2015a. CLIMATE RESILIENT WATER SAFETY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

Guidelines for Community Managed Rural Drinking Water Supplies.

MOWIE 2015b. Growth and Transformation Plan GTP-2) for Water sector, final draft.

SATHIYASUSUMAN, A. 2011. Neonatal and post-neonatal mortality decline in Ethiopia:

evidence from DHS 2005. Revista de Cercetare şi Intervenţie Socială, 44-62.

UNHR. 2002. The Right to Water. Office of the high commission for human right.

UNICEF/WHO 2009. Diarrhoea : Why children are still dying and what can be done. WHO

Library Cataloging-in Publication Data

WHO 1976. Surveillance of Drinking water Quality. World Health Organization Monograph

Series No.63.

WHO 2012. Water safety planning for small community water supplies: step-by-step risk

management guidance for drinking-water supplies in small communities.

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

WHO/IWA 2009. Water Safety Plan Manual Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water

suppliers. WHO Library Cataloguing-in- publication data.

WHO/UNICEF 2015. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG

assessment. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

56

Technical Annexes

Annex I: CR-WSP implementation Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders at all levels

Level Sector/Organization Responsibility Coordination in place/ used

as plat form

Remark

National

MoWIE (Hydrology

and Water Quality

Directorate/ Drinking

Water & Sanitation

Directorate

Lead and secretariat planning,

implementation and monitoring

and evaluation of national WSP

NWCO/OWNP/Check under

the current Water Sector

Working Group

MoH/FMHACA/EP

HI/National Standard

authority

Surveillance and

regulatory/auditing

NWCO/OWNP/ NHSTF

Regional

Regional Water, and

Energy

Lead regional WSP planning,

implementation and ME

Regional WCO/WASH Task

force

Health, Water,

Education Agriculture

and Environment

Sector

Regional Health

Bureaus/ regional

and sub-regional

public health

laboratories

Surveillance and

regulatory/auditing

Regional WCO/ WASH Task

force

Woreda

Woreda Water

Resource Office

Woreda specific CR-WSP

planning, implementation and ME

Woreda WASH Team (WWT),

Woreda WCO

Mapping of micro

water shed and water

schemes according to

climatic zone (quantity

and quality of water )

Woreda Health

Office/ Health

centers

Surveillance and

regulatory/auditing

Woreda WASH Team(WWT),

Woreda WCO

Urban Water

Utilities

Water supply

management team

Utility specific of WSP planning,

implementation and quality

assurance

Utility management board Establish WSP team

with involvement of

relevant experts from

health, environment.

natural and land

resource management

Community

managed

water supply

schemes

WASHCOs Rural/small community water

supply specific CR-WSP panning,

implementation and quality

assurance.

With the support of WWT

identification and management of

micro Watershed

WASH Boards Establish WSP team

with involvement of

HEWs, DA, Teachers

WASHCOMs

Household

level

HDA, HEW Safe water management

(promotion)

Kebele development manger Promotion of the

activity as integral part

of health promotion

through demonstration

57

Annex II: Water Quality Standards

Ethiopia’s Drinking Water Quality Standard Specification (2013)

(Adopted from Compulsory Ethiopian standard of drinking water specifications, 2013)

Table 1. Physical characteristics of drinking water

Characteristic Maximum

Permissible level

Test method

Odour Unobjectionable ES 605

Taste Unobjectionable

Turbidity, NTU 5 ES ISO 7027

Colour, TCU 15 ES ISO 7887

Table 2. Characteristics that affect the palatability of drinking water

Substance or Characteristic Maximum

Permissible level

Test method

Total hardness(as CaCO3) 300 ES 607

Total dissolved solids mg/l, Max 1000 ES 609

Total Iron(as Fe) mg/l, Max 0.3 ES ISO 6332

Manganese (as Mn) mg/l, Max 0.5 ES ISO 6333

Ammonia(NH3+ NH4+) mg/l, Max 1.5 ES ISO 7150-2

Residual, free chlorine mg/l, Max 0.5 ES ISO 7393

Anionic surfactans, as mass

concentration of MBAS mg/l, Max

1.0 ES ISO 7875-1

Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l, Max 50 ES ISO 7980

Calcium ( as Ca), mg/l, Max 75 ES ISO 7980

Copper ( as Cu) mg/l, Max 2 ES ISO 8288

Zinc ( as Zn) mg/l, Max 5 ES ISO 8288

Sulfate ( as SO4) mg/l, Max 250 ES ISO 9280

Chloride ( as Cl) mg/l, Max 250 ES ISO 9297

Total alkalinity ( as CaCO3)

mg/l,Max

200 ES ISO 9963-1

Sodium ( as Na) mg/l, Max 200 ES ISO 9964-1

Potassium ( as K) mg/l, Max 1.5 ES ISO 9964-2

PH value, units 6.5 to 8.5 ES ISO 10523

Aluminium(as Al) mg/l, Max 0.2 ES ISO 12020

Table 3. Content of toxic and or/disease causing substances of drinking water

Substance or Characteristic Maximum

Permissible level

Test method

Barium(as Ba) mg/l, Max 0.7 ES 606

Total Mercury ( as Hg) mg/l, Max 0.001 ES ISO 5666-3

Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, Max 0.003 ES ISO 5961

Arsenic (as As) mg/l, Max 0.01 ES ISO 6595

Cyanide(as CN) mg/l, Max 0.07 ES ISO 6703-1

Nitrite (as NO2) mg/l, Max 3 ES ISO 6777

58

Substance or Characteristic Maximum

Permissible level

Test method

Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l, Max 50 ES ISO 7890-3

Phenolic compound as phenols, mg/l, Max 0.002 ES ISO 9165-1

Lead (as Pb) mg/l, Max 0.01 ES ISO 8288

Boron( as B), mg/l, Max 0.3 ES ISO 9390

Selenium( as Se) mg/l, Max 0.01 ES ISO 9965

Fluoride ( as F) mg/l, Max 1.5 ES ISO 10359-

1 Chromium( as Cr) mg/l, Max 0.05 ES ISO 11083

Pesticides and Organic constituents, mg/l, Max

a. DDT 2

ES ISO 6468

b. Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide 0.03

c. Hexachlorobenzene 1

d. Lindane(Gamma-BHC) 2

e. Methoxychlor 20

f. Aldrin/Dieldrine 0.03

g. 1,2 Dichloro ethane 30

ES ISO 10301 h. 1,1,1- Trichloro ethane 2001

i. - trichloroethane

j.

70

J. Trichlorobenzenes(total) 20

k. Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6

Table 4. Bacteriological levels

Organism Maximum

Permissible level

Test method

Total viable organisms, colonies per ml Must not be detectable ES ISO 4833

Faecal streptococci per 100ml Must not be detectable ES ISO 7899-1

ES ISO 7899-2

Coliform organisms, number per 100ml Must not be detectable

detectable

ES ISO 9308-1

E.coli, number per 100ml Must not be detectable ES ISO 9308-1

ES ISO 9308-2

59

Annex III: Training program on development and implementation of CR-WSP for Kebele CR-WSP team

Days Topics and training methodology Time

Day 1 Introduction to the training workshop

Brainstorm, explain/discuss the national water and health policies specific to water safety,

national water quality standards targets, recommended quantity and distance to collect water

Team composition, team forming, roles, and leading team work towards performance

1 hr

2 ½ hrs

1 hr

Day 2 Climate change/weather variability and its effect on the drinking water supplies

Concepts, principles and tasks of climate resilient water safety plan

Brainstorm, explain and discuss

• How to support water committee or water board in developing CR-WSP

How to describe water supply systems,

45 mts

45 mts 1

hr

Day 3 How to identify hazardous events and hazards to water quality and quantity and reliability of

existing water supply system

How to identify and validate effectiveness of the existing control measures

How to assess risks

Orientation on how to use the sanitary survey and household level hazardous events and

hazard assessment tools/instruments and field exercises (work)

1 ½ hrs

2 ½ hrs

1 ½ hrs

2 ½ hrs

Day 4 Practical exercise

Field visit to selected community managed water supply and conduct system description,

identify hazards and hazard events and existing control measures from catchment to point of

use

Discuss in group: identify hazardous events and hazards by process steps, identify existing

and validate the effectiveness of the control measures and assess the risks

Explain and discuss on how to develop and implement an incremental improvement plan,

3 hrs

2 hrs

1 ½ hrs

Day 5 Explain and discuss on how to monitor control measures, and verify effectiveness of the

water safety plan

How to document, review and improve all aspects of water safety plan implementation

Prepare team activity plan (when to accomplish tasks) with timeline

General discussion, agree on way forward

2 hrs

2 hrs

1 ½ hr

1 hr

60

Annex IV: Detail data to be gathered during water supply system assessment (task 2.2)

Detailed information about the catchment/micro-watersheds and the water source, including

description of:

1. Location and type of the water source (gravity spring, motorized deep borehole, hand dug well,

shallow well, spot spring, rain harvesting system and private hand dug wells),

2. If the source is ground water- depth, describe discharge rate, and depth of casing,

3. Different purpose of water use (drinking, food preparation, bathing, hygiene, animal watering,

irrigation, gardening, etc.),

4. Topographic features of the catchment land (plain, gorge, slope, erosion, for possible danger from

flooding,

5. Ownership of the catchment land, and land use for economic and social activities including

agriculture, cattle grazing, mining, waste disposal, common defecation sites, etc.,

6. Existing affirmative action such as soil and water conservation interventions in the catchment

land,

7. Current and future demand (adequacy of the water for users),

8. Water source quality and sources of pollution due to different type of the socio-economic

development activities in the catchment areas,

9. Kind of hazard events (contaminants from different sources in the catchment areas) including

organic, inorganic, agrochemicals mainly fertilizer and pesticide, and/or chemical wastes,

10. Current physical, microbiological and chemical qualities of the water (recent data from the

woreda health and/or water resource offices). If secondary data is not available, consult health

office to collect water samples and make quality testing and analysis from outlets of the sources,

reservoirs, distribution points, and household taps and household storage containers,

11. Changes of the source discharge rate (yield/quantity) during design phase versus current rate and

reliability of the source taking in to consideration of population growth rate (water demand),

12. Condition of the wellhead works/spring box, possible intrusion of surface runoff, access to

animals, cracks, pool of water on the platform, etc., and

13. Condition of human and animal waste disposal Sanitation.

Detailed information about the storage reservoir, distribution lines and public stand posts (gravity

spring and motorized scheme), including:

1. Capacity (volume), location (site), service age, design and structure of the reservoirs, materials

used, and their position of inlet and outlet valves, overflows, manhole cover, shape of top cover

slab, vent pipe, etc.

2. Presence of protection/fencing from human and animal access such as cattle, birds, rodents, etc.

3. Type, size, length, and age of pipe materials and accessories used (GIP, uPVC, HDPE, etc.)

4. Check for possible entrance of contaminated water through the basement/wall/top of the

reservoirs, (check for any structural defects),

5. Check location where pipe laid and valves are sited like points where pipe crosses the flood

drainage ditches, ponds, river, exposed parts, etc.,

6. Check for areas where frequent leakage, breakage and supply interruption occurred

(information/data can be obtained from operation and maintenance workers),

7. Check for back flow of contaminated water from inspection/valve boxes,

61

8. Check for pool of water over the cover slab, cracks, air vent pipe open due to wire mesh damage,

fencing, birds droppings and nests, uncovered inspection man-holes, uncovered outlet pipe/valve

boxes, etc. and other conditions that increase chance of entry of contaminants,

9. Check for illegal connections, vandalism, etc., and

10. Check for presence of fence and proper door for the community distribution points, drainage and

cleanliness of the platform, presence pool of water for insect breeding, conditions of human and

animal faeces in the surrounding, condition of meter /valve box, leakage, functionality of taps,

etc.

Detailed information about spot spring, hand dug and shallow well, rain water harvesting:

Spring Box

1. Check for proper construction of the spring box (wall, cover, inspection hole, overflow pipe, pool

of water /mud on the cover-slab, cracks, whether people wash cloth on the cover slab, etc.),

2. Check for runoff/flood ways leading towards spring box, surface water pool, latrine, human and

animal faeces, crop farm, mining, cattle barn uphill or around the spring,

3. Check for presence of proper fencing with door, flood diversion ditch, and heavy traffic road

crossing over water bearing spring micro catchment, and

4. Check for water quality (microbiological and physicochemical).

Hand dug and shallow boreholes fitted with hand pump

1. Check for construction status of the well headwork,

2. Check for presence of human and animal faeces in the surrounding, latrine and waste disposal

sites, farms, animal shed, fencing with proper door, pool of water and mud on the well head,

cracks, etc.,

3. Check for runoff/flood ways leading towards the headwork of the well, and

4. Check for water quality (microbiological and physicochemical).

Rain water harvesting

1. Check for type of roofing material, birds and rodent nest and droppings, insects, and dust/debris

on the rain water contact surfaces such as in the gutter, dropdown pipes, and on the roof surface,

2. Check for presence of filtration and disinfection/chlorination practices,

3. Check for practices/knowledge of flashing away the first 10-15 minutes’ rain before collecting

rain water,

4. Check for cleanliness and proper cover of collection reservoir (cistern) and pumps used to rise

water to overhead tanker, and

5. Check for water withdrawal practices of the households.

Detail information about transportation household water treatment and storage practices

1. Check for type, size (volume), treatment and safe storage practices,

2. Water withdrawing mechanisms including cleanliness of utensils, and

3. Human and animal waste disposal practices including child faeces,

62

General supportive information about the community water supplies

1. Education and training (knowledge and skills) of operation and maintenance workers (technicians

and artisans, care takers),

2. Human power, materials (tools and spare parts), and finance available for operation and

maintenance (resource management practices of WASHCOs and Boards),

3. Record keeping (documentation and reporting) and auditing documents,

4. Community/Kebele access to and usage of the basic and improved hygiene and sanitation

facilities, household water treatment and storage practices, and ODF status of the village/Kebele

Solid and waste water collection and disposal, domestic animal shedding practices, general

personal hygiene conditions of children, etc.,

5. Availability and knowledge of the water quality standards of the technicians/artisans, and HEWs,

6. Some general highlights on communities’ perception/compliant about access, adequacy and

quality of the water and compliant on behavior of the caretaker, water fetching schedule, cost, and

use of alternative water sources, etc., and

7. Information on legal status of the WASHCO, procedure for tariff setting, amount of money

collected, accounting and auditing procedures, operation and maintenance cost, etc.

63

Annex V: Sanitary Survey Form for Different Water Sources

I. Type of Facility DEEP BOREHOLE WITH MECHANIZED PUMPING 1. General Information:

Region __________________

Woreda__________________

Kebele___________________

Village___________________

Coordinates X_______________ Y____________________

No of consumer_____________

2. Code no____________

3. Date of Visit______________

4. Water sample taken? _____Sample no _________ FC/100 ml________

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment of Risk

1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 100m of pump house? Y/N

2. Is the nearest latrine unsewered? Y/N

3. Is there any source of other pollution within 50m? Y/N

4. Is there an uncapped well within 100m? Y/N

5. Is the drainage around pump house faulty? Y/N

6. Is the fencing damaged allowing animal entry? Y/N

7. Is the floor of the pump house permeable to water? Y/N

8. Does water forms pools in the pump house? Y/N

9. Is the well seal insanitary? Y/N

Total Score of Risks___/9

Risk score: 7-9 = High; 3-6 = Medium; 0-2 = Low

III. Results and Recommendations:

The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-9)

Signature of Health Inspector/Assistant:

Comments:

64

I. Type of Facility SHALLOW WELL WITH HAND PUMP

1. General Information:

• Region __________________

• Woreda__________________

• Kebele___________________

• Village___________________

• Coordinates X_______________ Y____________________

• No of consumer_____________

2. Code no___________

3. Date of Visit___________

4. Water sample taken? _____Sample no _________ FC/100 ml________

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment of Risk

1. Is there a latrine within 10m of shallow well? Y/N

2. Is there a latrine uphill of the shallow well? Y/N

3. Are there any other sources of pollution within 10m of shallow well? Y/N

(e.g. animal breeding, cultivation, roads, industry etc.)

4. Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 2m of the shallow well? Y/N

5. Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or need cleaning? Y/N

6. Is the fence missing or faulty? Y/N

7. Is the apron less than 1m in radius? Y/N

8. Does spilt water collect in the apron area? Y/N

9. Is the apron cracked or damaged? Y/N

10. Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to apron? Y/N

Total Score of Risks___/9

Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

III. Results and Recommendations:

The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10)

Signature of Health Inspector/Assistant:

Comments:

65

I. Type of Facility PROTECTED SPRING

1. General Information:

• Region __________________

• Woreda__________________

• Kebele___________________

• Village___________________

• Coordinates X_______________ Y____________________

• No of consumer_____________

2. Code no_________________

3. Date of Visit______________

4. Water sample taken? _____Sample no _________ FC/100 ml________

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment of Risk

1. Is the spring unprotected? Y/N

2. Is the masonry protecting the spring faulty? Y/N

3. Is the backfill area behind the retaining wall eroded? Y/N

4. Does spilt water flood the collection area? Y/N

5. Is the fence absent or faulty? Y/N

6. Can animals have access within 10m of the spring? Y/N

7. Is there a latrine uphill and/or within 30m of the spring? Y/N

8. Does surface water collect uphill of the spring? Y/N

9. Is the diversion ditch above the spring absent or non-functional? Y/N

10. Are there any other sources of pollution uphill of the spring? Y/N

(e.g. solid waste)

Total Score of Risks___/10

Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

III. Results and Recommendations:

The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10)

Signature of Health Inspector/Assistant:

Comments:

66

I. Type of Facility DUG WELL WITH HAND PUMP

1. General Information:

• Region __________________

• Woreda__________________

• Kebele___________________

• Village___________________

• Coordinates X_______________ Y____________________

• No of consumer_____________

2. Code no_________________

3. Date of Visit______________

4. Water sample taken? _____Sample no _________ FC/100 ml________

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment of Risk

1. Is there a latrine within 10m of the well? Y/N

2. Is the nearest latrine uphill of the well? Y/N

3. Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of well? Y/N

(e.g. animal breeding, cultivation, roads, industry etc) Y/N

4. Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 2m of the well? Y/N

5. Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or need cleaning? Y/N

6. Is the fence missing or faulty? Y/N

7. Is the cement less than 1m in radius around the top of the well? Y/N

8. Does spilt water collect in the apron area? Y/N

9. Are there cracks in the cement floor? Y/N

10. Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment to well head? Y/N

11. Is the well-cover insanity?

Total Score of Risks___/11

Risk score: 9-11 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

III. Results and Recommendations:

The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-11)

Signature of Health Inspector/Assistant:

Comments:

67

I. Type of Facility RAIN WATER COLLECTING AND STORAGE

1. General Information:

• Region __________________

• Woreda__________________

• Kebele___________________

• Village___________________

• Coordinates X_______________ Y____________________

• No of consumer_____________

2. Code no_________________

3. Date of Visit______________

4. Water sample taken? _____Sample no _________ FC/100 ml________

II. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment of Risk

1. Is rainwater collected in an open container? Y/N

2. Are there visible signs of contamination on the roof catchment? Y/N

(e.g. plants, excreta, dust)

3. Is guttering that collects water dirty or blocked? Y/N

4. Are the top or walls of the tank cracked or damaged? Y/N

5. Is water collected directly from the tank (no tap on the tank)? Y/N

6. Is there a bucket in use and is this left where it can become contaminated? Y/N

7. Is the tap leaking or damaged?

8. Is the concrete floor under the tap defective or dirty?

9. Is there any source of pollution around the tank or water collection area? Y/N

10. Is the tank clean inside? Y/N

Total Score of Risks___/10

Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low

III. Results and Recommendations:

The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10)

Signature of Health Inspector/Assistant:

Comments:

68

Annex VI: Risk Assessment Matrix

Are controls effective? Risk assessment Additional Control measures

Process step

Hazardous events

Hazard

type

Existing

control

measures

Yes

No

So

me

wh

at

Validation note

Lik

elih

oo

d

Co

nse

qu

en

ces

Ris

k s

core

Ris

k l

evel

Yes

No

If yes, proposed controls

Catchment

Catchment

Storage/

treatment

Storage/

treatment

Distribution

Distribution

Consumer

Consumer

69

Annex VII: Incremental Improvement Plan Format

S. No Specific improvement action Relevant hazardous event Responsible person/

organization

Implementation

timeline

Implementation cost

(In BIRR)

70

Annex VIII: Health and Water Quality Match Game Toolkit

Potential sign Possible

hazards

Possible contamination sources

(or hazardous events)

Cut out these 10 small cards

(under this column) and give to

participants to place in correct

place in middle column of the table

to the left.

Acute health issues

Diarrhoea and dysentery (including

occasional outbreaks of cholera and

typhoid fever) and other waterborne

infections such as hepatitis are

widespread within the community,

particularly affecting the young, old

and health compromised

?

Open defecation or nearby

sanitation facilities; agriculture

(use of manure) or

wildlife; dirty water with

suspended particles such as silt,

clay or organic matter (often from

flood waters or

following rainstorms)

Microbial pathogens

Methaemoglobinaemia in bottle-fed

infants (or "blue baby syndrome") ? Sewage discharges; poorly

maintained septic tank;, animal

manure and runoff from

agriculture

High levels of nitrates/nitrites

Chronic health issues

Mottling and staining of teeth in

young children and teenagers; brittle

bones and crippling

? Naturally occurring in some

groundwater High fluoride levels

Pigmentation changes (melanosis)

and thickening of the skin

(hyperkeratosis), increased rates of

cancers

? Naturally occurring in some

groundwater High arsenic levels

Skin irritation (skin rash, hives,

itchy eyes and throat); tingling

around the mouth and fingertips;

slurred speech;

animals who drink the water may

die

? High nutrient levels in warm and

stagnant surface water (ponds,

tanks)

Algae and algal toxins

Aesthetic/physical issues

Stains on fixtures or laundry;

coloured water with metallic taste ? Naturally occurring in some

groundwater; may result from

corroding pipes in the distribution

system or from "overturning" of

reservoirs

High sulfide levels

Brown-coloured water without

particles (not directly harmful to

health but could result in high levels

of disinfection byproducts if water is

chlorinated)

? Naturally occurring in some

surface waters from lakes or rivers

with submerged vegetation

High levels of natural organic

matter

Soap does not lather; white scale

builds up on pots or kettles when

water is heated (not harmful to

health, but may make water difficult

to treat and use)

? Usually from limestone or chalk

aquifers High hardness (calcium and

magnesium)