Climate Governance and Development

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    O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=

    @cnt`c oy

    Dior`lat Dgsjag

    dgc Ojrns ]i`sejvnl

    Linhdt` Fjv`rgdgl` dgcC`v`ijph`gt

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    Linhdt` Fjv`rgdgl` dgc C`v`ijph`gt

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    Linhdt` Fjv`rgdgl`

    dgc C`v`ijph`gt

    @cnt`c oy

    Dior`lat Dgsjag

    dgc Ojrns ]i`sejvnl

    SA@ VJ_IC ODGE

    Vdsangftjg, C.L.

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    ?=44 Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Odge bjr _`ljgstrultnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt / Sa` Vjric Odge4141 A \tr``t GVVdsangftjg CL ?=361-60=-336=5 Ngt`rg`t; www.ljpyrnfat.ljh.

    Dii jta`r qu`rn`s jg rnfats dgc inl`gs`s, ngliucngf suosncndry rnfats, sajuic o` dccr`ss`c tjta` Jbbnl` jb ta` ]uoinsa`r, Sa` Vjric Odge, 4141 A \tr``t GV, Vdsangftjg, CL ?=33-61-=-1?461-=-1?4>3-

    Ldrjid Cjgg`r-_`nlai`

    E@^GJS@ DCC_@\\

    Linhdt` Fjv`rgdgl` dgc C`vijph`gt 44

    _jsngd On`roduh

    E@^GJS@ DCC_@\\

    C`v`ijph`gt dgc Linhdt` Ladgf` ?6

    Kustng nbu Ing

    ]drt N Linhdt` Ladgf` ds d C`v`ijph`gt ]rnjrnty

    Hdngstr`dhngf Linhdt` Dcdptdtnjg ngtj C`v`ijph`gt; D ]jinly Cni`hhd

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    RN | LJGS@GS\

    ]drt NNN Gdturdi _`sjurl` Fjv`rgdgl` bjr Dcdptdtnjg,Hntnfdtnjg, dgc C`v`ijph`gt

    Fjv`rgdgl` bjr \ustdngdoi` Dcdptdtnjg: @gvnrjgh`gtdi \tr`ssjrs,Gdturdi _`sjurl`s, dgc Auhdg \`lurnty 64

    \nrn @rnes`g

    Nhpdlt jb Linhdt` dgc Idgc-Ps` Ladgf`s jg Gdturdi _`sjurl`s ng ta`Dfrnluiturdi Idgcsldp` 10

    Dgcrz`k E`cznjrd dgc [onfgn`w V. Eugcz`wnlz

    ]drt NR C`v ijph`gt, Gjg-\tdt` Dltjrs, dgc Linhdt`Fjv`rgdgl`; ]rnvdt` \`ltjr dgc GFJs

    Linhdt` Ladgf` dgc ta` Sar`dt tj C`v`ijph`gt 4=6Cdvnc _jf`rs

    ]drt R Bngdglngf Dcdptdtnjg dgc Hntnfdtnjg ng dgPg`qudi Vjric

    Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Linhdt` Drlant`ltur` dgc Bngdglndi Bijws bjr Dcdptdtnjg 4?4

    Ladrijtt` \tr`le

    ]drt RN Ladgfngf Linhdt`, Ladgfngf Ngstntutnjgsjb Fjv`rgdgl`

    Lr`dtngf ta` Ldpdlnty bjr C`l`gtrdinz`c, \`ib-Fjv`rgngf Dcdptdtnjgstj Linhdt` Ladgf` 4

    Aufa Ljhpstjg dgc Ndg Odni`y

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    Dojut Sans Ojje

    Sa` Vjric Odge dgc NgV@gt (Ldpdlnty Ounicngf Ngt`rgdtnjgdi, F`rhdgy) ajic d

    C`v`ijph`gt ]jinly Bjruh `dla \`pt`ho`r ng O`ring. Sans h``tngf, egjwg ds ta`

    O`ring Vjresajp, prjvnc`s d bjruh bjr ta` @urjp`dg r`s`drla ljhhugnty tj ljg-

    trnout` nts p`rsp`ltnv`s tj `driy cnslussnjgs ng pr`pdrdtnjg jb ta` Vjric Odges dggudi

    Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt. Sa` Vjresajp jbb`rs g`w nc`ds dgc cnstngltnv` p`rsp`l-

    tnv`s brjh jutsnc` ta` Vjric Odge. ]drtnlnpdgts ng ta` Vjresajp ljh` brjh d rdgf`

    jb dldc`hnl, fjv`rgh`gtdi, tange-tdge, dgc pjinly-hdengf ngstntutnjgs ng @urjp`, ta`

    Pgnt`c \tdt`s, dgc ta` _ussndg B`c`rdtnjg, ds w`ii ds brjh ta` Vjric Odge dgc ta`

    F`rhdg c`v`ijph`gt ngstntutnjgs. Ljgb`r`gl` pdp`rs dr` wrntt`g oy ta` pdrtnlnpdgtsdgc dr` r`vn`w`c oy ta` `cntjrs. ]drtnlnpdgts dbbnindtnjgs nc`gtnbn`c ng tans vjiuh` dr`

    ds jb ta` tnh` jb ta` ljgb`r`gl`, \`pt`ho`r ?1

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    Ngtrjcultnjg

    D@A^PGF ENH DGC OJ_N\ ]I@\EJRNL

    Sans vjiuh`, O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=, ljgtdngs d s`i`ltnjg jb pdp`rs pr`s`gt`c

    dt ta` 44ta Ngt`rgdtnjgdi ]jinly Vjresajp, a`ic ng O`ring, \`pt`ho`r ?1

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    ? | D@A^PGF ENH DGC OJ_N\ ]I@\EJRNL

    hntnfdtngf fr``gajus` fds`s, sula dfr``h`gts wnii gjt c`inv`r snfgnbnldgt hntnfd-

    tnjg, jr wnii snhpiy bdni. D tanrc fjdi jb ta` r`pjrt ns tj ljgtrnout` tj ta` shdii out

    frjwngf ojcy jb egjwi`cf` jg ajw c`v`ijph`gt pjinly sajuic o` c`snfg`c ng d

    fr``gajus` wjric.Dt ta` sdh` tnh`, Ing drfu`s tadt twj e`y ladii`gf`s ljgl`rg o`tt`r hdgdf`h`gt

    jb `g`rfy sjurl`s dgc gdturdi r`sjurl`s. Ajw cnbb`r`gt s`ts jb dltjrs r`spjgc tj ta`s`

    ladii`gf`s wnii sadp` ta` butur` jb d linhdt`-str`ss`c wjric, sj ta` ljgb`r`gl`

    ngliuc`s ng-c`pta ljgsnc`rdtnjg jb ta` str`gftas tadt cnbb`r`gt frjups jb dltjrs ldg

    orngf tj ta` ljhhjg fjdi jb lr`dtngf hjr` `bb`ltnv` r`spjgs`s tj linhdt` ladgf`.

    Sa`s` ngliuc` gjt jgiy r`spjgs`s jb pjinly, out disj jb ta` rji` tadt dutjgjhjus

    dcdptdtnjg tj linhdt` ladgf` pidys ng ljhpi`h`gtngf puoinl s`ltjr dltnjgs jr bniingf

    ng wa`g pidgg`c dcdptdtnjgs tj linhdt` ladgf` bdii sajrt.

    Ng a`r jp`gngf dccr`ss, _jsngd On`roduh stdt`s tadt dg nhpjrtdgt pdrt jb ta`

    Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt ns fjngf tj o` tj bngc sjiutnjgs tj linhdt` ladgf` tadt dr`

    dc`qudt`, dlan`vdoi` dgc dll`ptdoi`ta` trnpi` D r`spjgs`. Dgy jb ta` v`rsnjgs jb

    ta` fijwngf `ho`r t`hp`rdtur` ladrts ngcnldt` tadt tjcdys t`hp`rdtur`s dr`

    dir`dcy o`fnggngf tj adv` dg nhpdlt. Va`g ta` t`hp`rdtur` r`dla`s dojut ? c`fr``s

    L dojv` pr`ngcustrndi i`v`isrjufaiy ng ta` rdgf` jb 30= pdrts p`r hniinjgw` wnii

    o`fng tj s`` ijss`s jb bjjc lrjps dgc snfgnbnldgt c`lr`ds`s ng wdt`r. Sa`s` ladgf`s

    hdy nhpdlt p`radps 4 tj ? oniinjg p`jpi` dgc ?= tj 3= p`rl`gt jb sp`ln`s, wnta hdgy

    sp`ln`s tar`dt`g`c wnta `xtngltnjg.

    On`roduh drfu`s tadt nt ns o`ljhngf nglr`dsngfiy li`dr tadt ta` Hnii`ggnuh

    C`v`ijph`gt Fjdis (HCFs) dr` tar`dt`g`c oy linhdt` ladgf`. Jg` hust tangedojut `gvnrjgh`gtdi sustdngdoninty dgc linhdt` ladgf` dii tjf`ta`r ng d ljgt`xt jb

    huitnpi` str`ssjrs. Linhdt` ladgf`, sdys On`roduh, tjula`s dii jb ta` HCFsng

    wdys tadt hnfat hde` ta`h ugdlan`vdoi`. Bjr ngstdgl`, nb lrjp yn`ics c`lr`ds`, ta`

    bnrst fjdi ns dbb`lt`c5 nb cns`ds` rdgf`s sanbt, ta` bjurta, bnbta, dgc snxta fjdis dr`

    dbb`lt`c. Nb linhdt` ladgf` dbb`lts ngt`rf`g`rdtnjgdi `qunty, w` hdy o` ugdoi` tj

    dlan`v` ugnv`rsdi prnhdry `culdtnjg jr f`gc`r `qudinty, jr tj `hpjw`r wjh`g jr

    tj c`v`ijp d fijodi pdrtg`rsanp bjr c`v`ijph`gt. Li`driy, nb linhdt` ladgf` ns gjt

    dccr`ss`c, g`driy dii jb ta` Hnii`ggnuh C`v`ijph`gt Fjdis dr` dt rnse.

    Sa` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt, On`roduh stdt`s, wnii bjlus gjt jgiy jg ajw

    linhdt` ladgf` dbb`lts c`v`ijph`gt, out disj jg ajw c`v`ijph`gt ldg dgc wniidbb`lt linhdt` ladgf`. Nb dltnjg tj ljgtrji fr``gajus` fds`s ns c`idy`c, ta` ljst jb

    dlan`vngf ijw`r ljgl`gtrdtnjgs ng ta` dthjspa`r` wnii fr`dtiy nglr`ds`. \j ta`

    sjjg`r dii ljugtrn`s pdrtnlnpdt`, ta` ijw`r ta` tjtdi ljst. Out, jb ljurs`, ng jrc`r tj

    adv` dii ljugtrn`s pdrtnlnpdt`, ta`r` wjuic g``c tj o` hdssnv` hjg`tdry dgc t`la-

    gjijfy bijws brjh ta` Gjrta tj ta` \juta.

    On`roduh disj anfainfats tadt ta` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt wnii ngt`frdt` cns-

    lussnjgs jb hntnfdtnjg dgc dcdptdtnjg, twj ljgl`pts wanla dr` jbt`g gjt ngt`frdt`c.

    Ladpt`rs ng Vjrengf Frjups NN dgc NNN jb ta` Ngt`rfjv`rgh`gtdi ]dg`i jg Linhdt`

    Ladgf` (N]LL) trn`c tj ijje dt ta`s`. Nt ns v`ry nhpjrtdgt tj ugc`rstdgc ajw hntnfd-

    tnjg dgc dcdptdtnjg hnfat ngt`rs`lt. \jh` dcdptdtnjgs hnfat ngt`rb`r` wnta st`ps

    tde`g tjwdrc hntnfdtnjg. Bjr `xdhpi`, nb hdengf onjbu`is vndoi` ns d hntnfdtnjg fjdi,

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    NGS_JCPLSNJG | , Gjrta dgc \juta wnii adv` tj wjre tjf`ta`r tj h``t tans ladii`gf`.

    ]jinly hde`rs dt dii i`v`is g``c o`tt`r egjwi`cf` jb ta` c`hjfrdpanl, `ljgjhnl,

    sjlndi, ngstntutnjgdi, dgc t`lagjijfnldi prjoi`hs tadt i`dc tj nglr`ds`s ng fr``gajus`

    fds `hnssnjgs dgc ta` c`strultnjg jb ta` `ljsyst`h. V` disj g``c d r`spjgs` jg d

    fijodi i`v`i. Dii ta`s` ladii`gf`s r`qunr` g`w dgc nggjvdtnv` bjrhs jb fjv`rgdgl`.

    Ds gjt`c oy ta` Pgnt`c Gdtnjgs Pgnv`rsntys Ngstntut` bjr @gvnrjgh`gt dgc Auhdg

    \`lurnty, s`v`rdi stucn`s adv` c`dit wnta fijodi `gvnrjgh`gtdi fjv`rgdgl`. Swj trdcn-

    tnjgdi bjrhs jb fjv`rgh`gt adv` cjhngdt`c wjric dbbdnrs ugtni r`l`gtiy; gdtnjgdi fjv-

    `rgh`gts wjrengf tarjufa fjv`rgh`gtdi r`fuidtnjgs, dgc ngt`rgdtnjgdi fjv`rgh`gt

    c`lnsnjgs bjr ljii`ltnv` dltnjg bdlnintdt`c oy ngt`rgdtnjgdi jrfdgnzdtnjgs dgc ngt`rgd-

    tnjgdi r`fnh`s. \ustdngdoi` c`v`ijph`gt r`qunr`s dg ugc`rstdgcngf tadt dltnjgs adv`

    >

    Ldrjid Cjgg`r-_`nlai` ns cnr`ltjr jb ta` \jlndi C`v`ijph`gt C`pdrth`gt dt NgV@`gtLdpdlnty OunicngfNgt`rgdtnjgdi, F`rhdgy.

    O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=

    ?=4= Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Odge bjr _`ljgstrultnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt / Sa` Vjric Odge

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    4= | LD_JID CJGG@_-_@NLAI@

    ljgs`qu`gl`s dgc tadt auhdgnty hust bngc nggjvdtnv` wdys jb ladgfngf ngstntutnjgdi

    strultur`s dgc ngbiu`glngf ngcnvncudi o`advnjr. Dlljrcngfiy, jur pjinly wjresajp cns-

    luss`s ajw tj inge tajs` ngsnfats jg linhdt` dgc c`v`ijph`gt, wnta `hpadsns jg ta`

    qu`stnjg jb linhdt` fjv`rgdgl`.D g`w ldtlawjrc ng ta` crdbt Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt cr`w hy dtt`gtnjg;

    linhdt` shdrt. Vadt cj`s tans h`dg: ^`st`rcdy, N sdw d b`dtur` jg t`i`vnsnjg dojut

    ajw wng` frjw`rs ng hy ajh` dr`d jb Odc`g-Vrtt`ho`rf, F`rhdgy, dr` dckustngf

    tj linhdt` ladgf` oy pidgtngf cnbb`r`gt typ`s jb frdp`s. Sadt ns shdrt!

    N wjuic ine` tj ngtrjcul` NgV@gtLdpdlnty Ounicngf Ngt`rgdtnjgdi, wanla jrfdg-

    nz`c tans ljgb`r`gl` jg o`adib jb ta` B`c`rdi Hngnstry jb @ljgjhnl Ljjp`rdtnjg dgc

    C`v`ijph`gt. NgV@gtNgt`rgdtnjgdi` V`nt`ronicugf ugc @gtwnleiugf fFhoAns

    dg nhpi`h`gtngf jrfdgnzdtnjg jb ta` F`rhdg fjv`rgh`gt tadt prjhjt`s ngt`rgd-

    tnjgdi auhdg r`sjurl` c`v`ijph`gt, dcvdgl`c trdngngf, dgc cndijfu`, taus hdengf

    dg ngt`frdi dgc tdrf`t`c ljgtrnoutnjg tj ngt`rgdtnjgdi ljjp`rdtnjg oy ounicngf strul-

    tur`s bjr sustdngdoi` c`v`ijph`gt. ]rjfrdh-bjlus`c ldpdlnty ounicngf ns d fjdi-

    jrn`gt`c ngv`sth`gt ng auhdg pjt`gtndi. Jur pjintnldi hnssnjg ns tj bjlus jg ta`

    prdltnl`-jrn`gt`c dcvdgl`c trdngngf jb `xp`rts dgc `x`lutnv`s, bjst`rngf, pr`cjhn-

    gdgtiy, jp`rdtnv` p`rbjrhngf dgc bugltnjgdi `int`s out disj up-dgc-ljhngf c`lnsnjg

    hde`rs ng pjintnls, dchngnstrdtnjg, ta` prnvdt` s`ltjr, dgc lnvni sjln`ty. Ngw`gt jbb`rs

    pjintnldi c`lnsnjg hde`rs g`twjres tadt, tarjufa `xladgf` jb `xp`rn`gl`, `gdoi`

    ta`h tj ldrry jut r`bjrh dgc ladgf` prjl`ss`s. Nts e`y tdses ngliuc` bdlnintdtngf

    dll`ss tj nggjvdtnv` egjwi`cf`, prjvncngf d pidtbjrh bjr `xladgf` jb `xp`rn`gl`,

    dgc jbb`rngf dcvdgl`c trdngngf prjfrdhs bjr hdgdf`rs. Jur jv`rdii fjdi ns tjstr`gfta`g ta` seniis jb c`lnsnjg hde`rs ng pjintnldi, jrfdgnzdtnjgdi, dgc prnvdt` s`l-

    tjr ladgf` prjl`ss`s.

    Bngdiiy, N wjuic ine` tj sdy sjh`tangf dojut tans v`gu`. Sa` Hv`gpnle Ajt`i,

    wa`r` w` h``t tjcdy, ns d anstjrnl pidl`. Nt wds jrnfngdiiy ta` \n`h`gs Ajus`, ounit

    ng 4>43 oy ta` \n`h`gs Ljhpdgy tj fnv` ta` bnrh d p`rhdg`gt dccr`ss ng ta` l`gt`r

    jb O`ring. Sa` rjjh w` dr` ng, ta` \n`h`gs \ddi, survnv`c ta` c`strultnv` bjrl`s jb

    Vjric Vdr NN dgc ta` nsjidtnjg nhpjs`c oy ta` O`ring Vdii, wanla stjjc g`droy. V`

    dr` ng ta` hncci`, o`tw``g @dst dgc V`st O`ring. Va`g O`ring dssuh`c nts jic rji` ds

    ta` ldpntdi jb F`rhdgy sjh` y`drs dfj, ta` \n`h`gs Ajus` cr`w dtt`gtnjg o`ldus` nt

    ns d sngfuidr wntg`ss tj wadt tans qudrt`r jgl` wds dgc o`ldus` jb nts rjjts ng ta`\n`h`gs Ljhpdgy.

    Dt ta` o`fnggngf jb ta` tw`gtn`ta l`gtury, \n`h`gs wds prjculngf dii tajs` tangfs

    tadt nhpdrt`c d g`w pdl` tj urodg inb`; d suourodg rdniwdy, str``tldrs, trdbbnl infats,

    t`i`pajg`s, dgc str``t infatngf. \n`h`gs hdc` d auf` ljgtrnoutnjg tjwdrc hdengf

    O`ring ta` ldpntdi jb `i`ltrnlnty, dg `i`ltrjpjins, sj tj sp`de. Sans spnrnt jb nggjvdtnjg

    wnii func` jur `gc`dvjrs curngf ta` g`xt twj cdys ds w` tange dojut dgc cnsluss

    sjiutnjgs tj ta` ladii`gf` jb linhdt` fjv`rgdgl` dgc c`v`ijph`gt tadt w` bdl`. N dh

    ljgvngl`c tadt ta` prjl``cngfs jb ta` wjresajp wnii o` dg nhpjrtdgt ngput ng crdbt-

    ngf Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt ?=4=. N wnsa us dii ngspnrngf cdys ng O`ring, dgc N

    ajp` yju `gkjy yjur stdy a`r`. Sadge yju v`ry hula!

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    E`ygjt` Dccr`ss

    Linhdt` Fjv`rgdgl` dgc C`v`ijph`gt

    _J\NGD ON@_ODPH

    Nt ns wjgc`rbui tj adv` sj hdgy wns` brn`gcs a`r` tj a`ip us tange dojut Vjric

    C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt ?=4=. N o`in`v` tadt jur ljgb`r`gl`ta` idt`st ng d s`rn`s jb

    h``tngfs a`ic `dla y`dr tj pr`pdr` bjr ta` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt (VC_)

    wnii o` v`ry `xlntngf. N wdgt tj tadge Ldpdlnty Ounicngf Ngt`rgdtnjgdi (NgV@gt) dgc

    ta` F`rhdg B`c`rdi Hngnstry bjr @ljgjhnl Ljjp`rdtnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt bjr

    drrdgfngf tans `v`gt.

    Sa` _`pjrt ns ldii`c ta` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt, sj nts sljp` ns wjricwnc`,

    out nt ns disj ta` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt, wanla h`dgs ta`r` ads tj o` d bjlus

    jg c`v`ijph`gt. Sa` VC_ ns diwdys dojut c`v`ijph`gt dgc sjh`tangf. Sansy`dr, bjr ta` bnrst tnh`, ta` tjpnl ns c`v`ijph`gt dgc linhdt` ladgf`. Lr`dtngf d

    ugnqu` vdiu` dcc`c wnii o` trnley ng tans v`ry ousy wjric jb linhdt` r`pjrts. V` s``

    vnrtudiiy jg` sula r`pjrt `v`ry w``eng bdlt, prjodoiy jg` d w``e brjh `v`ry

    ljugtry. N dh ijjengf bjrwdrc tj yjur wnscjh ng a`ipngf us sjrt tarjufa dii ta`

    pjssnoi` tjpnls tadt tans VC_ hnfat ljv`r dgc ajw w` ldg orngf fjv`rgdgl` tj

    o`dr ng ta` _`pjrt ng d ugnqu` wdy.

    Curngf ta` ljgb`r`gl`, yju wnii a`dr brjh hdgy VC_ t`dh h`ho`rs, out N wnii

    pjngt ta`h jut gjw. Kustng Ing ns ta` lan`b `ljgjhnst jb ta` Vjric Odge, dgc Hdr-

    ndgg` Bdy ns VC_ ljcnr`ltjr, dijgf wnta h`. (N dh ta` sln`gtnst, dgc sa` ns ta` ljg-

    jhnst.) D guho`r jb t`dh h`ho`rs dr` a`r`, ds w`ii; Drug Dfrdwdi, Dgcr`d Inv-

    `rdgn, Di`x Ijtsla, dgc Ndg Gjoi`. Idt`r, twj jb jur dldc`hnl dcvns`rs, G`ojksd

    Gdenl`gjvnl dgc Kjag \la`iigauo`r, wnii kjng us.

    N egjw N dh stdgcngf o`tw``g yju dgc cngg`r. \j i`t h` try tj o` d ont prjvjld-

    tnv` tj f`t jur `v`gngf ljgv`rsdtnjgs fjngf. Sjhjrrjw, Kustng Ing wnii r`bjlus us

    r`fdrcngf ta` tdse dt adgc dgc ajw tans pdrtnluidr ljgb`r`gl` bnts ngtj ta` VC_.

    44

    _jsngd On`roduh ns ta` ljcnr`ltjr jb Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt ?=4=.

    O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=

    ?=4= Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Odge bjr _`ljgstrultnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt / Sa` Vjric Odge

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    4? | _J\NGD ON@_ODPH

    E``p ng hngc, ds w` tange dojut ajw o`st tj pjsntnjg tans _`pjrt, tadt nt wnii o` jg

    ta` str``ts oy tans tnh` g`xt y`dr, ng ?==>, dgc wnii o` pr`tty hula puoinl oy idt`

    suhh`r jb g`xt y`dr. Vnta dii jb ta` Ljp`gadf`g g`fjtndtnjgs swnringf drjugc, w`

    wdgt tj o` a`ipbui tj tadt prjl`ss, gjt nganontjry tj nt.Dg `xlntngf tangf dojut tans ljgb`r`gl` ns tadt `v`ryojcy ng tans rjjh r`ljfgnz`s

    tadt linhdt` ladgf` ns d s`rnjus prjoi`h dgc tadt w` sajuic f`t jg wnta dccr`ssngf

    nt. Vnta ta` cnbb`r`gt cnslnping`s r`pr`s`gt`c a`r`, N tange w` ldg stdrt tj c`v`ijp d

    hula-g``c`c pidg, d ajw tj bjr dccr`ssngf linhdt` ladgf`. Vadt ns ta` strdt`fy

    bjr f`ttngf brjh wa`r` sjln`ty ns tjcdy tj wa`r` w` tange nt g``cs tj o` ng dojut

    ?=

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    LINHDS@ FJR@_GDGL@ DGC C@R@IJ]H@GS | 4>= dgc ?=40, ta` prjpjrtnjg jb p`jpi wajs` ngljh` ns

    i`ss tadg P\$4 d cdy.

    Dlan`v` buii dgc prjcultnv` `hpijyh`gt dgc c`l`gt wjre bjr dii, ngliucngf

    wjh`g dgc yjugf p`jpi`.

    Adiv`, o`tw``g 4>>= dgc ?=40, ta` prjpjrtnjg jb p`jpi` waj subb`r brjh

    augf`r.

    Fjdi ?. Dlan`v` ugnv`rsdi prnhdry `culdtnjg.

    @gsur` tadt, oy ?=40, lanicr`g `v`rywa`r , ojys dgc fnris dine`, wnii o`

    doi` tj ljhpi`t` d buii ljurs` jb prnhdry slajjingf.Fjdi >= dgc ?=40, ta` ugc`r-bnv` hjrtdinty

    rdt`.

    Fjdi 0. Nhprjv` hdt`rgdi a`dita.

    _`cul` oy tar` -qudrt`rs, o tw``g 4>>= dgc ?=40, ta` hdt rgdi hjrtdinty

    rdtnj.

    Dlan`v` ugnv`rsdi dll`ss tj r`prjcultnv` a`dita.

    Fjdi 2. Ljhodt ANR/DNC\, hdidrnd, dgc jta`r cns`ds`s.

    Adv` adit`c oy ?=40 dgc o`fug tj r`v`rs ta` spr`dc jb ANR/DNC\.

    Dlan`v`, oy ?=4=, ugnv`rsdi dll`ss tj tr`dth`gt bjr ANR/DNC\ bjr dii tajs`

    waj g``c nt.

    Adv` adit`c oy ?=40 dgc o`fug tj r`v`rs ta` nglnc`gl` jb hdidrnd dgc

    jta`r hdkjr cns`ds`s.(ljgtngu`c)

    Ladii`gf`s jb Hntnfdtngf Linhdt` Ladgf`

    N h`gtnjg`c tadt ta` pr`ldutnjgdry prnglnpi` wds ounit ngtj ta` PGBLLL. Ds dg

    ugc`riyngf ta`sns jb jur _`pjrt, w` dr` gjt kust tangengf dojut cnsljugt rdt`s(ditajufa hdgy `ljgjhnsts dr` wjrengf jg tadt bdl`t) out dr`, rdta`r, tdengf ta`

    pjsntnjg tadt ta` pr`ldutnjgdry prnglnpi` sajuic dppiy o`ldus` jb ta` rnses jb nrr`-

    v`rsnoninty, tnppngf pjngts, dgc ugsustdngdoi` c`v`ijph`gt. @v`g nb ta` wjric ljg-

    strdngs fr``gajus` fds ljgl`gtrdtnjg ng ta` dthjspa`r` tj 30= pph, w` adv` jgiy

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    41 | _J\NGD ON@_ODPH

    d 0= p`rl`gt ladgl` jb stjppngf dt ?L dojv` pr`ngcustrndi t`hp`rdtur`s. Sa`

    `bbjrt tj ugc`rstdgc dgc inhnt nhpdlts jg auhdg o`ngfs dgc jg `ljsyst`hs hust

    o` v`ry ljgl`rt`c dgc hust o`fng v`ry sjjg. Ldrji Orjwg`r, ta` bjrh`r a`dc jb ta`

    P.\. @gvnrjgh`gtdi ]rjt`ltnjg Df`gly (@]D), ads sdnc tadt jur f`g`rdtnjg ads ta`

    ldpdoninty jb o`ljhngf ta` bnrst tj i`dv` ta` g`xt f`g`rdtnjg d truiy nrr`v`rsnoi`

    prjoi`hl`rtdngiy, d hjgne`r w` cj gjt wdgt.Vay ns linhdt` ladgf` d s`rnjus c`v`ijph`gt nssu`: Bnfur` 0 pr`s`gts `stnhdt`s

    jb ta` guho`r jb p`jpi` dbb`lt`c oy linhdt`-r`idt`c cnsdst`rsbijjcs, crjufats,

    aurrnldg`s, dgc sj jg. ]`jpi` ng c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s dr` dbb`lt`c dt ?= tnh`s ta`

    rdt` jb tajs` ng c`v`ijp`c ljugtrn`s, dgc, ds yju ldg s`` brjh ta` bnfur`, ta`s` tr`gcs

    dr` ine`iy tj ljgtngu`. Sa` VC_ wnii bjlus gjt jgiy jg ajw linhdt` dbb`lts c`v`i-

    jph`gt out disj jg ajw c`v`ijph`gt pdtt`rgs wnii dbb`lt linhdt` ladgf`. Ng ta`

    pdst, ta` rnla ljugtrn`s w`r` r`spjgsnoi` bjr puttngf hjst jb ta` fr``gajus` fds`s

    ngtj ta` dthjspa`r`, out tadt ns fjngf tj ladgf` ng ta` butur`. Nb dltnjg tj ljgtrji

    fr``gajus` fds`s ns c`idy`c, ta` ljst jb dlan`vngf dgy pdrtnluidr ljgl`gtrdtnjg ng ta`dthjspa`r` fr`dtiy nglr`ds`s. \j, ta` sjjg`r dii ljugtrn`s pdrtnlnpdt`, ta` ijw`r wnii

    o` ta` tjtdi ljst. Out ng jrc`r tj adv` dii ljugtrn`s pdrtnlnpdt`, hdssnv` hjg`tdry

    dgc t`lagjijfy bijws brjh ta` Gjrta tj ta` \juta dr` g``c`c.

    Ojx 4. Sa` @nfat Hnii`ggnuh C`v`ijph`gt Fjdis dgc Sa`nr Sdrf`ts(ljgtngu`c)

    Fjdi 6. @gsur` `gvnrjgh`gtdi sustdngdoninty.

    Ngt`frdt` ta` prnglnpi`s jb sustdngdoi` c`v`ijph`gt ngtj ljugtry pjinln`s

    dgc prjfrdhs dgc r`v`rs` ta` ijss`s jb `gvnrjgh`gtdi r`sjurl`s.

    _`cul` onjcnv`rsnty ijss, dlan`vngf, oy ?=4=, d snfgnbnldgt r`cultnjg ng ta`

    rdt` jb ijss.

    Adiv , oy ?=40, ta` prjpjrtnjg jb p`jpi` wntajut sustdngdoi` dll`ss tj

    sdb` crngengf wdt`r dgc odsnl sdgntdtnjg.

    Oy ?=?=, tj adv` dlan`v`c d snfgnbnldgt nhprjv`h`gt ng ta` inv`s jb dt i`dst

    4== hniinjg siuh cw`ii`rs.

    Fjdi 1. C`v`ijp d Fijodi ]drtg`rsanp bjr C`v`ijph`gt.

    Dccr ss ta` sp`lndi g``cs jb ta` i`dst c`v`ijp`c ljugtrn`s, idgcijle`c ljug-

    trn`s, dgc shdii nsidgc c`v`ijpngf stdt`s.

    C`v`ijp burta`r dg jp`g, rui`-ods c, pr`cnltdoi`, gjgcnslrnhngdtjry trdcngf

    dgc bngdglndi syst`h.

    C`di ljhpr`a`gsnv`iy wnta c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s c`ot.

    Ng ljjp`rdtnjg wnta padrhdl`utnldi ljhpdgn`s, prjvnc` dll`ss tj dbbjrc-

    doi` `ss`gtndi crufs ng c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s.

    Ng ljjp`rdtnjg wnta ta` prnvdt` s`ltjr, hde` dvdnidoi ta` o`g`bnts jb g`w

    t`lagjijfn`s, `sp`lndiiy ngbjrhdtnjg dgc ljhhugnldtnjgs.

    \jurl`; Pgnt`c Gdtnjgs, V` Ldg @gc ]jv`rty?=40 Hnii`ggnuh C`v`ijph`gt Fjdis.attp;//www.ug.jrf/hnii`ggnuhfjdis/.

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    LINHDS@ FJR@_GDGL@ DGC C@R@IJ]H@GS | 4>

    Nb yju ijje dt ta` ousng`ss ds usudi pdta dgc ta`g dt ta` 00= pph ing`, dt

    4= oniinjg tjgs jb ldrojg (bnfur` 2), wnta dojut 4= oniinjg p`jpi` ng ta` wjric,

    tadt wjuic o` d tjg jb ldrojg p`r p`rsjg. Huitnpiyngf tadt oy 6=s

    3,===

    C`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s

    I`dst c`v`ijp`c ljugtrn`s

    1=s 4>>=s ?===s

    guho`rdbb`lt`c(hniinjgs)

    BNFP_@ 0.]jpuidtnjgs Dbb`lt`c oy Linhdt`-_`idt`c Cnsdst`rs, oy C`ldc`

    \jurl`; Vjric Odge dgdiysns ods`c jg cdtd brjh ta` L`gtr` bjr _urdi @culdtnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt (L_@CD).

    410=

    0

    =

    4=

    40

    ?=

    anstjrnldi `hnssnjgs

    62= pph

    20= pph

    00= pph

    30= pph

    r`b`r`gl` lds`

    fijodib

    jssnibu`ildrojg`hnssnjgs(fnfdtjgsp`r

    y`dr)

    4>== 4>0= ?=== ?=0= ?4== ?40= ??== ??0= ?

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    ?= | _J\NGD ON@_ODPH

    w`ditay ljugtrn`s, wjuic adv` tj r`cul` ta`nr `hnssnjgs dojut 1= p`rl`gt tj

    diijw ta` wjric tj f`t jg d sustdngdoi` trdk`ltjry, wanla p`des kust dojut gjw

    bjr 30= pph dgc v`ry sjjg bjr 00= pph.

    Jb ljurs`, `qunty ns lrulndi tj dii ta` g`fjtndtnjgs. Sa` Pgnt`c \tdt`s gjw `hnts

    ?= h`trnl tjgs jb ldrojg cnjxnc` p`r ldpntd (bnfur` 6). F`rhdgy ns dt dojut 4= tjgs

    p`r ldpntd, dgc ta` dv`rdf` bjr ijw-ngljh` ljugtrn`s ns dojut 4 tjg. (\jh` ljug-

    trn`s, sula ds Gnf`rnd dgc Odgfidc`sa, dr` dt v`ry ijw i`v`is.) Sa`s` bnfur`s adv`

    ladgf`c sinfatiy ng ta` bjur y`drs sngl` ta` `stnhdt`s w`r` hdc`, out ta` nssu`s jb

    `tanls, jb `qunty, dgc jb ounicngf pdrtg`rsanps tj c`di wnta ta` prjoi`hs jb ta`dthjspa`rnl ljhhjgs r`hdng idrf`. Ds w` hjv` tjwdrc Ljp`gadf`g, nt ns li`dr

    tadt bjr c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s, nt ns `nta`r d bdnr c`di jr gj c`di. Dgc bnfurngf

    jut wadt bdnr `gtdnis ns v`ry nhpjrtdgt.

    FG] p`r ldpntd, (]]],

    ngt`rgdtnjgdi cjiidrs)

    hjr` tadg ?=,===

    4=,=== tj ?=,===

    0,=== tj 4=,===

    ?,=== tj 0,===

    i`ss tadg ?,===anfa

    ngljh`dv`rdf`

    wjricdv`rdf`

    ijwngljh`

    dv`rdf`

    Pgnt`c \tdt`s

    h`trnl tjgs p`r ldpntd

    \ducn Drdond?=

    Dustrdind

    Ldgdcd

    Lz`la _`puoinl

    Gjrwdy

    _ussndg B`c`rdtnjg

    Pgnt`c EngfcjhF`rhdgy

    Kdpdg

    \juta DbrnldPerdng`

    HdidysndBrdgl`

    \w`c`g

    Nrdg, Nsidhnl _`p.H`xnlj

    Drf`gtngdSure`y

    SadnidgcFdojg

    @fypt, Drdo _`p.

    LangdOrdzniPrufudy

    Ngcjg`sndNgcnd

    ]aninppng`sFudt`hdid

    ]denstdg^`h`g, _`p.

    SjfjGnf`rnd

    Odgfidc`sa

    Hjzdhonqu`Pfdgcd

    Hdin

    @tanjpnd

    4>

    41

    46

    42

    40

    43

    4

    1

    6

    2

    0

    3

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    E`ygjt` Dccr`ss

    C`v`ijph`gt dgc Linhdt` Ladgf`

    KP\SNG ^NBP ING

    Ng jrc`r tj c`di wnta ta` nhpinldtnjgs jb linhdt` ladgf` bjr `ljgjhnl c`v`ijph`gt,

    w` hust ljgsnc`r dii tar`` cnh`gsnjgs jb c`v`ijph`gt; `ljgjhnl frjwta, `qunty, dgc

    sustdngdonintyojta sjlndi dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi. Brdh`c ng tans wdy, linhdt` ladgf` ns

    jgiy jg` dhjgf ta` hdgy ladii`gf`s ljgbrjgtngf c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s, wanla dr`

    bdl`c wnta nhh`cndt` dgc pr`ssngf g``cs, inhnt`c r`sjurl`s, ljgtngu`c pjv`rty, dgc

    sjlndi dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi nssu`s. Ng hdgy jb ta`s` ljugtrn`s, auhdg dgc ngstntutnjg-

    di r`sjurl`s dr` sldrl` dgc jv`rstr`tla`c.

    Sadt sdnc, linhdt` ladgf` ljuic g`v`rta`i`ss o` vn`w`c ds ta` c`bngngf ijgf-

    t`rh c`v`ijph`gt ladii`gf` jb ta` tw`gty-bnrst l`gtury. Sans pjsntnjg cj`s gjt nhpiytadt ta` jta`r nssu`s dr` gjt onf dgc urf`gt. Pgi`ss, ajw`v`r, w` c`di wnta linhdt`

    ladgf`, jta`r c`v`ijph`gt ladii`gf`spjv`rty, ng`qudinty, c`hjfrdpanl ladgf`,

    puoinl a`dita g``cs, gdturdi ldtdstrjpa`s, bngdglndi dgc t`rhs-jb-trdc` sajles, dgc sj

    jgwnii o`ljh` `v`g hjr` cnbbnluit tj hdgdf`. Linhdt` ladgf` tar`dt`gs, jv`r tnh`,

    tj r`v`rs` ta` c`v`ijph`gt fdngs jb r`l`gt y`drs dgc inhnt prjsp`lts bjr burta`r fdngs.

    Dt ta` sdh` tnh`, w` hust dlegjwi`cf` ta` ljgl`rg tadt sjh` pjinly r`spjgs`s tj

    linhdt` ladgf` ljuic o` adrhbui tj frjwta dgc tj pjv`rty dii`vndtnjg jok`ltnv`s.

    Dbt`r d ijgf ounicup jb dthjspa`rnl ldrojg cnjxnc` dgc jta`r fr``gajus` fds`s,

    w` gjw egjw, ng ta` wjrcs jb ta` N]LL (Ngt`rfjv`rgh`gtdi ]dg`i jg Linhdt`

    Ladgf`), tadt hjst jb ta` jos`rv`c nglr`ds` ng fijodiiy dv`rdf`c t`hp`rdtur`s sngl`

    ta` hnc-?=ta l`gtury ns v`ry ine`iy cu` tj ta` jos`rv`c nglr`ds` ng dgtarjpjf`gnl

    fr``gajus` fds ljgl`gtrdtnjgs. V` dr` ta`r`bjr` ng d o`tt`r pjsntnjg tadg wds ta`

    lds` `v`g d b`w y`drs dfj tj hde` nt d prnjrnty tj dse, wadt dr` ta` ljgstrdngts jg

    r`sjivngf linhdt` ladgf` ladii`gf`s: Dgc, fnv`g ta`s` ljgstrdngts, wadt dr` ta` hjst

    ljst-`bb`ltnv`, utninty-hdxnhnzngf sjiutnjgs tadt w` ldg pursu`:

    ?6

    Kustng ^nbu Ing ns lan`b `ljgjhnst dgc s`gnjr vnl` pr`snc`gt jb ta` Vjric Odge.

    O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=

    ?=4= Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Odge bjr _`ljgstrultnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt / Sa` Vjric Odge

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    ?1 | KP\SNG ^NBP ING

    Ditajufa w` stnii adv` tj wjre adrc jg bniingf ng ta` c`tdnis jb ta`s` sjiutnjgs, w`

    egjw tadt wntajut `bb`ltnv` ljjrcngdtnjg, nt wnii gjt o` pjssnoi` tj nhpi`h`gt ta`

    r`h`cn`s `bb`ltnv`iy. Inhntngf dthjspa`rnl ldrojg cnjxnc` dgc jta`r fr``gajus`

    fds`s tj ijgf-t`rh sustdngdoi` i`v`is ads o`ljh` jg` jb ta` hjst pr`ssngf fijodi puo-inl fjjcs, dgc tj dlan`v` tans dnh, ljjrcngdt`c c`lnsnjg hdengf dgc `bb`ltnv` nhpi`-

    h`gtdtnjg, ojta fijodiiy dgc dt ta` ijldi i`v`i, wnii o` lrulndi.

    N wdgt tj o`fng oy cnslussngf wadt dii tans h`dgs bjr c`v`ijph`gt ngstntutnjgs,

    pdrtnluidriy ta` jg` N r`pr`s`gtta` Vjric Odgedgc ajw w` dr` o`fnggngf tj

    r`spjgc. N wnii ta`g orn`biy r`vn`w ta` `h`rfngf ljr` h`ssdf`s jb ta` Vjric C`v`i-

    jph`gt _`pjrt (VC_) dgc ta` rji` tadt ta` VC_ ljuic pidy ng a`ipngf c`bng` wadt

    linhdt` ladgf` sajuic h`dg bjr ta` c`v`ijph`gt ljhhugnty. Linhdt` ladgf` ads

    o``g ldii`c ta` fr`dt`st hdre`t bdniur` jb dii tnh`. V` hust hde` sur` tadt nt cj`s gjt

    o`ljh` ta` fr`dt`st fjv`rgdgl` bdniur` jb dii tnh`. Out wntajut strjgf, ljgl`rt`c,

    dgc w`ii-cnr`lt`c dltnjg, w` rug d fr`dt rnse jb d hdssnv` fjv`rgdgl` bdniur`.

    Ajw ta` Vjric Odge Frjup Ns Dccr`ssngf ta` Ladii`gf`s

    Dii c`v`ijph`gt df`gln`s, dgc d guho`r jb c`v`ijpngf-ljugtry fjv`rgh`gts, dr`

    struffingf tjcdy tj c`bng` ajw linhdt` ladgf` sajuic dit`r ta` dnc df`gcd. Linhdt`

    ladgf` ns rdnsngf hdgy cnbbnluit qu`stnjgs. C`spnt` ta` hdgy dgc nhpjrtdgt c`odt`s

    drjugc ta` `ljgjhnl dgc t`lagnldi qu`stnjgs, tajs` dsp`lts dr` gjt g`l`ssdrniy wa`r`

    ta` fr`dt`st prjoi`hs in`. Jb hjr` ljgl`rg ns jur doninty tj dpprjprndt`iy r`spjgc tjta` `tanldi dgc pjintnldi qu`stnjgs tadt linhdt` ladgf` rdns`s.

    Ds hdgy adv` gjt`c, ugl`rtdngty ns d sdin`gt ladrdlt`rnstnl jb linhdt` ladgf`. Sa`

    ljgs`qu`gl`s jb ta`s` ugl`rtdngtn`s adv`, ajw`v`r, o``g hnsugc`rstjjcdgc, ng l`r-

    tdng ngstdgl`s, `xdff`rdt`c. Ds r`ljfgnz`c ng ta` 4>>? Pgnt`c Gdtnjgs Brdh`wjre

    Ljgv`gtnjg jg Linhdt` Ladgf`, ta` `xnst`gl` jb ugl`rtdngtn`s prjvnc`s hjtnvdtnjg

    bjr dltnjg rdta`r tadg d lds` bjr ngdltnjg. Ds egjwi`cf` nglr`ds`s dojut wadt engcs

    jb r`snin`gl` g``c tj o` ounit up, w` hust dt ta` sdh` tnh` tde` d adrc ijje dt c`v`i-

    jph`gt prdltnl` dgc pjinly ng jrc`r tj inhnt hdidcdptdtnjg ng ta` bdl` jb ljgtngungf

    ugl`rtdngtn`s. Sans h`dgs, bjr `xdhpi`, r`tangengf ta` ounicngf jb idrf`-sldi` wdt`r

    suppiy dgc nrrnfdtnjg ngbrdstrultur` wa`r` ta`r` ns snfgnbnldgt rnse tadt pr`lnpntdtnjgwnii c`lr`ds` dgc wa`r` ugc`rfrjugc wdt`r r`sjurl`s dr` dir`dcy r`dlangf `xadus-

    tnjg, `v`g nb ta` dr`d ads o``g dg nhpjrtdgt l`gt`r jb dfrnluiturdi dltnvnty bjr d ijgf

    tnh`.

    Linhdt` ladgf` ns ta` bjlus jb d auf` dhjugt jb dgdiysns, ldpdlnty ounicngf, dgc

    c`v`ijph`gt jb r`spjgs` jptnjgs dlrjss ta` wjric. Vntang ta` Vjric Odge Frjup,

    ds ng jta`r ngt`rgdtnjgdi c`v`ijph`gt ngstntutnjgs, huitnpi` `bbjrts dr` ugc`r wdy

    nt ns rdta`r ine` s``ngf d tajusdgc bijw`rs oijjh. Sa`s` `bbjrts dii jp`rdt` ugc`r ta`

    orjdc ruornl jb ta` Vjric Odge Frjups \trdt`fnl Brdh`wjre jg C`v`ijph`gt dgc

    Linhdt` Ladgf`, wanla nc`gtnbn`s ta` e`y c`v`ijph`gt fjdis jb ta` Odge ng r`spjgc-

    ngf tj linhdt` ladgf` dgc prjvnc`s d strultur` bjr ngt`frdtngf ta` Odge Frjups hdgy

    ngntndtnv`s ng tans dr`d.

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    C@R@IJ]H@GS DGC LINHDS@ LADGF@ | ?>

    _`s`drla dgc dgdiysns ngliuc`s hdkjr ojcn`s jb wjre jg ta` `ljgjhnl dgc sjlndi

    nhpdlts jb linhdt` ladgf`, ta` `ljgjhnls jb dcdptdtnjg tj linhdt` ladgf`, dgc pjin-

    ln`s bjr cnsdst`r rnse r`cultnjg. \uppjrt ads o``g fnv`g bjr stucn`s jb prjsp`lts bjr

    ijw`r-ldrojg `ljgjhnl frjwta ng s`v`rdi ljugtrn`s (Ordzni, Ngcnd, Ngcjg`snd, H`xnlj,dgc \juta Dbrnld), ds w`ii ds bjr wjre jg `g`rfy pjinln`s dgc jta`r pjinln`s bjr

    `gljurdfngf sula frjwta. Sa`s` dgdiys`s adv` o``g ldrrn`c jut dt ta` fijodi, r`fnjgdi,

    ijldi, dgc s`ltjrdi i`v`is. Ng dccntnjg, ta` Odge puoinsa`s, `dla y`dr, \tdt` dgc

    Sr`gcs jb ta` Ldrojg Hdre`t, wanla r`pjrts jg ta` `vjiutnjg jb ngt`rgdtnjgdi ldr-

    ojg bngdgl` bjr `gljurdfngf hntnfdtnjg jb fr``gajus` fds`s ng wdys tadt o`g`bnt

    c`v`ijph`gt.

    Vjre jg s`ltjrdi strdt`fn`s dgc pjinln`s dgc jg linhdt`-shdrt ngv`sth`gts ads

    bjiijw`c d snhnidr trdle. Vjre ads o``g cjg` tj str`gfta`g dcdptdtnjg ldpdlnty ng,

    bjr `xdhpi`, dfrnluitur` dgc wdt`r suppiy, ds w`ii ds tj nglr`ds` i`gcngf dgc t`lagn-

    ldi dssnstdgl` bjr r`g`wdoi` `g`rfy dgc `g`rfy `bbnln`gly. Ng ?=4= ta` Odge wnii

    r`wrnt` nts @g`rfy \trdt`fy, r`vns` nts @gvnrjgh`gt \trdt`fy, dgc dccr`ss pjinln`s ng

    jta`r e`y s`ltjrs sula ds wdt`r dgc urodg dr`ds. Ng `dla ngstdgl`, ta` str`gfta`gngf

    jb ljhpjg`gts r`i`vdgt tj linhdt` ladgf` ns d e`y pdrt jb ta` strdt`fy wjre. O`yjgc

    nts jwg t`lagnldi dgc ngv`sth`gt prjfrdhs, ta` Odge pidy`c d l`gtrdi rji` ng c`v`i-

    jpngf d Li`dg @g`rfy Ngv`sth`gt Brdh`wjre (L@NB) tj odidgl` `gvnrjgh`gtdi

    sustdngdoninty wnta jta`r e`y nssu`s sula ds rurdi dll`ss tj `g`rfy, `sp`lndiiy ng \uo-

    \dadrdg Dbrnld. Dgc ta` Odge s`rv`s ds trust`` bjr ta` Linhdt` Ngv`sth`gt Bugcs

    ljugtry-crnv`g `bbjrts tj c`v`ijp nggjvdtnv` h`dsur`s bjr linhdt` ladgf` hntnfdtnjg

    dgc dcdptdtnjg.

    Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrt ?=4=; Fjdis dgc E`y H`ssdf`s

    Sa` Vjric C`v`ijph`gt _`pjrtbnts ngtj ta` Vjric Odge Frjups idrf`r dpprjdla

    tjwdrc dccr`ssngf ta` ladii`gf`s jb linhdt` ladgf`. Sans pdrtnluidr VC_ ads tar``

    jok`ltnv`s. Sa` bnrst ns tj a`ip ljgvngl` ta` c`v`ijph`gt ljhhugnty tadt linhdt`

    ladgf` r`diiy cj`s r`pr`s`gt d ladgfngf `gvnrjgh`gt bjr c`v`ijph`gt dgc tadt

    ta` wdy w`v` diwdys cjg` nt ns gj ijgf`r dg bb`ltnv` jptnjg. Sa` s`ljgc ns tj ounic

    ta` lds` tadt ugi`ss c`v`ijph`gt r`dintn`s dr` buiiy ngt`frdt`c ngtj dfr``h`gts bjrhntnfdtngf fr``gajus` fds`s, tajs` dfr``h`gts wnii gjt c`inv`r snfgnbnldgt hntnfdtnjg

    jr wnii snhpiy bdni. D pdrtnluidr ljgl`rg ng tans ljgt`xt ns tj anfainfat ta` nhpjrtdgl`

    jb `gsurngf tadt ta` vjnl`s dgc ngt`r`sts jb pjjr`r dgc shdii`r ljugtrn`s dr` tde`g

    ngtj dlljugt.

    D tanrc fjdi jb ta` _`pjrt ns tj ljgtrnout` tj ta` shdii out frjwngf ojcy jb

    egjwi`cf` jg ajw c`v`ijph`gt pjinly sajuic o` c`snfg`c ng d fr``gajus` wjric.

    Ng sjh` lds`s, linhdt`-shdrt pjinly wnii snhpiy `gtdni cjngf hjr` jr o`tt`r rdta`r

    tadg cjngf sjh`tangf snfgnbnldgtiy cnbb`r`gt. Ng jta`r lds`s, trdcntnjgdi dpprjdla`s

    bjr `xdhpi`, hdgdfngf ngbrdstrultur` dgc `ljsyst`hswnii g``c tj ladgf` hjr`

    bugcdh`gtdiiy. Ng sjh` ngstdgl`s, cnbbnluit trdc`-jbbs o`tw``g hjr` nhh`cndt`

    c`v`ijph`gt g``cs dgc ijgf`r-t`rh linhdt`-r`idt`c ljgl`rgs wnii drns` jr wnii o`

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    C@R@IJ]H@GS DGC LINHDS@ LADGF@ |

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    ]drt NLinhdt` Ladgf` ds dC`v`ijph`gt ]rnjrnty

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    HDNG\S_@DHNGF LINHDS@ DCD]SDSNJG NGSJ C@R@IJ]H@GS | >65 Ourtjg `t di.?==?5 Dcf`r `t di. ?==

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    HDNG\S_@DHNGF LINHDS@ DCD]SDSNJG NGSJ C@R@IJ]H@GS |

    h`dgs jb r`culngf vuig`rdoninty tj linhdt` ladgf , ta`y g``c tj o` dlljhpdgn`c oygjgt`lagnldi h`dsur`s (bjr `xdhpi , trdngngf dgc ldpdlnty ounicngf5 ngstntutnjgdisuppjrt) tj `gsur` tadt ta` t`lagjijfn s dr` dll`ssnoi`, `bb`ltnv`, dgc sunt c tj ijldi

    ljgcntnjgs.

    Hdngstr`dhngf Dcdptdtnjg ngtj C`v`ijph`gt

    Sa` bnrst `hpnrnldi stucn`s jb linhdt` dcdptdtnjg (r`vn`w`c dgc dss`ss`c bjr ta`N]LLs Bjurta Dss`ssh`gt _`pjrt oy Dcf`r `t di. ?==6) adv` ljgbnrh`c tadt ta` sul-l`ss jb dcdptdtnjg c`p`gcs strjgfiy jg orjdc`r c`v`ijph`gt prjfr`ss. Va`g dcdp-tdtnjg ns inhnt`c tj r`spjgs`s sp`lnbnl tj linhdt` ladgf`, nt g`fi`lts ta` bdlt tadt vui-g`rdoninty tj linhdt` ladgf` cj`s gjt `h`rf` ng nsjidtnjg. Bjr `xdhpi`, nt hdy o`a`ipbui tj prjvnc` d rurdi ajus`ajic tadt frjws d pdrtnluidr suosnst`gl` lrjp wnta dhjr` crjufat-r`snstdgt vdrn`ty, out d hjr` rjoust dgc ljhpr`a`gsnv` dcdptdtnjgstrdt`fy wjuic s``e tj nhprjv` bjjc s`lurnty tarjufa d s`t jb ljjrcngdt`c h`dsur`stadt ngliuc` dfrnluiturdi `xt`gsnjg, lrjp cnv`rsnbnldtnjg, ngt`frdt`c p`st hdgdf`h`gt,dgc rdngwdt`r adrv`stngf. Ng dccntnjg, d pjjr rurdi ajus`ajic ns hjr` ine`iy tj us`ta`s` jptnjgs nb nt ads d int`rdt` bdhniy h`ho`r, nb nt ads dll`ss tj ngv`sth`gt ldpntditarjufa ijldi bngdglndi ngstntutnjgs, nb nt ldg crdw jg r`idtnv`iy ngtdlt sjlndi g`twjres,dgc nb nt ldg ajic pjinly hde`rs dlljugtdoi`. Ng jta`r wjrcs, nt tde`s hjr` tadg gdr-rjw, linhdt`-bjlus`c h`dsur`s tj ounic dcdptnv` ldpdlnty.

    D r`l`gt stucy oy ta` Vjric _`sjurl`s Ngstntut`, V`dta`rngf ta` \tjrh; Jptnjgsbjr Brdhngf Dcdptdtnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt (HlFrdy `t di. ?==6), prjvnc`s burta`rljgbnrhdtnjg. Sa` stucy r`vn`w`c hjr` tadg 4== ngntndtnv`s ng c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`sido`i`c ds dcdptdtnjg dgc bjugc tadt ng prdltnl`, ta`r` wds intti` cnbb`r`gl` o`tw``gta`s` ngntndtnv`s dgc wadt ldg o` ljgsnc`r`c fjjc c`v`ijph`gt. Sa` cnbb`r`gl` in`shjr` ng ta` c`bngntnjg jb ta` prjoi`h dgc ta` s`ttngf jb prnjrntn`s tadg ng ta` nhpi`-h`gtdtnjg jb sjiutnjgs. Sa` stucy pr`s`gts dcdptdtnjg ds d ljgtnguuh, rdgfngf brjhhjr` gdrrjwiy c`bng`c dltnvntn`s dnh`c sp`lnbnldiiy dt c`dingf wnta ta` nhpdlts jb lin-hdt` ladgf` tj dltnjgs c`snfg`c tj ounic r`spjgs` ldpdlnty dgc dccr`ss ta` crnv`rsjb vuig`rdoninty (s`` bnfur` 4).

    Hdngstr`dhngf dcdptdtnjg ngtj c`v`ijph`gt ldg h`dg cnbb`r`gt tangfs tj cnbb`r-`gt p`jpi`, c`p`gcngf jg wa`ta`r ta`y ajic d t`lagjijfy-ods`c jr d c`v`ijph`gt-ods`c vn`w jb dcdptdtnjg. Ng ta` t`lagjijfy-ods`c vn`w, hdngstr`dhngf idrf`iy r`b`rstj `gsurngf tadt prjk`ltnjgs jb linhdt` ladgf` dr` ljgsnc`r`c ng ta` c`lnsnjg hdengfjb r`i`vdgt fjv`rgh`gt c`pdrth`gts dgc df`gln`s, sj tadt ta` t`lagjijfn`s lajs`g dr`sunt`c tj ta` butur` linhdt`. Bjr `xdhpi`, ng dg dr`d prjk`lt`c tj `xp`rn`gl` hjr`ngt`gs` rdngbdii `v`gts, wdt`r hdgdf`rs wjuic bnt d crdngdf` syst`h wnta onff`r pnp`swa`g r`pidlngf jic jg`s, dgc dfrnluiturdi `xt`gsnjg s`rvnl`s ljgl`rg`c dojut ta`pjssnoninty jb nglr`ds`c crjufat wjuic dcvns` bdrh`rs tj s`i`lt lrjp vdrn`tn`s tadt dr`o`tt`r sunt`c tj cry ljgcntnjgs. Sans typ` jb hdngstr`dhngf ads disj o``g r`b`rr`c tjds linhdt`prjjbngf jr hdngstr`dhngf hngnhuh. Nt bjlus`s jg ta` twj rnfat-adgc ojx`s ng bnfur` 4.

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    3= | _ NLAD_C K. S. EI@NG

    Ng ta` c`v`ijph`gt-ods`c vn`w, dcdptdtnjg tj linhdt` ladgf` sajuic gjt o`r`strnlt`c tj sula tangfs ds ngstdiingf onff`r pnp`s dgc pidgtngf crjufat-r`snstdgtlrjps out sajuic ngst`dc tde` d ljhpr`a`gsnv` dpprjdla tadt s``es syg`rfn`s wntac`v`ijph`gt. Hdngstr`dhngf ldg taus `gsur` tadt, ng dccntnjg tj linhdt`prjjbngf,c`v`ijph`gt `bbjrts dr` ljgslnjusiy dnh`c dt r`culngf vuig`rdoninty oy ngljrpjrdtngfprnjrntn`s tadt dr` lrntnldi tj sull`ssbui dcdptdtnjg, sula ds `gsurngf wdt`r rnfats tj

    frjups `xpjs`c tj wdt`r sldrlnty curngf d crjufat. Sans typ` jb hdngstr`dhngf,wanla ads o``g r`b`rr`c tj ds hdngstr`dhngf pius, bjlus`s jg ta` buii ljgtnguuhjb bnfur` 4. Nt r`ljfgnz`s tadt dcdptdtnjg ngvjiv`s hdgy dltjrs, brjh ngcnvncudiajus`ajics tj gdtnjgdi fjv`rgh`gts, out tadt dg `gdoingf `gvnrjgh`gt g``cs tj o`lr`dt`c tj `gsur` tadt ta`s` dltjrs ldg dcdpt sull`ssbuiiy. Sans dpprjdla ngliuc`sr`hjvngf `xnstngf bngdglndi, i`fdi, ngstntutnjgdi, dgc egjwi`cf` odrrn`rs tj dcdptdtnjgdgc str`gfta`gngf ta` ldpdlnty jb p`jpi` dgc jrfdgnzdtnjgs tj dcdpt.

    Va`g ingengf dcdptdtnjg wnta c`v`ijph`gt, nt ns nhpjrtdgt tj r`ljfgnz` tadtpjv`rty r`cultnjg cj`s gjt diwdys h`dg r`cultnjg jb vuig`rdoninty (Dcf`r `t di. ?==

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    3? | _ NLAD_C K. S. EI@NG

    dcdptdtnjg dgc dcdptnv` ldpdlnty. Sans pjt`gtndi ns gjw o`ngf r`ljfgnz`c oy cjgjrdf`gln`s (s`` ojx ?).

    \`v`rdi cjgjr df`gln`s adv` o`fug slr``gngf ta`nr pjrtbjinjs bjr hdngstr`dhngfjppjrtugntn`s. Ei`ng `t di. (?==6) dgdiyz`c ta` snx pjrtbjinj slr``gngfs tadt w`r` puo-

    inliy dvdnidoi` oy ?==2, bjlusngf jg ojta ta` r`suits dgc ta` h`tajcs dppin`c. Sa` snxslr``gngfs w`r` ljgcult`c ngc`p`gc`gtiy dgc ta`r`bjr` us`c cnbb`r`gt h`tajcs, outta`y dii pursu`c ta` sdh` twj fjdis;

    Sj dsl`rtdng ta` `xt gt tj wanla `xnstngf c`v`ijph`gt dltnvntn`s dir`dcy ljgsnc`rlinhdt` rnses jr dccr`ss vuig`rdoninty tj linhdt` ladgf`

    Sj nc`gtnby jppjrtugntn`s bjr ngljrpjrdtngf linhdt ladgf` ngtj butur` dltnvntn`s

    Ei`ng `t di. (?==6) bjugc tadt linhdt` ladgf` wds ngntndiiy dihjst dos`gt brjh ta`df`gln`s dltnvntn`s. Va`r` nt wds h`gtnjg`c, nt wds brdh`c ds dg nssu` jb hntnfdtnjg

    dgc wds ng ta` cjhdng jb `gvnrjgh`gt hngnstrn`s dgc c`pdrth`gts. Gjtdoiy, intti`ljgg`ltnjg tj linhdt` ladgf` wds hdc` ng dr`ds wa`r` ta` linhdt` dir`dcy pjs`sli`dr rnses tjcdy. \ngl` ta` ngntndi slr``gngfs, ajw`v`r, ta` sntudtnjg ads ladgf`cljgsnc`rdoiyta` r`suit jb dg nglr`ds`c ugc`rstdgcngf jb ta` g``c bjr hdngstr`dh-ngf dgc wadt sula hdngstr`dhngf wjuic `gtdni bjr cjgjr df`gln`s. Ng dccntnjg tjslr``gngf ta`nr pjrtbjinjs, cjgjr df`gln`s adv` gjw o`fug tj slr``g ngcnvncudi prjk-`lts tj bngc jut wa`ta`r

    Linhdt` ladgf` ljuic pjs` d rnse tj h``tngf ta` jok`ltnv`s dgc prjculngf ta`c`inv`rdoi`s jb ta` prjk`lt

    Ljglr`t` dcdptdtnjgs dgc h`dsur`s tj str`gfta`g dcdptnv` ldpdlnty ljuic o`ngljrpjrdt`c ngtj ta` prjk`lt c`snfg

    Sa` prjk`lt hnfat nglr`ds` ta` xpjsur jb p`jpi` dgc ljgjhnl dss`ts tj linhdtrnse dgc sj turg jut tj o` hdidcdptnv`

    OJQ ?. Hdngstr`dhngf ng Jbbnlndi C`v`ijph`gt Dssnstdgl`

    Cnslussnjgs jg hdngstr`dhngf dr` hjst dcvdgl`c ng ta` ljgt`xt jb jbbnlndic`v`ijph`gt dssnstdgl` (JCD), wanla stnii ljgtrnout`s d suostdgtndi sadr` jb ta`ngljh` jb hdgy c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s, pdrtnluidriy tajs` ng ta` i`dst c`v`ijp`cfrjup. Ng Dprni ?==2 ta` Jrfdgnsdtnjg bjr @ljgjhnl Lj-jp`rdtnjg dgc C`v`i-jph`gt (J@LC) a`ic d hngnst`rndi-i`v`i h``tngf jb nts C`v`ijph`gt Dssnstdgl`Ljhhntt`` (CDL) dgc nts @gvnrjgh`gt ]jinly Ljhhntt`` (@]JL). Sa` h``t-ngf, wanla idugla`c d prjl`ss jb wjrengf ng pdrtg`rsanp wnta c`v`ijpngf ljug-trn`s tj ngt`frdt` `gvnrjgh`gtdi bdltjrs `bbnln`gtiy ngtj gdtnjgdi c`v`ijph`gtpjinln`s dgc pjv`rty r`cultnjg strdt`fn`s, yn`ic`c dg dfr``c Brdh`wjre bjrLjhhjg Dltnjg drjugc \adr`c Fjdis dgc d C`lidrdtnjg jg Ngt`frdtngf Linhdt`

    Ladgf` Dcdptdtnjg ngtj C`v`ijph`gt Ljjp`rdtnjg. Sa`s` jutljh`s dr` prj-vncngf dg nhp`tus bjr dii c`v`ijph`gt df`gln`s tj ljgsnc`r linhdt` ladgf` ngta`nr jp`rdtnjgs dgc taus bdlnintdt` hdngstr`dhngf. D r`l`gt puoinldtnjg (J@LC?==>) prjvnc`s pjinly funcdgl` bjr cjngf sj.

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    HDNG\S_@DHNGF LINHDS@ DCD]SDSNJG NGSJ C@R@IJ]H@GS | 3, P\$?16.3 hniinjg adc o``g pi`cf`c bjrdcdptdtnjg ugc`r ta` I`dst C`v`ijp`c Ljugtrn`s Bugc dgc ta` \p`lndi Linhdt`Ladgf` Bugc5 jb tans dhjugt, P\$41=.1 hniinjg ads o``g diijldt`c. Sa` \]D adsdiijldt`c dii P\$0= hniinjg nt adc dvdnidoi` (F@B ?==>5 PGBLLL ?==>).

    Sa` Dcdptdtnjg Bugc o`ldh` jp`rdtnjgdi ng ?==>. Ds wds c`lnc`c oy ta` LJ]

    s`rvngf ds ta` H``tngf jb ta` ]drtn`s tj ta` Eyjtj ]rjtjlji (LH]) ng ?==6, nt ns hdg-df`c oy d sp`lndi Dcdptdtnjg Bugc Ojdrc (DBO), wanla ads pr`pdr`c sp`lnbnl jp`rd-tnjgdi pjinln`s dgc func`ing`s bjr ta` bugc (DBO ?==>). Sa` Dcdptdtnjg Bugc ns ta`bnrst bngdglndi ngstruh`gt ugc`r ta` PGBLLL dgc nts Eyjtj ]rjtjlji tadt ns gjtods`c sji`iy jg vjiugtdry ljgtrnoutnjgs brjh cjgjr ljugtrn`s. Nt r`l`nv`s d ? p`rl`gtsadr` jb prjl``cs brjh prjk`lt dltnvntn`s ugc`r ta` Li`dg C`v`ijph`gt H`ladgnsh(LCH) dgc ldg disj r`l`nv` bugcs brjh jta`r sjurl`s tj bugc ljglr`t` dcdptdtnjgprjk`lts dgc prjfrdhs. Sa` dltudi dhjugt jb hjg`y tadt wnii o` dvdnidoi` brjh ta`Dcdptdtnjg Bugc c`p`gcs jg ta` `xt`gt tj wanla ta` LCH ns us`c dgc jg ta` prnl`jb ldrojg. @stnhdt`s vdry brjh P\$1= hniinjg tj P\$).

    C`spnt` ta` `xnst`gl` jb ta`s` c`cnldt`c bugcs, c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s dr` ljg-l`rg`c tadt, ds d r`suit jb cjgjrs s``engf tj lr`dt` syg`rfn`s o`tw``g dcdptdtnjg

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    33 | _ NLAD_C K. S. EI@NG

    dgc c`v`ijph`gt ngv`sth`gts, bugcngf bjr dcdptdtnjg wnii gjt o` g`w dgc dccn-tnjgdi out, ng `bb`lt, wnii o` dosjro`c ngtj JCD oucf`ts jb d bnx`c snz . Sa` ljgl`rgns bu`i`c oy ta` bdlt tadt ta` dhjugt jb hjg`y dvdnidoi` ng ta` g`w bugcs ns jgiy d

    brdltnjg jb ta` `stnhdt`c ngv`sth`gt g``cs ng c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s (s`` ojx

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    31 | _ NLAD_C K. S. EI@NG

    D prnglnpi`-ods`c dgc trdgspdr`gt prjl`ss bjr c`t`rhngngf gdtnjgdi ourc`g-sadrngf ljgtrnoutnjgs tj ngt`rgdtnjgdi dcdptdtnjg bugcngf ns g`l`ssdry, dgc ta`r` ns di`fdi odsns bjr tans. D ugnv`rsdi `tanldi prnglnpi` ajics tadt nt ns wrjgf tj adrh jta`rs

    (jr tj rnse adrhngf ta`h) bjr jg`s jwg fdng dgc tadt jg` jw`s ljhp`gsdtnjg nb jg`cj`s sula adrh. Jv`r tnh`, tans hjrdi prnglnpi` ads o`ljh` bnrhiy `gljc`c nggdtnjgdi lds` idw dgc i`fdi r`dsjgngf wnta r`sp`lt tj `gvnrjgh`gtdi pjiiutnjg wntanggdtnjgdi ojugcdrn`s. Ngt`rgdtnjgdi idw `laj`s ta` sdh` prnglnpi`. Ng ta` \tjleajihC`lidrdtnjg jb 4>6?, prnglnpi` ?4 (r`dbbnrh`c ng prnglnpi` ? jb ta` _nj C`lidrdtnjg ng4>>?) dbbnrhs tadt stdt`s adv` ta` r`spjgsnoninty tj `gsur` tadt dltnvntn`s wntang ta`nrkurnscnltnjg jr ljgtrji cj gjt ldus` cdhdf` tj ta` `gvnrjgh`gt jb jta`r \tdt`s jr jbdr`ds o`yjgc ta` inhnts jb gdtnjgdi kurnscnltnjg. ]rnglnpi` ?? jb ta` \tjleajihC`lidrdtnjg prjvnc`s tadt \tdt`s sadii ljjp`rdt` tj c`v`ijp burta`r ta` ngt`rgdtnjgdiidw r`fdrcngf indoninty dgc ljhp`gsdtnjg bjr ta` vnltnhs jb pjiiutnjg dgc jta`r `gvn-rjgh`gtdi cdhdf` ldus`c oy dltnvntn`s wntang ta` kurnscnltnjg jr ljgtrji jb sula\tdt`s tj dr`ds o`yjgc ta`nr kurnscnltnjg.

    @urjp`dg ]jinly dgc ]rdltnl`; Lurr`gt @bbjrts dgc Butur` Cnr`ltnjgs

    Hdngstr`dhngf ldg o` o`g`bnlndi tj c`v`ijp`c dgc c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s dine`. Bjr`xdhpi`, ta` @urjp`dg Ljhhnssnjg ads hdc` prjfr`ss jg dcdptdtnjg tarjufa ta`@urjp`dg Linhdt` Ladgf` ]rjfrdhh`s Vjrengf Frjup jg Nhpdlts dgc Dcdptd-

    tnjg. Sans frjup ns hdgcdt`c tj ngt`frdt` dcdptdtnjg buiiy ngtj r`i`vdgt @urjp`dgpjinly dr`ds, tj nc`gtnby fjjc, ljst-`bb`ltnv` prdltnl` ng ta` c`v`ijph`gt jb dcdptd-tnjg pjinly, dgc tj bjst`r i`drgngf. Sa` wjrengf frjup prjvnc`c ngput tj ta` @urj-p`dg Ljhhnssnjgs pr`pdrdtnjg ng ?==6 jb d Fr``g ]dp`r jg dcdptdtnjg, wanla wdsbjiijw`c oy d Vant` ]dp`r ng ?==>. Sa` Vant` ]dp`r (@urjp`dg Ljhhnssnjg ?==>d)s`ts jut d brdh`wjre bjr r`culngf ta` @Ps vuig`rdoninty tj ta` nhpdlt jb linhdt`ladgf` dgc `hpadsnz`s ta` pjssnonintn`s bjr ngt`frdtngf dcdptdtnjg ngtj s`ltjrdi pidg-gngf dgc c`lnsnjg hdengf.

    Sa` hdng bjlus jb ta` Vant` ]dp`r ns jg dcdptdtnjg wntang ta` @P dgc nts h`h-o`r stdt`s, out nt disj ljgtdngs d s`ltnjg jg ta` `xt`rgdi cnh`gsnjg dgc jg jgfjngf

    wjre ugc`r ta` PGBLLL. Sa` pdp`r stdt`s tadt `xt`rgdi @P pjinly sajuic disjhde` d suostdgtndi ljgtrnoutnjg tj dcdptdtnjg, vnd wdt`r hdgdf`h`gt, dfrnluitur`,onjcnv`rsnty, bjr`sts, c`s`rtnbnldtnjg, `g`rfy, a`dita, sjlndi pjinly, r`s`drla, ljdstdi`rjsnjg, dgc cnsdst`r rnse r`cultnjg. Nt lnt`s ta` FLLD ds d h`dgs jb suppjrtngfdcdptdtnjg ng c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s, ng pdrtnluidr ICLs dgc shdii nsidgc c`v`ijpngfstdt`s (\NC\).

    Dgjta`r r`i`vdgt ljhhugnldtnjg oy ta` @urjp`dg Ljhhnssnjg, Sjwdrcs dLjhpr`a`gsnv` Linhdt` Ladgf` Dfr``h`gt ng Ljp`gadf`g (@urjp`dg Ljhhnssnjg?==>o), dccr`ss`s `xpinlntiy ta` @P pjsntnjg ng ta` linhdt` g`fjtndtnjgs ugc`r ta`PGBLLL. Nt r`dbbnrhs tadt bngdglndi dgc t`lagjijfnldi suppjrt sajuic o` prjvnc`ctj ta` hjst vuig`rdoi` ljugtrn`s, ng pdrtnluidr ICLs dgc \NC\. Nt disj stdt`s tadtta`r` sajuic o` d trdgsntnjg brjh prjk`lt-ods`c dpprjdla`s tj dcdptdtnjg tjwdrcijgf-t`rh strdt`fnl ngt`frdtnjg ng d ljugtrys orjdc`r pidggngf dgc c`v`ijph`gt

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    0= | _ NLAD_C K. S. EI@NG

    bdnta ng ta` prjhns` jb g`w dgc dccntnjgdi bngdgl` bjr c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s. C`spnt`ta` strjgf fijodi ljgs`gsus o`angc ta` HCFs, ta` bngdglndi r`sjurl`s r`qunr`c tj h``tta`s` fjdis adv` gjt hdt`rndinz`c (dgc g`nta`r adv` ta` g`l`ssdry ngstntutnjgdi dgc fjv-

    `rgdgl` ladgf`s). @drin`r, ta` dlan`v`h`gt jb ta` Df`gcd ?4 tdrf`ts dcjpt`c dt ta` _nj@drta \uhhnt ng 4>>? wds angc`r`c oy d idle jb bngdglndi r`sjurl`s, dgc jgiy d b`wljugtrn`s adv` h`t ta` tdrf`t r`dbbnrh`c hjst r`l`gtiy ng Hjgt`rr`y jb prjvncngf =.6p`rl`gt jb frjss gdtnjgdi ngljh` ds ljgv`gtnjgdi JCD.

    Dgjta`r pjt`gtndi dr`d jb cnstrust jg ta` snc` jb c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s ns ta` g`u-trdinty jb prjl`ss`s jr ngstntutnjgs tarjufa wanla dfr``h`gts dr` nhpi`h`gt`c,hjg`y ns cnsours`c, dgc cnsdfr``h`gts dr` r`sjiv`c. Tu`stnjgs ljgl`rg gjt jgiy ta`g`utrdinty jb ngt`rgdtnjgdi bngdglndi ngstntutnjgs out disj cjgjr ljgcntnjgdintn`s. Sa`idle jb trust wnii ajooi` dgy butur` dfr``h`gt jg linhdt` bngdgl` ugi`ss c`v`ijp`cljugtrn`s ldg fdng trust oy dccr`ssngf c`v`ijpngf ljugtrn`s ljgl`rgs r`fdrcngf `qunty,bdnrg`ss, dgc ta` g`utrdinty jb ngstntutnjgs.

    Gjt`

    4. Sa` jv`rvn`w ns dvdnidoi` dt attp;//www.linhdt`bugcsupcdt`.jrf/.

    _`b`r`gl`s

    Dcf`r, V. G`ni, \di``hui Auq, Edtrngd Orjwg, C`lidg Ljgwdy, dgc Hne` Auih`. ?==0.

    Dcf`r, V. G`ni, \adrcui Dfrdwdid, Hjgnrui H. T. Hnrzd, L`lnind Ljgc`, Edr`g JOrn`g, Kudg]uiang, _jf`r ]uiwdrty, Odrry \hnt, dgc Enyjsan Sdedadsan. ?==6. Dss`ssh`gt jb Dcdp-tdtnjg ]rdltnl`s, Jptnjgs, Ljgstrdngts, dgc Ldpdlnty. Ng Linhdt` Ladgf` ?==6; Nhpdlts,Dcdptdtnjg dgc Ruig`rdoninty. Ljgtrnoutnjg jb Vjrengf Frjup NN tj ta` Bjurta Dss`ss-h`gt _`pjrt jb ta` Ngt`rfjv`rgh`gtdi ]dg`i jg Linhdt` Ladgf`, `c. Hdrtng I. ]drry,Jsvdicj B. Ldgzndgn, K`dg ]. ]diutnejb, ]dui K. vdg c`r Ingc`g, dgc Lidnr` @. Adgsjg, 6463. Dll`ssngf _`sjurl`s brjh ta` Dcdptdtnjg Bugc; Sa`Adgcojje. Vdsangftjg, CL; Dcdptdtnjg Bugc Ojdrc \`lr`tdrndt.

    Dfrdwdid, \adrcui, `c. ?==0. Orncf` jv`r Srjuoi`c Vdt`rs; Ingengf Linhdt` Ladgf` dgcC`v`ijph`gt. ]drns; Jrfdgnsdtnjg bjr @ljgjhnl Lj-jp`rdtnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt (J@LC)]uoinsangf.

    Ourtjg, Ndg, \di``hui Auq, Oj Inh, Jifd ]ninbjsjvd, dgc @hhd Insd \lanpp`r. ?==?. BrjhNhpdlts Dss`ssh`gt tj Dcdptdtnjg ]rnjrntn`s; Sa` \adpngf jb Dcdptdtnjg ]jinly. Linhdt`]jinly ? (?.

    Ldrt`r, Snh I., Hdrtng I. ]drry, \auzj Gnsanjed, dgc Anc`j Adrdsdwd, `cs. 4>>3. N]LLS`lagnldi Func`ing`s bjr Dss`ssngf Linhdt` Ladgf` Nhpdlts dgc Dcdptdtnjgs. _`pjrt jbVjrengf Frjup NN jb ta` Ngt`rfjv`rgh`gtdi ]dg`i jg Linhdt` Ladgf`. Ijgcjg; Pgnv`rsntyLjii`f` Ijgcjg5 Ssueuod, Kdpdg; L`gtr` bjr Fijodi @gvnrjgh`gtdi _`s`drla.

    @rnes`g, \nrn @. A., dgc ]. Hnle E`iiy. ?==6. C`v`ijpngf Lr`cnoi` Ruig`rdoninty Ngcnldtjrs bjr]jinly Dss`ssh`gt. Hntnfdtnjg dgc Dcdptdtnjg \trdt`fn`s bjr Fijodi Ladgf` 4? (3); 3>00?3.

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    ]drt NN@g`rfy dgc C`v`ijph`gt;]jinln`s dgc S`lagjijfn`s

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    01 | KPCNSA D. ID^[@_

    ta` bnxdtnjg jg sldingf up5 ng hdgy lds`s wadt lntn`s sajuic dnh bjr ns d hnx jb

    shdii-sldi` dgc h`cnuh-sldi` sjiutnjgs, tdnijr`c tj pdrtnluidr lnrluhstdgl`s, rdta`r

    tadg d shdii guho`r jb ajhjf`g`jus, idrf`-sldi` sjiutnjgs. Idrf` guli`dr pjw`r

    pidgts dgc fndgt cdhs dr` `xdhpi`s jb sldidoi` t`lagjijfn`s tadt hdy gjt o` sus-tdngdoi` nb w` tde` d f`gung`iy syst`hs-jrn`gt`c dgc ijgf-t`rh p`rsp`ltnv`.

    Kust ds ta` wjrc t`lagjijfy wnii adv` d orjdc`r h`dgngf bjr tw`gty-bnrst-

    l`gtury lntn`s, ngbrdstrultur` wnii h`dg hjr` tadg rjdcs, orncf`s, dgc `idojrdt`

    s`w`rdf` dgc bijjc-ljgtrji syst`hs. Dfdng, Lurntnod pnjg``r`c tans prnglnpi`; rdta`r

    tadg sp`gc hniinjgs jg d bijjc-ljgtrji ngbrdstrultur` ods`c jg pnp`s dgc puhps, ta`

    lnty ngv`st`c d hula shdii`r suh tj ljgs`rv` d g`twjre jb fr``g spdl`s tadt dosjro

    dgc bnit`r bijjcwdt`r wani` prjvncngf r`spnt` bjr auhdg dgc gjgauhdg sp`ln`s. Hjr`

    orjdciy, urodg ngbrdstrultur` g``cs tj bjlus prnhdrniy jg `gsurngf tadt lntn`s cj gjt

    c`frdc` ta` r`snin`gl` jb d r`fnjgs gdturdi syst`hs. Sj tans `gc, nt sajuic inge urodg

    dgc rurdi dr`ds ng wdys tadt dr` o`g`bnlndi tj ojta5 tadt ns, rurdi dr`ds sajuic gjt kust

    o` sjurl`s dgc snges bjr urodg dr`ds. C`v`ijpngf-ljugtry lntn`s adv` ta` jppjrtugn-

    ty tj c`snfg adrhjgnjus syst`hs tadt ljgg`lt bjjc, wdt`r, g`rfy, dgc wdst`. Langds

    g`w lnty jb Cjgftdg dnhs tj adv` i`ss tadg adib ta` `ljijfnldi bjjtprngt jb d ljg-

    v`gtnjgdi lnty jb ljhpdrdoi` snz`tadt ns, nt wnii adv` d crdhdtnldiiy shdii`r nhpdlt

    jg nts surrjugcngfs tadg d tw`gtn`ta-l`gtury lnty. Bjr `xdhpi`, dlljrcngf tj ta`

    pidgs, d cjuoi`-pnpngf syst`h wnii prjvnc` crngengf wdt`r, ds w`ii ds tr`dt`c wdst`-

    wdt`r bjr tjni ts dgc bjr nrrnfdtnjg jb v`rtnldi bdrhs5 gj hjr` tadg 4= p`rl`gt jb

    Cjgftdgs trdsa wnii `gc up ng idgcbniis5 dgc dii ta` `g`rfy ljgsuh`c ng ta` lnty wnii

    ljh` brjh r`g`wdoi` sjurl`s.Ldg w` ngv`gt, jr `v`g c`snfg, jur wdy jut jb ta` h`ss w` dr` ng: Dhjry Ijvngs

    ads o``g drfungf sngl` ta` 4>6=s tadt ta` t`lagjijfy `xnsts tj r`cul` r`sjurl` us`

    (dgc a`gl` ta` ljst jb prjcultnjg) crdhdtnldiiy, wntajut sdlrnbnlngf p`rbjrhdgl` (s``,

    bjr `xdhpi`, Ijvngs 4>60). `t ladgf` ads ljh` jgiy frdcudiiy, suff`stngf tadt ta`

    jostdli`s dr` gjt t`lagjijfnldi out `ljgjhnl, luiturdi, dgc pjintnldi. Ds Vjric C`v`i-

    jph`gt _`pjrt ?=4= jos`rv`s, hdgy jb ta` pr`slrnptnjgs bjr linhdt` ladgf` hntnfd-

    tnjg adv` prjv`g `iusnv` ng ta` pdst, rdnsngf ta` qu`stnjg jb wadt hnfat hde` ta`

    g``c`c r`bjrhs dgc o`advnjr ladgf`s pjssnoi` (Vjric Odge ?==>, 414>).

    Ajw, ta`g, ldg c`v`ijpngf lntn`s lr`dt` fjv`rgdgl` syst`hs tadt wnii dccr`ss sus-

    tdngdoninty ng d h`dgngfbui wdy: Sa` 4>>=s sdw d tncdi wdv` jb lidnhs dojut pdrtnl-npdtjry, ljiidojrdtnv` prjoi`h sjivngf. Out ta` `vnc`gl` suff`sts tadt ljgv`gngf d

    pdrtnlnpdtjry prjl`ss ldg o` dg `xlus` bjr docnldtnjg oy pjintnldi c`lnsnjg hde`rs.

    ]drtnlnpdtnjg oy ijldi r`snc`gts ns `ss`gtndi, out `qudiiy sj dr` i`dc`rs waj ldg hde`

    d p`rsudsnv` lds` bjr sustdngdoninty, pdrtnluidriy ng pidl`s wa`r` ta`r` ns gj luitur`

    jb sustdngdoninty. I`dc`rsanp dgc p`rsudsnjg dr` r`qunr`c o`ldus` d truiy sustdngdoi`

    dpprjdla tj c`v`ijph`gt wnii ngvjiv` r`ljgl`ptudinzngf ta` `ljgjhnl syst`h oy

    tr`dtngf ta` paysnldi syst`h ds d r`di ljgstrdngt dgc cnr`ltngf lr`dtnv` `g`rfn`s tjwdrc

    bnfurngf jut ajw tj nhprjv` ta` qudinty jb p`jpi`s inv`s ng wdys tadt cj gjt c`frdc`

    tadt syst`h. Bjr sjh` jb us, tans hde`s ngtuntnv` s`gs`; kust ds auhdg o`ngfs stjp

    frjwngf r`idtnv`iy `driy ng inb`, sp`gcngf hjst jb ta`nr tnh` c`v`ijpngf, sj sajuic

    auhdg sjln`tn`s. Out d fr`dt c`di jb pjw`r dt ta` ijldi, gdtnjgdi, dgc ngt`rgdtnjgdi

    i`v`is ns lurr`gtiy a`ic oy p`jpi` wnta d bugcdh`gtdiiy cnbb`r`gt wjricvn`w.

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    ]rjhjtngf _`s`drla, Nggjvdtnjg, dgcS`lagjijfy Srdgsb`rs bjr Dit`rgdtnv`

    @g`rfy \jurl`s

    LIDPCND E@HB@_S

    Sjcdys sjln`ty bdl`s twj hdng `g`rfy-r`idt`c ladii`gf`s; tj fudrdgt`` d s`lur` dgc

    dbbjrcdoi` `g rfy suppiy, dgc tj r`cul` dgc `inhngdt` `gvnrjgh`gtdi dgc linhdt`

    cdhdf` ldus`c oy `g`rfy ljgsuhptnjg. Jv`r 1= p`rl`gt jb tjcdys prnhdry `g`rfy

    ljgsuhptnjg ljh`s brjh gjgr`g`wdoi` bjssni bu`is sula ds ljdi, jni, dgc gdturdi fds.

    Vntajut ladgf`s ng o`advnjr, ta` sadr` jb gjgr`g`wdoi` bjssni bu`i r`sjurl`s ng prn-

    hdry `g`rfy ljgsuhptnjg wnii o` ds anfa ng ta` butur` ds nt ns tjcdy, dgc nhpjrtngf

    ljugtrn`s wnii r`hdng vuig`rdoi` tj suppiy cnsruptnjgs dgc `g`rfy prnl` sajles. Bjs-

    sni bu`i ljgsuhptnjg f`g`rdt`s fr``gajus` fds `hnssnjgs, i`dcngf tj linhdt` ladgf`.

    Ds ta` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi @g`rfy Df`gly (N@D) drfu s, ta` butur` `g`rfy hnx sajuic gjto` ugc`rngv`st`c, vuig rdoi`, dgc cnrty, out li`dg, li`v`r, dgc ljhp`tntnv`.

    \`lur`, r`indoi , dgc dbbjrcdoi` g`rfy r`sjurl`s dr` bugcdh`gtdi tj sustdng`c lj-

    gjhnl c`v`ijph`gt. Sa` rnse jb cnsruptnv` linhdt` ladgf`, ta` `rjsnjg jb `g`rfy

    s`lurnty, dgc ta` wjrics frjwngf c`hdgc bjr `g`rfy dii pjs` hdkjr ladii`gf`s bjr

    `g`rfy c`lnsnjg hde`rs. Sj h``t ta`s` ladii`gf`s dgc trdgsbjrh jur `g`rfy syst`h,

    d o`tt`r us` jb `xnstngf t`lagjijfn`s wnii o` r`qunr`c, dijgf wnta snfgnbnldgt sln`gtnbnl

    nggjvdtnjg tj spur ta` dcjptnjg jb g`w `g`rfy t`lagjijfn`s. Dccntnjgdi r`s`drla

    bugcngf ns lrntnldiiy g``c`c tj c`v`ijp d sustdngdoi` `g`rfy butur`. _`s`drla prnjrn-

    tn`s ngliuc` pajtjvjitdnls, ldrojg ldptur` dgc s`qu`strdtnjg (LL\), onjbu`is, dgc

    aycrjf`g f`g`rdtnjg, stjrdf`, dgc us`.

    Sjcdys sjln`ty bdl`s, ng d wdy tadt gj pr`vnjus f`g`rdtnjg ads, twj hdng `g`rfy-

    r`idt`c ladii`gf`s; tj fudrdgt`` d s`lur` dgc dbbjrcdoi` `g`rfy suppiy, dgc tj r`cul`

    dgc `inhngdt` `gvnrjgh`gtdi dgc linhdt` cdhdf` ldus`c oy `g`rfy ljgsuhptnjg.

    Jv`r 1= p`rl`gt jb tjcdys prnhdry `g`rfy ljgsuhptnjg ljh`s brjh gjgr`g`wdoi`

    24

    Liducnd E`hb`rt ns prjb`ssjr jb `g`rfy `ljgjhnls dgc sustdngdoninty dt ta` Auhojict Pgnv`rsnty jb O`ring dgc ns a`dcjb ta` @g`rfy, Srdgspjrtdtnjg, dgc @gvnrjgh`gt C`pdrth`gt dt ta` C`utsla`s Ngstntut br Vnrtsladbtsbjrslaugf.

    O`ring Vjresajp \`rn`s ?=4=

    ?=4= Sa` Ngt`rgdtnjgdi Odge bjr _`ljgstrultnjg dgc C`v`ijph`gt / Sa` Vjric Odge

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    _@\@D_LA, NGGJRDSNJG, DGC S@LAGJIJF^ S_DG\B@_\ | 26

    ugc`rfrjugc stjrdf` r`s`rvjnr. Sans prjl`ss typnldiiy jllurs wa`g utninty syst`h

    c`hdgcs dgc `i`ltrnlnty ljsts dr` ijw`st. Hjr` r`s`drla ns g`l`ssdry ng jrc`r tj

    `xpijr` jta`r `g`rfy stjrdf` typ`s dgc dss`ss ta` `gvnrjgh`gtdi dgc bngdglndi

    rnses. Ijw-ljst pajtjvjitdnls; r`cultnjg jb sjidr `g`rfy ljsts tarjufa onjt`lagjijfy

    dgc gdgjt`lagjijfy. D c`lr`ds` ng ta` ljst jb ngstdii`c pajtjvjitdnl syst`hs tj

    ljhp`tntnv` i`v`is wnii r`qunr` t`lagjijfn`s tadt cj gjt `xnst dt pr`s`gt, ngliucngf

    dpprjdla`s tadt yn`ic uitrdanfa ljgv`rsnjg `bbnln`gly dt hjc`st ljst, ayornc ljg-

    v`rsnjg hdt`rndis, dgc gdgjstrultur`c hdt`rndis (hdt`rndis dt d snz` o`tw``g

    hji`luidr dgc hnlrjsljpnl sldi`s tadt jbb`r suostdgtndi `bbnln`gly fdngs ng sjidr

    `g`rfy ljgv`rsnjg).

    Onjbu`is dgc jta`r dcvdgl`c bu`is. Onjhdss ns dg dougcdgt r`g`wdoi` r`sjurl`

    tadt ads ta` pjt`gtndi tj hde` d suostdgtndi cnbb`r`gl` ng inqunc bu`i suppiy. Jv`r-dii prjcult yn`ics dgc prjcultnvnty hust o` nhprjv`c, ajw`v`r. @h`rfngf egjwi-

    `cf` ng f`gjhnls dgc hji`luidr t`lagjijfn`s prjvnc`s g`w jppjrtugntn`s bjr ta`

    f`g`tnl tdnijrngf jb pidgts dgc hnlrjjrfdgnshs tj prjcul` gjv`i hdt`rndis, bu`is,

    dgc la`hnldis. Ljbnrngf jb onjhdss hdy o` dg dttrdltnv` jptnjg bjr pjw`r pidgts,

    ds ldrojg cnjxnc` pr`ljhoustnjg t`lagjijfy ns v`ry snhnidr tj tadt us`c tj prj-

    cul` sygta`tnl fds brjh onjhdss.

    Ldrojg-br`` aycrjf`g f`g`rdtnjg, stjrdf`, dgc us`. Jg` h`tajc lurr`gtiy

    us`c bjr aycrjf`g prjcultnjg ns st`dh r`bjrhngf jb gdturdi fds. Ng ta` butur`,

    jta`r prjcultnjg t`lagjijfn`s tadt dr` hjr` `bbnln`gt dgc tadt us` hjr` sus-

    tdngdoi` b``cstjles wnii o` r`qunr`c. ]rjl`ss`s tadt ajic prjhns` ngliuc` fdsn-bnldtnjg jb onjhdss jr jrfdgnl wdst`s, `i`ltrjiysns jb wdt`r usngf `i`ltrnlnty

    brjh r`g`wdoi` sjurl`s, dgc guli`dr pjw`r. Idle jb prdltnldi stjrdf` h`ta-

    jcs ads angc`r`c ta` wnc`spr`dc us` jb aycrjf`g bu`is. _`s`drla`rs dr`

    dcvdglngf d g`w lidss jb ljhpjugcs egjwg ds aycrjf`g lidtardt`s, ds w`ii ds

    ldrojg gdgjtuo`s.

    _`cultnjg jb ta` ljsts dgc rnses jb ldrojg ldptur` dgc stjrdf`. Sjcdy, ldr-

    ojg cnjxnc` ns dir`dcy o`ngf ldptur`c dt d adgcbui jb `i`ltrnlnty f`g`rdtnjg,

    hdgubdlturngf, dgc bu`i-prjl`ssngf pidgts dgc ns o`ngf stjr`c ng sding`

    dqunb`rs jr ngk`lt`c ngtj jni dgc fds bn`ics tj `gadgl` r`ljv`ry. \`v`rdi nhpjr-tdgt sln`gtnbnl r`s`drla dr`ds, ngliucngf us` jb dcvdgl`c h`hordg`s tj

    s`pdrdt` dgc ldptur` ldrojg cnjxnc` dgc hjr` sjpanstnldt`c h`tajcs jb

    nc`gtnbyngf dgc hjgntjrngf stjrdf` r`s`rvjnrs, g``c tj o` pusa`c ng jrc`r tj

    sull`ssbuiiy `xpijnt ta` prjhns` jb sustdngdoi ldptur` dgc stjrdf` jb ldrojg

    cnjxnc`.

    Dcvdgl`c bnssnjg dgc busnjg. Sa` c`v`ijph`gt jb butur` busnjg pjw`r pidgts wnii

    bdl` snhnidr c`v`ijph`gt nssu`s ds wnii ta` butur` f`g`rdtnjg jb bnssnjg pidgts ng

    dlan`vngf ta` fjdis jb t`lagnldi b`dsnoninty dgc jp`rdoninty. @xl`pt bjr pidshd

    paysnls, ta` prnglnpdi ladii`gf`s bjr busnjg r`dltjrs dr` ng ta` dr`ds jb hdt`rndis

    c`v`ijph`gt bjr ta` a`dt sjurl` strultur`s (pidshd bdlngf hdt`rndi bjr busnjg,dgc hdt`rndis bjr ta` bnssnjg ljr`) dgc ta` c`snfg jb ljjingf syst`hs bjr anfa

    bbnln`gln`s.

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    6? | \N_N @_NE\@G

    jptnjgs, dgc dltnv`iy pdrtnlnpdt` ng dttdngngf ta`s` jptnjgs (F@LA\ 4>>>). Sa`r` ns

    frjwngf dwdr`g`ss jb ta` nhpjrtdgl` jb sjlndi jrfdgnzdtnjg dgc ta` jp`rdtnjg jb

    ngstntutnjgs ng fjv`rgngf dcdptdtnjg dltnjgs. Fjv`rgdgl`ta` c`lnsnjgs, dltjrs,

    prjl`ss`s, ngstntutnjgdi strultur`s, h`ladgnshs, cnvnsnjg jb dutajrnty, dgc ugc`riyngfgjrhs ngvjiv`c ng c`t`rhngngf d ljurs` jb dltnjgns nhpjrtdgt ojta bjr ajw ngcn-

    vncudis, ajus`ajics, dgc ijldi ljhhugntn`s dcdpt dgc bjr ta` dcdptnv` ldpdlnty jb

    ngstntutnjgs ta`hs`iv`s ng ta` bdl` jb linhdt` ladgf` (Dcf`r ?===5 Nv`y `t di. ?==35

    Dcf`r, Ijr`gzjgn, dgc JOrn`g ?==>5 E`sentdij dgc Euiydsjvd ?==>). B`dtur`s jb

    fjv`rgdgl` sula ds t`lagnldi dgc bngdglndi ldpdlnty, ngstntutnjgdi h`hjry dgc i`drg-

    ngf, dgc pdrtnlnpdtnjg, `hpjw`rh`gt, dgc dlljugtdoninty adv` o``g prjpjs`c ds ljg-

    culnv` tj dcdptdtnjg, ditajufa sj bdr v`ry b`w `hpnrnldi stucn`s jb fjv`rgdgl` bjr

    dcdptdtnjg `xnst (@deng `t di. ?==>).

    Sans pdp`r drfu`s tadt, ng dccntnjg tj, jr luttngf dlrjss, ta`s` e`y b`dtur`s jb fjv-

    `rgdgl` bjr dcdptdtnjg, `xnstngf pjw`r strultur`s dgc ta` pjintnls nga`r`gt ng ta`

    dcdptdtnjg prjl`ss hust o` dccr`ss`c. Fjv`rgdgl` bjr dcdptdtnjg dgc c`v`ijph`gt

    ns gjt kust d hdtt`r jb dckustngf `xnstngf fjv`rgdgl` syst`hs jr `stdoinsangf ngstntu-

    tnjgdi brdh`wjres tadt bdlnintdt` prdltnl`s ng, bjr `xdhpi`, bdrhngf, wanla dr` w`ii

    dckust`c tj linhdtnl ladgf` jr ugl`rtdngty5 nt ns disj d qu`stnjg jb `gsurngf tadt ta`

    hjst vuig`rdoi` adv` dll`ss tj h`dgs jb s`lurngf w`ii-o`ngf, ds w`ii ds ljgtrji jv`r

    ta`nr jwg inb` sntudtnjgs. \tucn`s jb `gvnrjgh`gtdi fjv`rgdgl` dgc r`snin`gl` adv`

    pjngt`c jut tadt snhpiy c`l`gtrdinzngf gdturdi r`sjurl` hdgdf`h`gt tj ta` ijldi i`v`i

    wntajut dccr`ssngf `xnstngf pjw`r strultur`s ldg r`prjcul` sjlndi ng`quntn`s (G`isjg,

    Dcf`r, dgc Orjwg ?==6). D auhdg s`lurnty p`rsp`ltnv` jg linhdt` ladgf` crdwsdtt`gtnjg tj p`jpi` ds dltnv` df`gts ng r`spjgcngf tj ladgf`, ugc`ringngf tadt ta`nr

    jptnjgs dgc doninty tj cj sj dr` anfaiy cnbb`r`gtndt`c dgc tadt vuig`rdoninty ns ngt`r-

    inge`c dlrjss f`jfrdpanl ljgt`xts tarjufa sjlndi dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi trdgsbjrhdtnjg

    prjl`ss`s (JOrn`g ?==2). Ng ta` g`xt s`ltnjg, ta` wdys ng wanla ijldi vuig`rdoninty

    dgc r`spjgs`s hdy o` dbb`lt`c cnbb`r`gtndiiy oy fjv`rgdgl` strultur`s dgc r`idt`c

    dcdptdtnjg ngt`rv`gtnjgs dgc oy ta` doninty jb dltjrs tj g`fjtndt` tajs` jutljh`s dr`

    c`slrno`c. Sa` pdp`r ljgliuc`s tadt ounicngf jg prnglnpi`s jb sustdngdoi` dcdptdtnjg

    wanla bjlus jg `qunty dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi ngt`frnty ns jg` wdy jb dlan`vngf fjv`r-

    gdgl` bjr dcdptdtnjg. Sans hdy nhpiy sanbtngf c`v`ijph`gt cnsljurs`s dgc ladgfngf

    fjv`rgdgl` syst`hs ditjf`ta`r.

    B`dtur`s jb Ijldi Ruig`rdoninty

    V` bjlus jg tar`` e`y ladrdlt`rnstnls jb ijldi vuig`rdoninty tadt adv` nhpinldtnjgs bjr

    fjv`rgdgl` bjr dcdptdtnjg. Bnrst, p`jpi`s r`spjgs`s tj linhdt` ladgf` dr` `ho`cc`c

    ng d ljgt`xt jb huitnpi` str`ssjrs. \`ljgc, ta` vuig`rdoninty ljgt`xt ns anfaiy cnbb`r-

    `gtndt`c, f`jfrdpanldiiy dgc sjlndiiy. Sanrc, p`jpi`s r`spjgs`s tj huitnpi` sajles

    dgc ladgf`s dr` ngtrngsnldiiy pjintnldi prjl`ss`s.

    B`dtur` 4; D Ljgt`xt jb Huitnpi` \tr`ssjrs

    _`spjgs`s tj linhdt` ladgf` tde` pidl` ng d ljgt`xt jb huitnpi` str`ssjrstadt ns, sjlndi

    dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi prjl`ss`s jb ladgf`, ng ta` bjrh jb `nta`r frdcudi trdgsbjrhdtnjgs

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    sdb`ty g`t ng bdlngf nglr`ds`c linhdt` vdrndoninty. \ula r`sjurl`s ngliuc` frdzngf dr`ds,

    wnic bjjcs, dgc bjr`st prjcults, wanla dr` lrntnldi bjr ta` hjst vuig`rdoi` pjpuid-

    tnjgs ng survnvngf crjufats (@rnes`g, Orjwg, dgc E`iiy ?==0).

    Sa` wnc` sljp` jb ta` sjlnj`ljijfnldi ladgf`s tj wanla p`jpi` r`spjgc h`dgstadt sjurl`s jb vuig`rdoninty inge dlrjss spdl`bjr `xdhpi`, o`tw``g urodg dgc

    rurdi dr`ds dgc dlrjss ngt`rgdtnjgdi ojrc`rsds w`ii ds dlrjss s`ltjrs. Sa`s` ngt`r-

    dltnjgs ngbiu`gl` ldpdlnty tj r`spjgc tj linhdt`-r`idt`c v`gts dgc ladgf`s. Sj niius-

    trdt`, ta` ijss jb urodg ngcustrndi `hpijyh`gt h`dgs tadt r`hnttdgl`s tj rurdi

    ajus`ajics o`ljh` hjr` ugr`indoi`. Sans ads nhpjrtdgt r`p`rlussnjgs jg inv`inajjc

    cnv`rsnbnldtnjg o`ldus` r`hnttdgl`s dr` jbt`g ta` hjst nhpjrtdgt sjurl` jb ngv`st-

    h`gt bjr inv`stjle rdnsngf, ousng`ss, jr jta`r dltnvntn`s. \nhnidriy, ta` nglr`ds`c

    ug`hpijyh`gt ng \juta Dbrnld dgc ta` r`idt`c r`cul`c idojr nhhnfrdtnjg tj \juta

    Dbrnld brjh g`nfaojrngf ljugtrn`s h`dgs tadt ajus`ajics ng Hjzdhonqu`, bjr

    `xdhpi`, nglr`dsngfiy turg tj ngbjrhdi hnfrdtnjg dgc ugr`indoi`, pjjriy pdnc kjos

    (@rnes`g dgc \nivd ?==>). Ng prdltnl`, hdgy ajus`ajics ijs` idojr pjw`r wa`g d

    bdhniy h`ho`r i`dv`s, wntajut f`ttngf r`hnttdgl`s ng r`turg. Sa`y taus ijs` d sjurl`

    jb ngljh` tadt ng ta` pdst `gsur`c odsnl g``cs ng tnh`s wa`g adrv`sts jr rurdi inv`in-

    ajjc sjurl`s bdni`c.

    Sa` rdhnbnldtnjgs jb ladgf`s ng jg` s`ltjr ldg o` wnc` o`ldus` ta` ngljh` brjh

    jg` dltnvnty sula ds inv`stjle ns ngv`st`c ng dgjta`r. Bjr `xdhpi`, ta` ijss jb a`dita

    dssjlndt`c wnta ta` spr`dc jb ngb`ltnjus cns`ds`s h`dgs tadt bdrhngf dgc jta`r `lj-

    gjhnl dltnvntn`s, ds w`ii ds cjh`stnl tdses, subb`r5 sjlndi suppjrt g`twjres dr`

    strdng`c5 dgc bdhnin`s or`de up. Fjv`rgdgl` bjr dcdptdtnjg ta`r`bjr` `gtdnis dit`r-ngf ta` fjv`rgdgl` syst`h sj tadt nt ldg dccr`ss ta` prjl`ss`s tadt lr`dt` vuig`rd-

    oninty ajinstnldiiy dgc dlrjss sldi`s, rdta`r tadg tdrf`tngf ta` jp`rdtnjg jb ngcnvnc-

    udi s`ltjrs dgc ta`nr r`idt`c ngstntutnjgs s`pdrdt`iy. Fjv`rgdgl` syst`hs dr`

    r`qunr`c tadt ldg c`di wnta lj-jllurrngf `gvnrjgh`gtdi, `ljgjhnl, sjlndi, ngstntu-

    tnjgdi, pjintnldi, luiturdi, dgc `ljgjhnl prjl`ss`s ng sula d wdy tadt dcdptdtnjg

    dgc, ng pdrtnluidr, ta` ngt`r`sts jb vuig`rdoi` frjups ljh` bnrst. Sans hdy ngvjiv` d

    tjtdiiy cnbb`r`gt dpprjdla tj c`v`ijph`gt r`bjrhs, idgc t`gur` ladgf`s, dgc ta`

    wdy ng wanla prjl`ss`s sula ds urodgnzdtnjg dgc hnfrdtnjg dr` tdlei`c. \ula d

    r`prnjrntnzdtnjg ads ojta ngstntutnjgdi dgc pjintnldi rdhnbnldtnjgs. Bjr `xdhpi`, cns-

    dst`r hdgdf`h`gt dgc r`in`b adv` trdcntnjgdiiy o``g hdgdf`c oy lnvni c`b`gs`typ`ngstntutnjgs, dgc linhdt` ladgf` oy `gvnrjgh`gtdi c`pdrth`gts (\p`ringf dgc

    \z`e`iy ?==0), out d hjr` ajinstnl dgc lrjss-s`ltjrdi dpprjdla tj dcdptdtnjg ldg

    jgiy o` dlljhhjcdt`c nb dcdptdtnjg o`ljh`s d l`gtrdi dgc bjrhdinz`c ljgl`rg jb

    c`v`ijph`gt hngnstrn`s.

    B`dtur` ?; D Anfaiy Cnbb r`gtndt c Ruig`rdoninty Ljgt`xt

    Sa` ngt`rdltnjg o`tw``g str`ssjrs dgc r`spjgs` ldpdlnty hde`s up ta` vuig`rdoninty

    ljgt`xt, wanla vdrn`s fr`dtiy brjh pidl` tj pidl`, o`tw``g ngcnvncudis, dgc jv`r tnh`.

    Sa` trdgsbjrhdtnjgs c`slrno`c dojv` dbb`lt p`jpi` cnbb`r`gtndiiy, dgc sj ta`nr

    jutljh`s rdns` qu`stnjgs ljgl`rgngf `qunty, kustnl`, pjw`r r`idtnjgs, dgc wajs`

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    `gsur` tadt ta` pjjr adv` dll`ss tj wdt`r ng tnh` jb crjufat. D fjv`rgdgl` syst`h

    tadt diijws bjr anfaiy cnv`rs` dgc v`ry ijldinz`c h`dsur`s bjr r`culngf vuig`rdoninty

    hdy r`qunr` ta` c`l`gtrdinzdtnjg jb c`lnsnjgs dgc c`v`ijph`gt bugcngf tj ijldi i`v-

    `is dgc ta` `hpjw`rh`gt jb ijldi ngstntutnjgs ng jrc`r tj lr`dt` wadt Sajhds dgcSwyhdg (?==0) t`rh a`dcrjjh wntang wanla ijldi dltnjgs ldg c`v`ijp. Diijwngf

    bjr cnv`rs` egjwi`cf` syst`hs dgc ijldi egjwi`cf` wnii o` nhpjrtdgt ng sula d

    prjl`ss jb `hpjw`rh`gt.

    B`dtur` ).

    G`fjtndtnjg jb ljhp`tngf ngt`r`sts ns pdrt jb ta` dcdptdtnjg prjl`ss. Nt tde`s pidl`

    gjt jgiy cnr`ltiy o`tw``g vniidf`rs dgc frjups out disj ds p`jpi` r`spjgc tj sjlndi

    trdgsbjrhdtnjgs dgc fjv`rgh`gt pjinln`stadt ns, ds ta`y s``e r`idtnjgs jb ngbiu`gl`

    wnta ladgfngf sjln`tdi strultur`s sula ds idojr dgc dfrnluiturdi hdre`ts. Ds h`g-

    tnjg`c `drin`r, pjinly dtt`gtnjg dgc ngv`sth`gts dr` jbt`g se`w`c tjwdrc ljhh`rlndi

    bdrh`rs dgc idrf` idgcjwg`rs dt ta` `xp`gs` jb shdii-sldi` r`sjurl` us`rs. Hdgy

    pjpuidtnjgs ng sjuta`rg Dbrnld, bjr `xdhpi`, adv` d pjjr g`fjtndtngf pjsntnjg ngidojr dgc trdc` hdre`ts tadt ijles ta`h ngtj ugr`indoi` dgc sajrt-t`rh survnvdi-typ`

    strdt`fn`s dt ta` `xp`gs` jb ijgf-t`rh inv`inajjc s`lurnty dgc ldpdlnty tj r`spjgc tj

    butur` ladgf` sula ds linhdtnl ladgf` (@rnes`g dgc Vdtsjg ?==>). Ljhh`rlndi

    dltjrs dr` jbt`g hjr` pjw`rbui ng f`ttngf ta`nr ngt`r`sts prjhjt`c oy h`dgs jb pjin-

    ln`s. Ng`qunty ng ta` pdtt`rg jb idgc dll`ss, ng `ljgjhnl dgc sjlndi suppjrt, dgc ng

    dll`ss tj hdre`ts, ldpntdi, dgc idojr adv` o``g ljhpjugc`c oy d sanbt ng ta` bjlus

    jb idgc r`bjrh brjh r`cultnjg jb pjv`rty tj prnvdtnzdtnjg jb idgc dgc `ljgjhnl `bbn-

    ln`gly (Lijv`r dgc @rnes`g ?==>). Ng Gdhnond c`l`gtrdinzdtnjg dgc ljst r`ljv`ry ng

    wdt`r suppiy w`r` bjugc tj ldus` hdrfngdinzdtnjg, dgc ng Ojtswdgd pjjr`r pjpuid-

    tnjgs w`r` `xliuc`c brjh dll`ss tj rurdi suppjrt prjfrdhs o`ldus` ta`y ljuic gjt

    dbbjrc ta` r`qunr`c ngv`sth`gts (Sajhds dgc Swyhdg ?==0). Sa`s` pdtt`rgs dr`

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    61 | \N_N @_NE\@G

    SDOI@ 4. @xdhpi`s jb Dltnjgs Sadt Hdy Ljgtrnout` tj \ustdngdoi` Dcdptdtnjg

    Bdltjrs r`idt`c tj vuig`rdoninty

    dhjgf ta` pjjr Dcdptdtnjg h`dsur`

    Linhdt` rnse

    Sar`dt tj inv`s dgc ngljh`s brjhbijjc, crjufats, a`dt wdv`s, dgclylijg`s ng rurdi dgc urodg dr`ds

    C`trnh`gtdi `bb`lts jg dfrnluiturdiprjcultnjg brjh linhdt` vdrndonintydgc ladgf`

    Fidln`r h`itngf, bijjcs, dgccrjufats tar`dt`gngf ta` wdt`rsuppiy jb ta` pjjr

    Ngt`rruptnjg jb `g`rfy suppiyCdhdf` tj ngbrdstrultur` dgc

    cnhngnsa`c dll`ss tj sjlndingbrdstrultur`

    Pgsdgntdry ljgcntnjgs curngf bijjcdgc crjufat5 spr`dc jb cns`ds`

    _`cul`c slajji dtt`gcdgl`

    Bdltjrs nhpjrtdgt bjr dcdptnv`ldpdlnty jb ta` pjjr

    Huitndltnvnty dgc huitnijldinty

    Hnfrdtnjg wnta ldtti` tj dll`sscnv`rs` frdzngf dr`ds

    Dckusth`gt jb lrjp typ`s

    \jlndi g`twjres dgc ngbjrhdi ngljh`jptnjgs

    Ljgstrultnjg jb crjufat-p`rnjcwdt`r sjurl`s dgc shdii-sldi`

    nrrnfdtnjgPs` jb bjr`st prjcults

    ]rjl`ss s ldusngf vuig`rdoninty

    C`dfrdrndgnzdtnjg dgc c`lingngfprjbntdoninty jb dfrnluitur`

    Hdrfngdinzdtnjg jb gjgbdrhngljh`s

    _`cul`c bjrhdi `hpijyh`gtjptnjgs

    @ljgjhnl fijodinzdtnjg

    \pr`dc jb ANR/DNC\

    _`cul` linhdt` rnse

    Nhprjv` `driy wdrgngf dgc `vdludtnjg prjl`cur`s

    Ngtrjcul` gdtnjgdi dfrnluiturdi ngsurdgl` sla`h`s]rjhjt` pidgtngf jb wngcor`des dgc lrjp cnv`rsnbnldtnjg

    ]rjhjt` wdt`r ljgs`rvdtnjg dgc ljgstrultnjg jb w`iis

    Nhprjv` ijldi r`g`wdoi` `g`rfy jptnjgsHde` paysnldi ngbrdstrultur` dgc ajusngf hjr` linhdt`

    r`snin`gt

    \tr`gfta`g a`dita dgc `culdtnjg bdlnintn`s dgc nhprjv`ta`nr dll`ssnoninty bjr ta` pjjr

    Dckust tnhngf jb slajji b`` pdyh`gt

    \tr`gfta g dcdptnv` ldpdlnty

    \tr`gfta`g huitnpi` `ljgjhnl s`ltjrs ng wanla ta` pjjr

    `gfdf`@gdoi` hnfrdtnjg dgc hjv`h`gt dlrjss brjgtn`rs

    Nhprjv` s`rvnl`s dijgf inv`stjle hnfrdtnjg rjut`s@gsur` rnfats tj crjufat-p`rnjc frdzngf dr`ds

    ]rjhjt` ljgs`rvdtnjg jb dgc r`s`drla jg ijldi strdngs dgclrjp typ`s

    @gsur` `quntdoi` dll`ss tj e`y dcdptdtnjg r`sjurl`s sulads wdt`r

    Ngv`st ng dgc suppjrt ijldi dcdptdtnjg strdt`fn`s

    \tr`gfta`g jg-bdrh pidgtngf jb ngcnf`gjus tr``s dgc`gadgl` bi`xnoi` crjufat-p`rnjc dll`ss tj bjr`sts

    Nhprjv` vdiu` dccngf dgc prjl`ssngf jb ijldi bjr`stprjcults

    Dccr`ss ldus`s jb vuig`rdoninty

    @gadgl` stdtus jb dgc ngv`sth`gt ng shdii-sldi` dfrnluitur`

    I`fdinz` dgc r`fuidt` gjgbdrh crjufat-p`rnjc ngljh`ssula ds ladrljdi prjcultnjg

    _`hjv` r`strnltnjgs jg ta` urodg ngbjrhdi s`ltjr

    Dccr`ss strultur`s hdengf bjr ug`qudi dll`ss tj r`sjurl`s,odrrn`rs tj pjjr p`jpi`s dll`ss tj bjrhdi gjgbdrh

    ngljh` jppjrtugntn`s, f`gc`r ng`qudintyNhprjv` hdre`tngf ladgg`is dgc prnlngf jb ijldi prjcults5

    bdlnintdt` ijldi trdc`

    \tr`gfta`g a`dita dgc `culdtnjg s`rvnl`s5 tdrf`t ANR/DNC\

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    FJR@_GDGL@ BJ_ \P\SDNGDOI @ DCD]SDS NJG: | 14

    bijjc c`b`gs`s, dgc ladgf`s ng lrjps dgc t`lagjijfn`s) tj syst`hs tadt `gdoi` d

    huitns`ltjrdi dpprjdla dgc diijw ngt`rv`gtnjgs tadt dr` ijldiiy cnbb`r`gtndt`c dlljrc-

    ngf tj ta` vuig`rdoninty ljgt`xt.

    Ladgfngf fjv`rgdgl` tj ounic `qunty dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi ljgsnc`rdtnjgs ngtj ta`syst`h hdy o` d pjintnldi nssu`. Bjr `xdhpi`, ng jrc`r tj dccr`ss ta` wdy tadt G`w

    ]uoinl Hdgdf`h`gt r`bjrhs ng puoinl dchngnstrdtnjg ng H`xnlj dgc Gjrwdy dr`

    ugc`rhngngf dcdptnv` ldpdlnty (@deng `t di. ?==>), jr ta` wdy idgc r`bjrh ns `xdl-

    `rodtngf vuig`rdoninty ng sjuta`rg Dbrnld (Lijv`r dgc @rnes`g ?==>), ta` g`jino`rdi

    nc`jijfn`s ugc`rpnggngf sula r`bjrhs hdy adv` tj o` ladii`gf`c. \jh` jb ta` h`ds-

    ur`s nhpin`c oy d sustdngdoi` dcdptdtnjg bjlussula ds prnjrntnzngf, wntang pjinly

    ngt`rv`gtnjgs, vuig`rdoi` pjpuidtnjgs, ta` gdturdi r`sjurl`s ta`y us`, dgc ta`nr `lj-

    gjhnl gnla`s, jr `gsurngf `ljgjhnl dgc pjintnldi `hpjw`rh`gt tadt sanbts ta` onds

    brjh ljhh`rlndi tj shdii-sldi` gdturdi r`sjurl` us`rshdy r`qunr` pjintnldi r`jrn-

    `gtdtnjg dgc g`fjtndtnjgs. Fjv`rgdgl` ladgf` hdy taus ngvjiv` ta` ladii`gfngf jb

    `xnstngf pjw`r strultur`s dgc c`v`ijph`gt cnsljurs`s. Nt ns ine`iy, bjr `xdhpi`, tadt

    hdgy strjgf dltjrs wjuic r`snst dtt`hpts tj str`gfta`g ijldi rnfats tj gjghjg`tnz`c

    bjr`st r`sjurl`s jr tj r`fuidt` `hpijyh`gt ljgcntnjgs dgc jrfdgnz` hdre`t juti`ts

    bjr gnla` prjcul` tj r`ngbjrl` ta` g`fjtndtngf pjsntnjg jb rurdi ajus`ajics ng trdc`

    dgc `hpijyh`gt r`idtnjgs.

    Fjv`rgdgl` bjr sustdngdoi` dcdptdtnjg `gtdnis ta` pjintnlnzdtnjg jb ta` fjv`rgdgl`

    b`dtur`s ljgculnv` tj dcdptnv` ldpdlntyt`lagnldi dgc bngdglndi ldpdlnty5 ngstntu-

    tnjgdi h`hjry dgc i`drgngf5 dgc pdrtnlnpdtnjg, `hpjw`rh`gt, dgc dlljugtdoninty.

    \nhpiy str`gfta`gngf ta`s` tar`` b`dtur`s wntajut ljgsnc`rngf wajs` ldpdlnty jrngbiu`gl` ns bdvjr`c jv`r jta`rs ns gjt `gjufa. Ngst`dc, ta` fjv`rgdgl` syst`h hust

    o` lrntnldi dgc hust ljgtngujusiy dse, ng wajh t`lagnldi dgc bngdglndi ldpdlnty ns

    v`st`c, wajs` egjwi`cf` ns r`pr`s`gt`c ng i`drgngf prjl`ss`s, dgc waj ns `hpjw`r`c

    tj prjhjt` wanla pdrtnluidr ngt`r`sts.

    _`b`r`gl`s

    Dcf`r, V. G`ni. ?===. Ngstntutnjgdi Dcdptdtnjg tj @gvnrjgh`gtdi _nse ugc`r ta` Srdgsntnjgng Rn`tgdh. Dggdis jb ta` Dssjlndtnjg jb Dh`rnldg F`jfrdpa`rs >= (3); 6. Dcdptngf tj Linhdt`Ladgf`; Sar`sajics, Rdiu`s, Fjv`rgdgl`. Ldhorncf`, P.E.; Ldhorncf` Pgnv`rsnty ]r`ss.

    O`gkdhngs`g, Sjr D., _nle _jac`, @sp`g \kddstdc, ]jui Vnsojrf, dgc Sjh I`o`rt. ?==2.Idgc _`bjrh, _dgf` @ljijfy, dgc Ldrryngf Ldpdlntn`s ng Gdhdqudidgc, \juta Dbrnld.Dggdis jb ta` Dssjlndtnjg jb Dh`rnldg F`jfrdpa`rs >2 (

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    12 | DGC_[@K E@C[NJ_D DGC [ONFGN@V V. EPGC[@VNL[

    Sar`` prjl`ss`s`g`rfy bijws, lylingf jb hdtt`r, dgc fijodi dthjspa`rnl

    lnrluidtnjgdr` hdngiy r`spjgsnoi` bjr ta` bugltnjgngf jb ta` linhdt` syst`h jg

    cnbb`r`gt sldi`s. Sa` la`hnldi dgc paysnldi prjp`rtn`s jb ta` dthjspa`r` (ljgl`g-

    trdtnjg jb fr``gajus` fds`s, pr`s`gl` jb d`rjsjis dgc cust, dgc lijucng`ss) c`t`r-

    hng` ta` biux jb sjidr `g`rfy ngljhngf ng ta` pidg tdry syst`h jb ta` @drta, ds w`ii

    ds ta` suh jb `g`rfy r`hdngngf ng ta` syst`h (fr``gajus` `bb`lt). Out ta` ngt`rdl-

    tnjg o`tw``g ta` dthjspa`r` dgc ta` @drtas surbdl` ngbiu`gl`s ta` `bb`lt jb ta`s`

    tar`` prjl`ss`s.

    Sa` ta`rhdi ljgcntnjgs jb ta` @drtas surbdl dgc ta` ijw r dthjspa r` dr idrf iy

    c`p`gc`gt jg ta` pdrtntnjgngf jb sjidr biux ngtj twj biux`s; idt`gt wdrh ups tadt crnv`s

    `vdpjtrdgspnrdtnjg jb wdt`r, dgc s`gsnoi` a`dt tadt wdrhs up ta` sjni dgc ta` dthjs-

    pa`r`. Ng turg, tans pdrtntnjgngf c`p`gcs jg ta` ladrdlt`r jb ta` surbdl`, hdngiy, ta`rnlag`ss jb v`f`tdtnjg dgc wdt`r ojcn`s. Sa` hjr` ngt`gsnv` ns ta` surbdl` vdpjrdtnjg,

    ta` i`ss `g`rfy r`hdngs bjr a`dtngf dnr (tdoi` 4). Odr sjni us s bnv` tnh`s hjr` `g`rfy

    tadg bjr`sts jr wdt`r ojcn s bjr dnr a`dtngf (_yszejwsen dgc E`cznjrd 4>16).

    Saus, ladgf`s ng ta` la`hnldi ljhpjsntnjg jb ta` dthjspa`r dgc c`v`f`tdtnjg

    (`sp`lndiiy c`bjr stdtnjg), ds w`ii ds c`lr`ds`s ng wdt`r surbdl` ldus`c oy auhdg

    dltnvnty, dr` v`ry ine`iy r`spjgsnoi` bjr vntdi ladgf`s ng linhdt` tadt adv` jllurr`c ng

    ta` idst b`w c`ldc s. Jg` jb ta` hjst nhpjrtdgt trdgsbjrhdtnjgs ldus c oy auhdg

    dltnvnty wds ta` trdgsbjrhdtnjg jb stdoi` `ljsyst`hs, sula ds bjr`sts, pdstur`s, dgc

    wdt`r ojcn`s, ngtj ugstdoi` jg`sbjr `xdhpi , drdoi` idgc dgc urodg dr`ds

    (bnfur` ?). \ula ladgf`s ng idgc us` ugbdvjrdoiy dbb`lt ta` wdt`r odidgl` strultur`,cnhngnsangf `vdpjtrdgspnrdtnjg dgc `gadglngf rugjbb (tdoi` ?). Curngf d cry y`dr,

    dojut ?= p`rl`gt jb ta` pr`lnpntdtnjg ns r`hjv`c brjh ta` dgtarjpjf`gnldiiy

    paysnldi prjl`ss`sdgc prjp`rtn`s jbta` dthjspa`r` linhdtnl

    syst`h jbta` @drta

    la`hnldi prjl`ss`sdgc ljhpjsntnjg jb

    ta` dthjspa`r`

    prjp`rtn`sjb dgc prjl`ss`s

    dt ta` @drtassurbdl`

    auhdg dltnvnty

    BNFP_@ 4.Bdltjrs C`t`rhngngf ta` @drtas Linhdtnl \yst`h

    \jurl`; Dutajrs `idojrdtnjg.

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    11 | DGC_[@K E@C[NJ_D DGC [ONFGN@V V. EPGC[@VNL[

    Dt pr`s`gt, r`bjr`stdtnjg ns tdengf pidl` ng @urjp`, out c`bjr`stdtnjg pr`vdnis ng

    hdgy ljugtrn`s jb ta` Sanrc Vjric. Sjcdy, 3= p`rl`gt jb ta` @drtas idgc surbdl` nshdgdf`c bjr lrjpidgc dgc pdstur , dgc gdturdi bjr sts ljv`r dgjta r 0=

    L. Ladgf` ng ta` _dtnj jb H`dcjwidgc tj Drdoi` Idgc, ]jidgc, 460=4>0=

    BNFP_@ ?.(Ljgtngu`c)

    =

    3

    ?

    2

    1

    4=

    4?

    410=

    guho`rjbshdiiwdt`rojcn`s

    4>3=

    3,16=

    ?,3>=

    4,10=

    4>20 4>1=411= 4>4= ?===

    O. C`ling` jb \hdii Vdt`r Ojcn`s ng Vn`iejpjised _`fnjg, ]jidgc, 410=?===

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    NH]DLS JB LINHDS@ DGC IDGC-P\@ LADGF@\ | 1>

    SDOI@ ?. Nhpdlt jb Idgc Ps` jg Frjugcwdt`r Cnsladrf`, Ordgc`gourf \tdt`,F`rhdgy, H`dg Rdiu`s jv`r \`v`rdi ^`drs

    (hniinh`t`rs p`r y`dr)

    Nt`h Cry y`dr Ijgf-t`rh dv`rdf` V`t y`dr

    Dggudi pr`lnpntdtnjg 2?6 63> >6.

    SDOI@ 10?==0

    ^ dr ]`rl`gt

    4>10 31.4

    4>>6 2

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    >1 | DGC_[@K E@C[NJ_D DGC [ONFGN@V V. EPGC[@VNL[

    ng ta` bjrh jb onjla`hnldi dgc paysnjijfnldi ladgf`s tadt wnii jllur bnrst ng pa`gji-

    jfy dgc ta`g ng prjcultnvnty dgc tadt wnii dbb`lt pidgt a`dita, susl`ptnoninty tj egjwg

    dgc ugegjwg onjtnl tar`dts, dgc r`snin`gl` tj bdltjrs jb ta` donjtnl `gvnrjgh`gt. Nt ns

    adrc tj pr`cnlt dii ta` pjssnoi` ljgs`qu`gl`s bjr ta` bjr`st `ljgjhy dgc ta` a`ditastdtus jb bjr`sts, ds ta` ladgf`s wnii gjt o` inhnt`c tj ta` sp`ln`s i`v`i out wnii spr`dc

    tj ta` `ljsyst`h dgc idgcsldp` i`v`is.

    Sa` pjt`gtndi r`dltnjgs jb bjr`st `ljsyst`hs tj linhdt` ladgf` hdy o` lidssnbn`c ds

    bjiijws;

    Ladgf`s ng bjr`st ijldtnjg

    Ladgf`s ng bjr`st strultur`

    Ladgf`s ng bjr`st prjcultnvnty.

    Linhdt` ladgf`s dgc ta` hjv`h`gt jb linhdt` zjg`s hdy o` bdst`r tadg ladgf`s ng

    ijldtnjgs jb pidgt ljhhugntn`s, dgc tans hdy i`dc tj ladgf`s ng bjr`st dr`ds dgc ng

    ldrojg s`qu`strdtnjg pjt`gtndi (\hnta dgc \aufdrt 4>>>15

    ]n`ie` ?==4). Pgc`r ljgv`ltnv` ljgcntnjgs, wdt`r `vdpjrdt`c brjh ta` bjr`st r`turgs

    pdrtiy ngtj ijldi jr r`fnjgdi lylingf, nglr`dsngf ta` dhjugt jb pr`lnpntdtnjg. Nt ns `stn-

    hdt`c tadt d 4 p`rl`gt rns` ng ta` p`rl`gtdf` jb bjr`st hdy nglr`ds` dggudi pr`lnpn-

    tdtnjg oy 0 hniinh`t`rs (Odl 4>21). Sans nglr`ds` ns anfa`r ng ta` wdrh p`rnjc tadg

    ng wngt`r o`ldus` jb d fr`dt`r prjodoninty jb ljgv`ltnv` ljgcntnjgs ng ta` suhh`r.Bjr ]jidgc, ta` jptnhdi sadr` jb bjr`sts ng ta` idgcsldp` dr`d ns p`rl`gt, out r`bjr`stdtnjg ns fjngf jg.

    Ngt`rdltnjg o`tw``g Linhdt` dgc Idgc Ps`

    Linhdt` ladgf` dgc nts nhpdlts dr` lijs`iy ngt`ringe`c wnta idgc surbdl` prjl`ss`sc`p`gc`gt jg idgc us` dgc idgc ljv`r. Sa` rji` jb idgc surbdl` ng linhdt` vdrndoninty

    dgc ladgf` ns jbt`g ugc`r`stnhdt`c. Ajw`v`r, ta` ta`rhdi ljgcntnjgs jb ta` @drtas

    surbdl` dgc ta` ijw`r dthjspa`r` idrf`iy c`p`gc jg ta` strultur` jb ta` @drtas sur-

    bdl` `g`rfy oucf`t. Ng pdrtnluidr, pdrtntnjgngf jb ta` ngljhngf sjidr biux ngtj idt`gt

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    4=? | DGC_[@K E@C[NJ_D DGC [ONFGN@V V. EPGC[@VNL[

    surbdl`. Oy r`culngf wngc sp``c dgc stjhdtdi r`snstdgl` dgc nglr`dsngf auhncnty,

    turoui`gl`, dgc g`t rdcndtnjg, sa`it`ro its ldus` d sinfat nglr`ds` ng ta` dltudi

    vdpjtrdgspnrdtnjg jb ta` idgcsldp` tde`g ds d waji`, out `vdpjtrdgspnrdtnjg

    c`lr`ds s ng ta` luitnvdt`c bn`ics iyngf o`tw``g sa it`ro`its.Sa` guho`r jb onjf`jla`hnldi odrrn`rs ng d idgcsldp` rns`s dijgf wnta ta`

    nglr`ds`c ljhpi`xnty jb ta` idgcsldp`. Sa` gutrn`gt ljgt`gt ng frjugcwdt`r ns fr`dtiy

    r`cul`c wa`g wdt`r bijws ugc`r sa`it`ro`its jr h`dcjw strnps. D sa`it`ro`it jr

    h`dcjw strnp d cjz`g jr sj h`t`rs wnc` r`cul`s gntrdt` ljgl`gtrdtnjg oy 0= tj

    >= p rl`gt dgc cnhngnsa s pajspajrus ljgl`gtrdtnjg oy >= p`rl`gt jr hjr`. Sa`

    dhjugt jb gntrdt`s i`dla`c brjh d ugnbjrh drdoi` ldtlah`gt ns hdgy tnh`s anfa`r

    tadg brjh d hjsdnl wdt`rsa`c.

    Sa` ljgt`gt jb sjni jrfdgnl hdtt`r ns jg` jb ta` hjst nhpjrtdgt bdltjrs c`t`rhng-

    ngf ta` wdt`r stjrdf` ldpdlnty dgc jta`r prjp`rtn`s jb ta` sjni. Jrfdgnl hdtt`r ldg

    dosjro 4= tnh`s hjr` wdt`r tadg ldg hng`rdi sjnis. Ng dccntnjg, jrfdgnl hdtt`r

    nhprjv`s ta` strultur` jb ta` sjni dgc nglr`ds`s ta` dhjugt jb hdlrj- dgc h`sjpjr`s,

    wanla nhprjv` wdt r dvdnidoninty bjr pidgts. Ng orn`b, nglr`ds`c jrfdgnl hdtt`r ljg-

    t`gt ng ta` sjni nhprjv`s sjni b`rtninty.

    Ljgtrji jb ta` strultur` jb ta` dfrnluiturdi idgcsldp` ns nhpjrtdgt bjr hntnfdtnjg

    jb linhdt` ladgf` dgc dcdptdtnjg tj linhdt` ladgf` dgc nts nhpdlts. Sarjufa us` jb

    sa`it`ro`its, ldrojg ldg o` s`qu`st`r`c brjh dthjspa`rnl ldrojg cnjxnc` dgc stjr`cng pidgt tnssu` dgc ng ta` sjni. \a`it`ro`its ngtrjcul`c ngtj d l`r`di hjgjluitur` idgc-

    sldp` ladgf` ta` hnlrjlinhdt` jb ta` bn`ic, ds w`ii ds ta` d`rjcygdhnl ladrdlt`rnstnls

    jb ta` dltnv` surbdl`. Duxnindry o`g`bnts jb d sa`it`ro`it ngliuc` prjvnsnjg jb sa`it`rbjr bdugd, lr`dtnjg jb `ljijfnldi ljrrncjrs `gadglngf hnfrdtnjg (wnta o`g`bnts bjr

    onjcnv`rsnty), fr`dt`r wdt`r qudgtnty (ijgf`r sgjw ljv`r), o`tt`r wdt`r qudinty

    (`xtrdltnjg jb gutrn`gts brjh frjugcwdt`r), sjni ljgs rvdtnjg, wngcor`des, prjvnsnjg

    jb bjr`st prjcults (wjjc, husarjjhs, o`rrn s, dgc sj jg), dgc d`sta`tnls. \a`it`ro`its

    ljugt`rdlt dcv`rs` bb`lts r`idt`c tj wdt`r odidgl` ladgf`s, r`h`cndt` wdt`r pjiiutnjg,

    dgc `gadgl` onjcnv`rsnty. Saus, ta`y ljgtrnout` tj ljgs`rvdtnjg jb dii tar`` gdturdi

    r`sjurl`swdt`r, sjni, dgc onjcnv`rsnty.

    Bngdi _`hdres

    Ng jrc`r tj ljugt`rdlt ugc`snrdoi linhdtnl t`gc`gln s, p`jpi` hust r`v`rs` ta` tr`gcs

    tjwdrc nglr`ds`c dthjspa rnl ljgl`gtrdtnjgs jb fr``gajus` fds`s dgc ijss jb v`f`td-

    tnjg, w tidgcs, dgc shdii wdt`r ojcn s. L rtdngiy, r`cultnjg jb fr``gajus` fds ljg-

    l`gtrdtnjgs dgc r`stjrdtnjg jb v`f`tdtnjg, w`tidgcs, dgc wdt`r ojcn`s dr` hula

    g``c`c.

    Ngtrjcultnjg jb sa`it`ro`its ngtj d snhpinbn`c idgcsldp` ns jg` jb ta` o`st tjjis bjr

    hdgdfngf ta` a`dt odidgl` jb ta` idgcsldp`. \a`it`ro`its r`cul` wngc sp``c dgc ljg-

    s`rv` ta` wdt`r suppiy jb bn`ics ijldt`c o`tw``g sa`it`ro`its, out ta`y nglr`ds` s`gsn-

    oi` a`dt biux sjh`wadt (tdoi` 0). Ng p`rnjcs jb strjgf dcv`ltnjg jb cry dgc wdrh dnr,

    nrrnfdt`c bn`ics ldg ljgs`rv` 4= p`rl`gt jb wdt`r curngf `vdpjtrdgspnrdtnjg, ng ljh-

    pdrnsjg wnta d idgcsldp` wntajut sa`it`ro`its.

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    4=1 | CDRNC _JF@_\

    ngt`frdtnjg jb sjlndi, `ljgjhnl, dgc `gvnrjgh`gtdi ngbjrhdtnjg tj p`rhnt d buii

    ugc`rstdgcngf jb ta` nhpdlt jb linhdt` jg c`v`ijph`gt dgc tj ngbjrh pjinly c`ln-

    snjgs ng dii ta` ngt`rljgg`lt`c s`ltjrsa`dita, `g`rfy, dfrnluitur`, urodg c`v`ijp-

    h`gt, dgc sj jg.Ng f`g`rdi, linhdt` ladgf` ads d huitnpinldtnv` `bb`lt jg `xnstngf prjoi`hs. Bjr

    `xdhpi`, wdt`r str`ss wnii ine`iy wjrs`g ng pidl`s dir`dcy subb`rngf brjh crjufat5 cns-

    `ds` `pnc`hnls wnii nglr`ds`5 dgc sj jg. Sa` nhpdlts jb ta` lajnl`s hdc` tj hntnfdt`

    linhdt` ladgf` dr` i`ss li`dr o`ldus` jb ta` ngt`rljgg`ltnjgs o`tw``g vdrnjus sjlndi

    dgc `ljgjhnl s`ltjrs. _`l`gt `xp`rn`gl` wnta l`rtdng engcs jb onjbu`is ns jg` `xdh-

    pi` jb ajw wadt dpp`drs tj o` d r`g`wdoi` r`pidl`h`gt bjr d gjgr`g`wdoi`, ldrojg-

    ods`c `g`rfy sjurl` ldg cnstjrt ta` ljhhjcnty hdre`t dgc nglr`ds` bjjc ngs`lurnty

    bjr hniinjgs jb p`jpi`.

    Sa` \t`rg _`vn`w, ldrrn`c jut bjr ta` P.E. fjv`rgh`gt, anfainfats ta` s`v`rnty jb

    ta` linhdt` ladgf` nssu` dgc ta` g``c bjr nhh`cndt` dltnjg tj dvjnc dg `gvnrjgh`g-

    tdiiy trnff`r`c hdssnv` dgc sustdng`c cjwgturg ng fijodi `ljgjhn`s (\t`rg ?==6).

    Ljugtrn`s dr` wr`stingf wnta ta` g``c tj hntnfdt` linhdt` nhpdlts ng ta` ijgf t`rh,

    out dcdptdtnjg jbb`rs ta` jgiy wdy jb ljpngf wnta ta` ng`vntdoi` `bb`lts jb linhdt`

    ladgf` jv`r ta` g`xt b`w c`ldc`s. Sa` ldpdoninty jb d ljugtry tj dcdpt c`p`gcs jg

    nts doninty tj hjgntjr linhdt`, tj prjvnc` r`indoi` sln`gtnbnl ngbjrhdtnjg dgc pr`cnl-

    tnjgs jb linhdt` ladgf`, dgc tj us` tans ngbjrhdtnjg ng rnse r`cultnjg dltnjgs tadt

    prjhjt` sustdngdoi` c`v`ijph`gt (_jf`rs ?==6). C`v`ijpngf `ljgjhn`s dr` pdrtnlu-

    idriy vuig`rdoi` o`ldus` ta`y dr` pr`cjhng