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Climate Crisis Facts Green House Gasses Where are we as a Planet Measurement of CO 2 e Emission...
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Transcript of Climate Crisis Facts Green House Gasses Where are we as a Planet Measurement of CO 2 e Emission...
• Climate Crisis Facts• Green House Gasses• Where are we as a Planet• Measurement of CO2e• Emission Scopes Impact on Trucking• So What Can Be Done
Agenda
Climate Crisis Facts
Greenhouse effect – a necessity for life
Growth in CO2 emissions output
Rising surface temperature
No doubt that they are interlinked issues
Melting of the polar ice caps
Melting of arctic sea ice
Less polar ice and arctic sea ice means…
Intensified storm activity
Green House Gasses
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at combating global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of October 2009, 184 states have signed and ratified the protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol
The IPCC has identified 6 greenhouse gases
Symbol Name Common Sources
CO2 Carbon Dioxide Fossil fuel combustion, forest clearing, cement production, etc.
CH4 Methane Landfills, production and distribution of natural gas & petroleum, fermentation from the digestive system of livestock, rice cultivation, fossil fuel combustion, etc.
N2O Nitrous Oxide Fossil fuel combustion, fertilizers, nylon production, manure, etc.
HFC's Hydrofluorocarbons Refrigeration gases, aluminum smelting, semiconductor manufacturing, etc.
PFC's Perfluorocarbons Aluminum production, semiconductor industry, etc.
SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride Electrical transmissions and distribution systems, circuit breakers, magnesium production, etc.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental
body first established in 1988 by two United Nations
organizations, the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United
Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53
Green House Gasses
Where are we as a planet
Human Activity Global Warming
Global Warming Climate Change
Accelerated warming though secondary impacts & feedback loops
If the weather engine that drives our ecosystems collapses we reach tipping point
We are rapidly reaching a tipping point!
Take Action?Do Humans Compound
Climate Change?
We don’t think we do!
We think We Do!
YESNO
CostUnrecoverable GlobalEconomic Depression
Global Catastrophes :Political
EnvironmentalEconomic
Public HealthSocial
Cost
Skeptic? – Take a Risk Management Approach!
NO
Measurement of CO2e
CO2e
What is a carbon footprint –
definition
A carbon footprint is defined as:• The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly
and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2e).
CO2 Equivalent (CO2e) is the concentration of CO2 that would cause the same level of radioactive forcing as a given type and concentration of greenhouse gas
Calculating CO2e
Values for CH4 and N2O are presented as CO2 equivalents (CO2e) using Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors*, consistent with reporting under the Kyoto Protocol and the second assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Combustion produces emissions
CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CH4 – methane
N2O – nitrous oxide
Measured in Kg Equivalent CO2 (CO2e) emitted
per liter of fuel combusted1 liter of petrol combusted = 2.3 Kg CO2 e
• Petrol Engine
fuel type unit CO2e emitted per unit
Petrol 1 litre 2.31 kg
Diesel 1 litre 2.67 kg
CO2e for common fuels in common measures
*
Emission Scopes
Understanding Scope in emissions reporting
WRI (World Resource Institute) reporting guidelines classify business activities that generate emissions according to a “Scope” association as follows:
Scope 1 emissions are those directly occurring from sources that are owned or controlled by the business, including on-site stationary combustion of fossil fuels; mobile combustion of fossil fuels by company owned / controlled vehicles and “fugitive” emissions. Fugitive emissions result from intentional or unintentional release of GHG’s (e.g. leakage of HFCs from refrigeration and / or air conditioning equipment)
The World Resources Institute (WRI) is an environmental
think tank founded in 1982 based in Washington, D.C.
Understanding Scope in emissions reporting
Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions generated in the production of electricity consumed by the business
Scope 3 emissions are all the other indirect emissions that are generated as a consequence of the activities of the business, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company (e.g. commuting, air travel, waste disposal, water usage, etc)
Emissions Scopes: GHG Protocol
Courtesy of Barloworld Logistics
Measure – Emissions footprint analysis
• Energy use assessments* – based on energy consumption data (electricity, LPG, Diesel, Petrol)
• GHG audits** – based on GHG protocol
• * Scope 1 and 2 emissions factors only• ** Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions factors
New standard in Scope 3 calculations: GHG Protocol
Courtesy of Barloworld Logistics
Impact on Trucking
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The National Treasury of the Republic of South Africa has recognized that South Africa, as one of the top twenty CO2 emitters in the world, will need to take positive steps to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, whilst still ensuring economic growth, increased employment and poverty reduction. As part of this process the National Treasury released a discussion paper for public comment in December 2010 on the carbon tax option to reduce greenhouse gases.
RESEARCH REPORT TOTHE ROAD FREIGHT ASSOCIATION
… This document is a response to the Road Freight Association’s requirement to investigate the impact of carbon taxes on the freight logistics sector and determine some of the potential effects of this on consumers.
…The effect as a percentage of GDP in 2009 terms. At a carbon tax rate of R75 per ton the carbon tax is likely to be in the region of 1,4% of GDP and at a rate of R250 per ton it would comprise approximately 4,6% of GDP.
75.00
Litres Per 100 kms
Kms per Litre
Kg CO2
per KmTax Value
RandsKg CO2 per
10 KmTax Value
RandsKg CO2 per
100 Kms Tax Value
RandsKg CO2 per 1000 Km
Tax Value Rands
45 2.22 1.199 0.09 11.988 0.90 119.88 8.99 1198.8 89.9146 2.17 1.225 0.09 12.254 0.92 122.54 9.19 1225.4 91.9147 2.13 1.252 0.09 12.521 0.94 125.21 9.39 1252.1 93.9148 2.08 1.279 0.10 12.787 0.96 127.87 9.59 1278.7 95.9049 2.04 1.305 0.10 13.054 0.98 130.54 9.79 1305.4 97.9050 2.00 1.332 0.10 13.320 1.00 133.20 9.99 1332.0 99.9051 1.96 1.359 0.10 13.586 1.02 135.86 10.19 1358.6 101.9052 1.92 1.385 0.10 13.853 1.04 138.53 10.39 1385.3 103.9053 1.89 1.412 0.11 14.119 1.06 141.19 10.59 1411.9 105.8954 1.85 1.439 0.11 14.386 1.08 143.86 10.79 1438.6 107.8955 1.82 1.465 0.11 14.652 1.10 146.52 10.99 1465.2 109.8956 1.79 1.492 0.11 14.918 1.12 149.18 11.19 1491.8 111.8957 1.75 1.518 0.11 15.185 1.14 151.85 11.39 1518.5 113.8958 1.72 1.545 0.12 15.451 1.16 154.51 11.59 1545.1 115.8859 1.69 1.572 0.12 15.718 1.18 157.18 11.79 1571.8 117.8860 1.67 1.598 0.12 15.984 1.20 159.84 11.99 1598.4 119.88
Fuel Consumption
Carbon Tax Per Ton - Rands (insert)
Equivalent Carbon Dioxide Emission and Tax Value
Calculation of Applicable Carbon Tax Based on Fuel Consumption
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
The two main economic policy instruments available for putting a price on carbon and curbing GHG emissions are carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. The carbon tax seeks to reduce emissions through the price mechanism directly, while emissions trading schemes establishes targets for specific levels of emissions through the trade in allowances.
Average Increases for Petrol and Diesel at 2009 average Gauteng prices
2009 Average price in cents
Carbon tax at R75/ton
Carbon tax at R165/ton
Carbon tax at R250/ton
Petrol Retail 739.9 2.2% 4.6% 7.0% Diesel Wholesale 664.5 2.4% 5.1% 7.8% Diesel Retail 717.87 2.2% 4.7% 7.2%
Industry group CO2 emissions and tax based on the various tax scenarios as a percentage of transport cost
Industry Group Total CO2 tax @ R75 per ton
(in millions)
Total CO2 tax @ R165
per ton (in millions)
Total CO2 tax @ R250 per
ton (in millions)
Automotive 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% Chemicals 0.07% 0.16% 0.25% Construction 0.10% 0.23% 0.34% Energy 0.25% 0.54% 0.82% FMCG 0.26% 0.58% 0.87% Fruit 0.03% 0.06% 0.09% Grain 0.03% 0.08% 0.12% Metal industries 0.14% 0.32% 0.48% Other agriculture 0.09% 0.20% 0.31% Other manufactured products
0.10% 0.22% 0.34%
Other mining 0.06% 0.14% 0.21% Grand Total 1.16% 2.55% 3.86%
Source: CSCM calculations
So What Can Be Done
ULS grade diesel = 2,3% of total annual diesel salesthe cost to the South African oil refining industry to
upgrade … , is estimated to be between R20 billion and R40 billion the full cost to be carried by the oil industry without any major returns in adjusted fuel price margins.
“Clean” Diesel Fuel South African Availability
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
An after market product added to fuel claimed to enhance the performance of the fuel and so improve the consumption
Which are the solutions that deliver the nett financial benefit???
Fuel management solutions are available, the approach is holistic and requires a management focus
Fuel Additives
Liquefied Petroleum GasDiesel/LPG mixtures100% bio-mass based fuel and Bio diesel mixtures, Pure methane, Compressed natural gas (CNG) Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG)Methane /diesel mixturesHybrid power units, a combination of fossil fuel and electrical
power.Pure electrical using on-board electrical storage.Hydrogen fuel cells
Alternative Fuel and or Energy Sources
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
For an initial installed cost of around R100 000, there will be savings in CO2 emissions of up to 15%, and based on the current price of LPG for automotive use, an anticipated reduction in combined fuel costs of between 25 – 30% compared to an engine fuelled by diesel only.
Diesel/LPG mixtures
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
There are a number of busses currently operating in Europe and the US with hydrogen fuel, carried in storage vessels located on the roof of the vehicle in compressed gas form at pressures of up to 34 mega Pascals (5000 psi). As with electrically powered buses and the restricted area of operation, and the space required for the hydrogen storage vessels, this power source is not currently suitable for medium and long distance vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuelled Busses
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
Improved Vehicle Routing Vehicle technology and efficiency
vehicles combinations aerodynamics can account for up to 50% of fuel consumption (especially at cruising/trunking speeds)
equip the vehicle and trailer/s with fairings to ease the flow of air around the vehicle
Performance Based Standards (PBS) Vehicles From a Paper by Paul Nordengen The overall benefit in terms of the environment is to allow greater
loads to be carried, in greater safety to other road users, for a given engine capacity and power, with a minimal increase in fuel consumption and without additional damage to the road infrastructure
Improving transport efficiency
Courtesy of Jim Campbell
What ever we do, we can’t do NOTHING
Thank You