1

Climate Change Climate Change

Technology Needs AssessmentsTechnology Needs Assessments for for

ThailandThailand ::Adaptation in Agricultural Adaptation in Agricultural

SectorSector

Morakot Tanticharoen

National Science and Technology Development Agency , Thailand

2

2010 78Year (GDP = . %)

(2009) LLLLL LLLLL LL LLLLLLLLLL

: 11%Services: 55 %: 34 %

Agriculture 40%

Services 43% Industries 17%

3

In 2010: flood damaged more than 1.76 million hectares causing the government to approve approximately 550 million USD to help flood victims.

November 2010 and June 2011 over 39 provinces in Thailand were experiencing drought, causing the government to allocate a budget of more than 13 million USD to relieve the problem

In 2011 ( 10 Oct): flood damaged more than 1.4 million hectares.

4

In 2010 drought exacerbated the pandemic situation, damaging approximately 1 million hectares of cassava plantation and causing a 20-25% reduction in yields (Winotai, 2011).

5

Food Crisis????

Source: Stephen A. Goff and John M. Salmeron, 2004.

6

Scientific American October 2009,

Volume 301 No. 4Biotech’s Plans to Sustain

Agriculture

Biotechnology: new genes insertion and new traits; DNA

marker assisted breeding

Agronomic practices: precision agriculture based on remote

sensing and global positioning, new equipment for irrigation and new

planting technology

Drought tolerance and nitrogen-use efficiency (water-optimized product, reductions in nitrogen fertilizer use)

7

SubsectorIdentification

Experts&

Stakeholders

Literature review

Technology Needs

Assessment (Prioritized)

Technology Action Plans

(capability, accessibility, policy, law & regulation,

social perception, user, etc.)

Barrier analysis

Process of Technology Needs AssessmentProcess of Technology Needs Assessment & Action & Action

plansplans

Experts&

Stakeholders

Experts& Stakeholders

& National Consultation

Literature review

8

LLLL Cassava Sugar Shrimp

(%) 281.9

338.0

612.203.7

Rank 1 1 2 1

12Ranked th 2in the world food exporter (010)

Thailand’s Agri Thailand’s Agricultureculture and Food and Food : Facts and Figures : Facts and Figures

Farmers involved 3.7 M 400,000 200,000 25,000

9

+ R&D and technology based capability

+ Technology absorption + Technology diffusion

Technology capability

Impact of Technology

+ Potential Benefit / Opportunity loss

+ Cost-benefit/ Cost-effectiveness

Policy and RegulationPublic Perception & Farmer’s acceptance

Criteria for prioritize

technology

10

Prioritizing technologies (Stakeholder meeting)

Further prioritizing technologies (Public hearing)

Crop Improvement

Forecastingand Early Warning

Precision Farming

Tech. capability—3 levelsBarriersSolutions

11

Crop Improvement

13

DT SUB BB BL BPH ST

DT + SUB BB + BL BPH + ST

DT + SUB + BB + BL BB + BL + BPH + ST

DT + SUB + BB + BL + BPH + ST

Super Jasmine RiceCurrently take 6 years for new rice varieties to be developed by using MAS

droughtbrown plant hoppers salinityflood

bacterialblight

Gene PyramidingMAS and Backcross Breeding

14

Promote the implementation of MAS for rice breeds in the Mekong region

Thailand’s “Molecular Rice Breeding Program for the Mekong Region”

TT & commercialize

Field Trial & Demonstration

R&D

Some rice varieties are available for farmer

KDML 105 submergence tolerance

Examples of current work on Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)

Rice breeds that can resistance/ tolerance to bacterial blight, brown plant hoppers, salinity, or drought are now in a multi-location and regional trial study as well as production demonstration in farmers’ fields

Use of MAS in rice breeding with a qualit

y for flood/ drought/pest tolerance or non-phot

operiod sensitivity

Implementation of ge ne pyramiding to

improve rice breeds

Preliminary screening of wild crop relatives to identify target traits to adapt to climate change

15

“Chonlasit submergence tolerance” which have been transferred to farmers in Authaya, Chainat, Angthong, and

Uttaradit

Flooding for 12 days After flooding

It can survive under the water for upto 2 weeks after the occurrence of flash flooding off-season rice.  Homcholasit rice(KDML 105 submergence tolerance) can be providing yield of 3 ton

s per hectare.

Transfer flood tolerance trait into other rice varieties

Transfer flood tolerance trait into other rice varieties

16

MAS’ s currently limited to some varieties of rice (KDML105,RD6) Other crops have undergone less research

Barrier Solution

Promote research and development on MAS

Research collaboration with the international research institutes, private companies and networks

Transfer MAS technology to plant breeders by collaboration between government to government and public private

Human resource development by collaboration with international institutes

Formulate courses on plant Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)

Shortage of plant breeders, molecular breeders, physiologists, plant pathologists and entomologists

Human resources

Technology capability

Technology capability

Human resources

17

Lack of medium-long term seed bank

Lack of throughput screening facilities includes genotypic and phenotypic screening

Barrier Solution

Establish a national and regional network of germplasm bank

Invest a high throughput phenotyping and genotyping screening facility to increase the efficiency of crop improvement

Request international organization such as FAO, CGIAR to ease access to more genetic resource materials

access to genetic resources through increased interdependency is limited due to international agreements and countries’ s environment policy

Policy

Infrastructure Infrastructure

Policy

18

Thailand is yet to trade genetically modified plants, except for research purposes

National Biosafety Act has been approved by the cabinet and is now under consideration by the Office of the Council of State of Thailand

TT & commercialize

Field Trial & Demonstration

R&D only the virus PRSV resistant papayas went to field trial in 1997.

in 2001, experiments involving GM plant were put on hold following a decision by the cabinet

Thailand’s Biosafety Guideline, initiated in 1992, cover areas of r&d, field testing, and commercialization

development of papayas resistant to the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)

R&D on plant transformation in cassava, sugarcane, rice and orchid

Examples of current work on genetic modification of plants

20

Successful plant transformation has been limited to few plant species due to lack of government support

Traits, genetic engineering is covered by patents

Barrier Solution

Need the policy support to confine field trials of locally developed GM products

Arrange various activities to promote public awareness in science and regulation of GMOs

Request assistance of international organizations to negotiate the use of licensed genes and technologies

Work with international organizations such as ISAAA

21

Forecasting and Early Warning

Simulation Model

Target Forecast weather and

pest/ disease outbreaks Reduce the risk of damage Select the right crops

based on specific planting time and crop cycle

Data Climate patterns Pest and disease

outbreaks Past yields

Warning System (rapid emergency response)

23

TT & commercialize

Field Trial & Demonstration

R&D

Examples of current work on Forecasting & Early Warning

Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSATT) to predict impacts of climate change on various crops such as rice, cassava, and sugarcane

Basic data collection to underpin forecasting models in the future

A brown plant hopper pest prediction and warning system

Aquaculture Information System to predict the growth of shrimps under various climatic conditions

Spatial modeling of land suitability evaluation for rubber plantation in Northeast Thailand

24

Lack of forecasting tools for biological and physical data, weather condition

Limitation of pest and disease databases

Limitation on data accessibility and data redundancy

Barrier Solution

Encourage cooperation between simulation modelers and biologists to develop a model/ system using biological data

Develop a simulation model with a scale suited for Thailand’s geographic areas

Develop unified databases that use the same standards both nationally and regionally

Establish National Spatial Data Infrastructure: NSDI

Technology capability

Technology capability

25

Barrier Solution

Human resources Lack of skilled personnel to

develop climate change simulation models

Lack of linkage between skilled personnel and relevant organization

Policy no accompanying implementation

plan to deal beforehand with pest and disease outbreaks relevant to the agricultural sector other than that of the bird flu

Draft an implementation plan/ manual to prepare for natural disasters that affects the agricultural sector, especially outbreaks of pest and diseases(learning from bird flu model)

Human resources

Policy

Collaborate with research institutes from overseas to provide training on the development of pest/disease simulation mode

Encourage public and private collaboration to develop software

27

Precision FarmingPrecision Farming

“ Planting the right seed in the right place depending on the field conditions or havingthe precise application of pesticides, nitrogen fertilizer or other inputs. ”

Vice President, Technology Strategy& Development, Monsanto

(Scientific American, 2009)

Precision FarmingPrecision Farming

“ Planting the right seed in the right place depending on the field conditions or havingthe precise application of pesticides, nitrogen fertilizer or other inputs. ”

Vice President, Technology Strategy& Development, Monsanto

(Scientific American, 2009)

2929

Sikhio model, Nakhon Ratchasima, demonstates the use of precision farming technology (such as drip irrigation system and customized fertilizer) to increase the productivity of cassava to

about 30-40 ton/hec

Precision Farming Technology; Sikhio Model

3030

GranMonte Smart VineyardGranMonte Smart Vineyard

GranMonte Smart Vineyard project was piloted in 2008 by Mahidol University and NECTEC. The project utilized an integrated set of technologies in a vineyard Information TechnologySmart ViticultureNetworks of Multi-functional and Multi-dimensional SensorsRFID, GIS, Radio-Controlled,RoboticsAgro-informaticsNanotechnology)Farm managers can monitor changes in the farm via the Internet or by mobile phoneSource: Mahidol University, NECTEC and GranMonte Vineyard

3131

KMITL Fishtech FarmKMITL Fishtech Farm

Closed system for tilapia fish farming Real-time water quality monitoring Digital tags embedded in the breeding parents to

monitor the origin of breeds

Source: Source: King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (2010)

32

TT & commercialize

Field Trial & Demonstration

R&D

Examples of current work on Precision Farming

Sensor technologies, pH and DO, have been developed and used in shrimp farming

prototype of Moisture and pH sensors have been used in sugarcane farming

Demonstration project has been establish - Sikhio Model - KMITL fishtech farm - GranMonte Smart Vineyard

Use of GPS technology to identify coordinates/ locations best suited for sugarcane farming

R&D on Integrated system of sensor and embedded technology

pH and DO Sensor have been transferred to aquaculture private company

34

Barrier Solution

Lack of necessary human skills Provide farmers with precision

farming courses, focusing on how to collect and analyze relevant data to improve productivity while reducing resource consumption

Human resources Human resources

35R&D

Technology Transfer

Support Thailand as an ASEAN training

hub “The Molecular Rice Breeding Program for the Mekong Region”

Seed Cluster

NSTDADOA

PlantBreedingResearch

Center

ThaiSeed Trade

Association

University

SeedAssociation

Seed coating

technology

Seed Company

TechnologyTransfer

&HRD

University

University

Cooperative

DOA

Seedcompany

DOABiotechnology

fortrait

improvement

Seed Company

University

University DOA

Seed Company

GermplasmManagement

Diagnosis for disease detection

and control seed quality

GoodQualitySeed

production

University

DOA

DiagnosticCompany

NECTEC

MTEC

Users

PlasticCompany

DOA = Department of Agriculture

technology transfer to local private players

TAIST Tokyo Tech

Formulation of related courses through international collaboration and networking

Papaya Biotechnology Network

Public-Private Partnership

International collaboration with leading academic institutes, private companies and ASEAN networks

Project IdeasProject Ideas

Public to Public

Human ResourceDevelopment

Infrastructure

Seed Germplasm Bank

36

THANK YOUTHANK YOU