Climate Change Responsive Indigenous Knowledge Systems in ...

Climate Change Responsive Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Crop Farming in Albay Province, Philippines

Lester M. Narvaez

Abstract

Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry, Guinobatan, Albay, PhilippinesCorrespondence: [email protected]

Identifying, documenting and analyzing indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in crop farming can help develop sustainable technologies since those IKS have evolved through the test of time involving several generations of farmers that made the communities survive. This study was conceptualized and conducted under such context. This qualitative and descriptive study involved the most senior and longtime farmers in the study sites as sources of information. Focus group discussion (FGD) was the method used in data and information gathering. Participants were purposively sampled from farming communities in Albay where indigenous practices still exist to some extent. Indigenous practices in farming that are responsive to climate change adaptation have been identified. Mulching, coconut leaf pruning in coco-based vegetable farms, use of coconut fronds as windbreaks, collapsing of trellis and bending of young plants towards the ground as protection from typhoon, rainwater harvesting and use of plant sap to water crops during rainless months and minimum tillage were the climate change adaptive IKS identified. These indigenous practices can be studied for possible adoption as climate change adaptation mechanisms.

Keywords: Climate change, Crop farming, Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS)

BU R&D Journal22 (2): 12-20, December 2019 | ISSN (Print): 0016-4139

journal.bicol-u.edu.phdoi: 10.47789/burdj.mbtcbbgs.20192202.7

Introduction

Many articles have been written about the causes and effects of climate change. As explained by scientists, climate change results from the increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions brought about by human activities. These GHGs that accumulate in the atmosphere trap the heat of the sun below the stratosphere, thus the global warming phenomenon. Consequently, the heating up of the atmosphere causes the observed extreme climatic occurrences such as powerful typhoons, excessive rainfall and drought which had never been experienced before, hence, the term climate change.

While agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to climate change, agriculture is one of the contributors to GHG emissions. Powers (2019) said that methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are the major GHGs emitted by agricultural activities. These gases are produced from soil management practices, enteric fermentation from large stocking rates of animals, energy use and manure management.

According to Kurukulasuriya and colleagues (2013), the agricultural productivity of poor countries in the

tropical regions to which the Philippines belongs will particularly be harmfully impacted by climate change. Agricultural yield reduction is projected and poverty is expected to rise as the agricultural sector will become significantly susceptible to climate change.

This climate pressure necessitates the adoption of agricultural technologies or practices that could make the agriculture sector sustainably adapt. Documenting IKS in farming should not only be for knowledge preservation but also to study it for possible enhancement and adoption to address a pressing concern like the climate change. The study of Jiri and colleagues (2015) in Zimbabwe concluded that IKS in the farming communities was effective in building coping and adaptation mechanisms. However, the IKS on predicting seasonal weather quality was already less accurate, thereby, recommending the exploration of combining IKS and scientific weather data in weather forecasting for farm decision making.

Albay is a province of the Bicol region located 13oN and 123oE. The province is situated in the central portion of the Bicol peninsula in the South of Luzon. The eastern part of the province faces the Pacific Ocean where most of the typhoons passing through the Philippine

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BU R&D Journal, Vol. 22, December 2019 ISSN (Print): 0016-4139

journal.bicol-u.edu.ph

Narvaez: Climate Change Responsive Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Crop Farming in Albay Province, Philippines

Area of Responsibility (PAR) originates. Climate Type 2 and Type 4 of the Corona classification prevail in the province’s eastern and western parts, respectively. Agriculture is the major industry of Albay. Based on the 2018 Philippine Statistics Administration’s data, around 130,239 ha or 51% of Albay’s land area are devoted to permanent and temporary/ seasonal crop production. Coconut, banana, rice, corn, vegetables and root crops are the major crops produced in the province.

Being in the typhoon belt and having in it Mt. Mayon, an active volcano, Albay has survived numerous challenges of volcanic eruptions, lahar and mud flows, floods and numerous climatic turbulences. Hence, the IKS on crop farming in Albay that are responsive to climate change are worth studying. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the indigenous knowledge systems in crop farming in Albay, including those that are responsive to climate change and recommend research concepts for validation purposes and possible enhancement.

Materials and Methods

This qualitative research was conducted in 28 farming villages in the cities of Tabaco, Legazpi and Ligao and in the municipalities of Malilipot, Bacacay, Daraga, Manito, Camalig, Guinobatan, Jovellar, Polangui and Libon. These 3 cities and 9 municipalities are sporadically located in the 3 congressional districts of the province of Albay. Since modern agriculture has already influenced Albay, the farming villages that served as study sites were identified purposively with the help of the city and municipal agriculture offices. This included the villages where there are farmers still practicing IKS to some extent.

Data and information gathering were done through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions involving 15 participants in each site using the same prepared FGD guide questions. The participants included the most senior together with longtime farmers. The FGD sessions were conducted from May to October 2018. The study actually documented IKS on all crop farming stages including seed selection, land preparation and other cultural management practices up to harvest and post-harvest handling of crops. In addition, IKS on avoiding the impact of unfavorable weather conditions such as excessive rainfall and drought that are seemingly brought about by climate change were also documented. However, this paper only focused on the IKS on crop farming that are responsive to climate change. The IKS were analyzed

based on available literatures in order to identify researchable areas and to determine their feasibility for technology packaging.

Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change

Results and Discussion

Before identifying and discussing the indigenous practices in crop farming that are responsive to climate change, the farmers’ perception of climate change was first established. Farmers in Albay believe that there is climate change. They associate its existence to the following: (1) occurrence of excessive rainfall, (2) prolonged wet season, (3) intense heat, (4) occasional dry spell and (5) unpredictable weather condition. Majority or 73.5% of farmers believe that these indicators of climate change have been existing for 10 – 15 years while the rest are uncertain.

Trenbeth (2008) said that the intense heat brought about by global warming results in greater evaporation that causes intense and prolonged drought. Moreover, a 7% increase in the water-holding capacity of air for every 1oC warming results in greater vapor accumulating in the atmosphere thereby influencing the occurrence of increased precipitation or rainfall. Likewise, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (2018) reported that the Philippines is warming with an average increase of 0.1oC per decade and projected to continue unabated. Increasing trends in annual and seasonal rainfall were also observed in many parts of the country. These descriptions of climate change seem to agree with the farmers’ perception of climate change.

Vegetable farmers believe that excessive rainfall results in poor growth and yield of crops, increased incidence and prevalence of pests and diseases and favors profuse growth of weeds. On the other hand, farmers narrated that intense heat also resulted in poor crop growth and yield.

On the occurrence of dry spell, farmers said that severe effects in farming happens when the irrigation water sources run dry. Plants cannot survive long rainless days. Conversely, the unpredictability of weather delays planting time. Crop damages and eventual losses are experienced by farmers when unfavorable weather unexpectedly takes place after planting.

Farmers said that they plant any crop at any period

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BU R&D Journal, Vol. 22, December 2019ISSN (Print): 0016-4139journal.bicol-u.edu.ph


Indigenous Practices Adaptive to Climate Change

of the year regardless of the weather condition. They leave their fate to nature. According to them, if their plants survive then that is good fate, if it fails, so be it. They said, weather could not stop them from planting otherwise, they will not harvest anything. However, many of them consider gambling with nature risky because the money they invest is at stake. It came out that the farmers’ decision to gamble with the weather is inspired by the favorable market prices of crops during the expected harvest period.

What crop to plant and when. Table 1 shows the distribution of vegetable farmers growing different vegetable crops during Albay’s wet and dry seasons for the last fifteen years. Only the top 11 crops are included in the table.

Data show that farmers plant similar crops both during the wet and dry seasons. The top 5 vegetable crops grown during the wet season are pole sitao (leguminous), hot pepper (solanaceous), pechay (leafy/cruciferous), okra (malvaceous), sweet potato (root crop) and tomato (solanaceous). Winged beans, squash, bitter gourd, eggplant and snap beans are the other vegetable crops grown by farmers during the wet season. During the dry season, pole sitao, tomato, hot pepper, sweet potato and pechay are the top 5 vegetables grown by farmers. Other vegetable crops grown during the dry season, according to rank, are winged beans, okra and snap beans, squash, bitter gourd and eggplant. The farmers have proven

after years of planting that these crops are adaptable to both wet and dry seasons. However, it can be noticed that while farmers grow similar vegetable crops on both seasons, more farmers plant those crops during the dry season than during the wet season. The selection of crops to grow and the decision to plant or not to plant a certain crop on a particular season seems to be their way of adapting to changes in weather and climatic conditions. To highlight this observation for instance, tomato which is known to be sensitive to excessive rainfall ranks 5.5 during the wet season but ranks second during the dry season. During the wet season, those who plant tomato brave the risk of heavy rains due to the promise of higher market prices of off-season crops.

Mulching. Mulching is the practice of covering the surface of the soil with materials such as rice straw, coconut leaves and other dried leaves. At present, materials such as coco peat and polyethylene plastic sheets are also used for the same purpose. Mulching is effective in soil moisture conservation, weed growth regulation and prevention of soil erosion during events of heavy rainfall. Hence, this technology can be used during the dry season for moisture conservation and during the rainy season to control soil erosion. However, this is not widely practiced in the province. Mulching using rice straw is an indigenous practice by farmers growing vegetables in rice fields or those whose vegetable farms are located close to the rice fields. Farmers only practice mulching using rice straw during the dry season. They said that rice straws harbor molds that also damage the vegetable crops during the wet season. Whenever rice

CropsWet Season Dry Season

% of farmers Rank % of farmers RankPole sitao 34.4 1.0 38.3 1.0

Hot pepper 25.3 2.0 31.7 3.5Pechay 23.1 3.0 31.1 5.0Okra 21.4 4.0 19.2 7.5Sweet potato 17.8 5.5 31.7 3.5Tomato 17.8 5.5 31.9 2.0Winged beans 16.1 7.0 20.6 6.0Squash 12.8 8.0 16.9 9.0Bitter gourd 11.4 9.0 15.6 10.0Eggplant 10.3 10.0 11.9 11.0Snap beans 8.3 11.0 19.2 7.5

Table 1. Crops grown by vegetable farmers in Albay during the wet and dry seasons for the last fifteen years.

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straws are used as mulch, the farmers lay the materials on the ground but not close to the base of the plants to avoid fungal diseases. Ranjan and colleagues (2017) explained that the organic mulch placed near or in contact with the stem of the plants creates an environment favorable for pests and diseases when moist. This explains the proliferation of molds observed by farmers when rice straws are used as mulch.

Utilizing rice straw as mulch is both a climate change adaptation and mitigation practice. Burning of rice straw is a common practice of some rice farmers. Magcale-Macandog and colleagues (2016) reported that open burning of rice straws contributes to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, particularly, CH4 and N2O. Moreover, by burning rice straws 100% nitrogen, 25% phosphorus and 20% of potassium are lost. The lost nutrients could have been used to reduce the application of synthetic fertilizers which are also sources of GHGs. Hence, utilizing rice straws as mulch instead of burning them can help mitigate climate change by reducing GHG emissions. When rice straws used as mulch decompose they contribute to the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil thereby, improving soil quality and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers.

As a climate change adaptation measure, using rice straw as mulching material can help in conserving soil moisture for the plants to survive the dry season. According to Hatfield and colleagues (2001), crop residue mulching reduces soil moisture evaporation by 34 – 50%, thereby, reducing irrigation water requirement.

Likewise, mulch maintains optimum soil temperature as it reflects sunlight (Ranjan et al., 2017). During heavy rainfall events, mulching cushions the soil to minimize if not prevent erosion by water. Prosdocimi and colleagues (2016) said that mulching can reduce soil erosion rates to more than 90% as measured in terms of average sediment concentration, soil loss, and run-off volume when properly used. Moreover, mulching was found to be a relatively low cost technology for soil conservation. Finally, mulching helps improve farmers’ resilience due to the reduced impact of extreme weather conditions such as heavy rainfall and drought (FAO, 2014).

Many pieces of literature about organic mulching such as the use of rice straws are available in reputable journals and web pages. However, validation studies on the use of rice straws as mulch and its efficacy, economic viability and environmental soundness under Albay condition must still be done. Moreover, convincing farmers to adopt this technology must likewise be studied.

Coconut leaf pruning in coco-based vegetable farms. Some farmers use the spaces between the rows of coconut trees in a grove for crop production. To allow more light penetration beneath the canopies, farmers remove 3-5 leaves from the lower part of the canopy of each coconut tree. In pruning, only those leaves that do not support an inflorescence or a bunch of nuts are being removed. The farmers further explained that when it rains the rainwater droplets that cascade through the leaves of coconut trees and

Figure 1. Coco-based sweet potato farming in Tabaco City.

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fall destroy the vegetable plants growing underneath. Hence, they consider it imperative to prune the leaves of the coconut trees.

According to the farmers, coconut leaf pruning has long been practiced in their place. They have inherited the practice from their ancestors. Hence, this practice can be considered as indigenous knowledge. Similar technology has been identified as good practice option (GPO) by a Food and Agriculture Organization-funded research. Such study showed that adopting coconut leaf pruning technology for corn, golden yellow cassava and sweet potato provides beneficial results to farmers (Amano & Amano, 2012). The Philippine Coconut Authority [PCA] (2000) recommends coconut leaf pruning by removing Leaf Rank 19 (supporting the young nuts or “buko”) or Leaf Rank 23 and 24 (supporting harvestable bunch). In pruning, about 0.75 cm of leaf fronds (supporting the developing nuts/ bunches) should be allowed to remain attached to the trunk. Pruning should be done every 45 days leaving 18 leaves on the coconut tree. In contrast, farmers’ indigenous practice of coconut leaf pruning does not follow strict procedures. The farmers remove dry leaves together with 3-5 fresh leaves in the lower part of the canopy that do not support inflorescence or nuts. They do it anytime they think it is necessary. The farmers are also aware that the yield of the coconut tree would be affected if too many leaves will be removed.

Coconut-based farming system utilizing the idle

Figure 2. Use of coconut fronds as windbreak in vegetable farms.

spaces between rows of coconut can enhance the farmers’ resilience from climate change. It allows them to earn additional income aside from ensuring source of food for their family. Moreover, when coconut production is affected due to severe damage from typhoon, cash crops planted as intercrops to coconut can help the family survive. PCA has already developed a science-based coconut leaf pruning technology. The challenge now is on the extension workers of State Colleges and Universities, Department of Agriculture and Agriculture divisions of Local Government Units (LGUs) to transfer this technology to would-be adopters, the coconut farmers.

Use of coconut fronds as windbreak. Stormy weather conditions are sometimes accompanied by strong wind. According to the farmers, strong wind is destructive especially to vine crops hanging on their trellis. Strong winds occur during the typhoon months and during the southwest monsoon’s occurrence usually in the months of May to September. The use of coconut fronds as windbreak was documented in the highland part of Tabaco and Ligao City. Many farmers are still adopting it.

This is done by positioning the leaves of coconut on its full length upward with the base of the petiole touching the ground and arranged closely with one another to serve as windbreak. The windbreak is placed across the direction of the wind. The entire surrounding

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may also be fenced depending on the availability of sufficient coconut fronds. This practice was commonly observed in small vegetable farms of around five hundred square meters or less in dimension. This windbreak technology is used to protect pole sitao, winged beans, snap beans and bitter gourd from strong winds.

Farmers claim that this indigenous practice effectively breaks the wind brought about by southwest monsoon, locally known as “habagat” and storm or typhoon with signal number 1. Stronger winds can topple down the windbreak.

This indigenous practice just requires poles, tying materials and dried coconut leaves. The materials needed are available in the farm. Hence, it is cheap and simple for farmers to adopt.

Collapsing the trellis to protect vine crops from the typhoon. When there is an impending typhoon, bitter gourd farmers carefully collapse the trellis to protect it from getting blown down and destroyed by the strong wind. The posts supporting the trellis are carefully swayed to one direction without pulling the roots and the vines of bitter gourd climbing on it. By collapsing the trellis, the plants are protected from the impact of strong wind. However, there is no guarantee that this indigenous practice can effectively work against a powerful typhoon with signal number 3 or higher.

After the typhoon the trellis are again erected and nitrogenous fertilizer is applied to the soil to provide nourishment for the plants’ faster recovery.

It may be easy to do this indigenous practice if the trellis is not so expansive. But it would be quite cumbersome to temporarily collapse a wide, sprawling trellis and put it back to its former position after the typhoon. Nevertheless, this indigenous practice can provide an idea for Agricultural Engineers to design collapsible trellis for the purpose. Its efficacy in protecting the plants from typhoon of different intensity as well as its economic viability should likewise be studied.

Bending of young plants as protection from typhoon. This is a practice of bending the young tomato and hot pepper plants before the approaching typhoon arrives. The plants are bent close to the ground and partly covered with soil and rice straw, if available. Bending the seedlings low protects them from the wind and covering the seedlings with rice straw cushions them from both wind and raindrops. Some farmers also make

use of bamboo sticks to clip the plants to the ground. As explained by farmers, this practice is effective only when the plants are still at their seedling stage because plants with larger canopy already have wider surface area exposed to the wind. This was only documented from the farmers’ narration in two of the FGD sites but very few still practice it. However, it is worth analyzing it for climate change adaptation.

While doing the bending of young plants seem to be easy, it may be laborious for large farms. Bending all the seedlings before the typhoon and restoring them once weather gets better would require more laborers depending on the farm’s size. Hence, its efficacy as a practice in protecting the seedlings from the typhoon as well as its economic viability should be studied. Likewise, the same IKS should be studied for other plants at different growth stages and at varying wind speed and intensity.

Rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is commonly practiced in the mountainous vegetable farming villages of Ligao City, Albay. Most farmers in the village do their vegetable farming in the flat and slightly sloping sides of the mountains. There is scarcity of irrigation water on the slopes of mountains especially during the dry season. Irrigation water is made available by establishing rainwater harvesting pits along the slopes of the mountain. The pit collects water during the rainy season and from the occasional rain showers during the summer season.

Rainwater harvesting is performed by digging a pit of any convenient dimension and depth. Many pits have 2 m x 2 m dimension and a depth of about 4-5 m. The pit is being lined with a plastic or nylon matting to contain the rainwater by preventing its percolation and seepage. When plastic mattings were not yet available clay muds were used to seal the pit walls to minimize water loss. The pit is being covered with coconut fronds to minimize evaporation of the stored water. The water trapped in the pit is being fetched and used to water the plants. This is an indigenous knowledge that is still being practiced by farmers in the area.

This technology is similar to the small farm reservoir (SFR) technology introduced by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM). “The SFR is an earth dam structure used to trap, harvest and store rainfall and run-off. It has a typical pond area of 300-2,000 m2 with a maximum embankment height of 4 m. The technology allows storing of rainfall and run-off during the wet season that can be used during the dry season. The SFR

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system has three basic components: the catchment area, the reservoir and the service area. High points bound the catchment area from which run-off drains into the reservoir. The reservoir is the portion where water is stored by an earth embankment. The service area is the portion of the farm being irrigated using the stored water from the reservoir” (BSWM, n.d.). This IKS can be introduced to other places having problems with irrigation water for vegetable crops during the dry season. But determining how it would work in different places considering the differences in soil structure, terrain and frequency of rainfall as well as its social acceptability may be necessary.

Use of plant sap for watering vegetable crops. Farmers in the upland vegetable farming villages in Ligao City and Guinobatan, Albay use a tree as a source of water during the dry season. The tree is locally called “agimit” or “hagimit” [Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq.]. Hagimit is a tree that belongs to the genus Ficus. It thrives on mountain slopes and along river banks.

The collection of sap from the tree involves removing some of its branches and leaves to allow more sap/ water to exude through the cuts made on its trunk. According to the farmers, a full-grown tree can provide a drum or about 200 L of sap in two days and two nights. The tree remains alive after the sap has been extracted from it. The sap can be used to water the plants and also in mixing pesticide solution for spraying. The sap is potable. Farmers make use of it in cooking rice. It is boiled and allowed to cool off for drinking. Tapping and using hagimit sap for watering plants is an indigenous practice.

Figure 3. Rainwater harvesting technology.

Figure 4. Hagimit tree [Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq.]

It is remarkable that a tree exudes considerable volume of sap that can be used to irrigate other plants. While this indigenous practice has been benefitting farmers in Albay for a long time, studies should be conducted to put science to it. The following issues need validation studies: (1) the age or size of the tree suited for sap collection; (2) the removal of some branches and leaves of the tree as practiced by farmers to accelerate sap exudation from the trunk; (3) effect of sap extraction on the growth and structure of the tree; (4) the frequency of sap extraction from each tree; (5) the composition of the water/ sap extracted from the tree; and (6) the effect of using hagimit sap on plants watered with it.

Minimum tillage. Minimum tillage is an important farming practice especially during the dry season as it conserves soil moisture. In Albay, minimum tillage is being performed by farmers by just cutting the weeds and cultivating the rows or just the spots where the seeds are to be sown using a hoe. No plowing and harrowing of soil are done. Some farmers make use of herbicide instead of plowing and harrowing to eliminate the weeds. Minimum tillage is being practiced in producing squash, pole sitao, winged beans, bitter gourd, bottle gourd and pepper. However, the farmers’ primary reason for practicing minimum tillage is not actually to conserve moisture but to save on labor expenses. Nevertheless, conserving moisture is still achieved during the dry season even though it is unintentional on the part of the farmers.

According to Rusu and colleagues (2009), minimum tillage provides a favorable condition for biological activity and balanced nutrient solubility. It rebuilds the soil structure and improves water infiltration making the

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Farmers in Albay believe in climate change and associate it to the frequent events of excessive rainfall, prolonged wet season, intense heat, occasional dry spell and unpredictable weather condition. They likewise believe that these occurrences result in pests’ and diseases’ prevalence and cause unfavorable effects in crops.

Several climate change responsive IKS were documented. These include decision on what crop and when to plant, mulching using rice straw, coconut leaf pruning in coconut-based vegetable farms, use of coconut fronds as windbreak, collapsing the trellis of vine crops and bending of young solanaceous plants as protection from typhoon, rainwater harvesting, use of plant sap for watering vegetable crops and minimum tillage. Of the documented IKS, the use of coconut fronds as windbreak, rainwater harvesting, use of plant sap for watering of vegetable crops, coconut leaf pruning and minimum tillage can still be seen being practiced by some farmers. The rest were just documented based on the narration of farmers.

As discussed above, there are researchable areas on these IKS that agriculturists and agricultural engineers can work on. Those IKS that would be found useful for climate change adaptation and are technically feasible, socially acceptable, environmentally sound and economically viable should be packaged for dissemination and adoption.

Conclusion and Recommendationssoil more productive and resistant to wind- and water-induced erosion. Hence, this practice can be adopted for soil conservation.

Minimum tillage is responsive to both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Tillage causes the oxidization of carbon stored in soil and released as carbon dioxide, a GHG, to the atmosphere. In contrast, minimum tillage practice maintains the soil organic carbon and increases its concentration particularly in the top soil. With this tillage practice, carbon sequestration in soil is increased, thereby, contributing to climate change mitigation (Haddaway et al., 2017). Moreover, since no mechanized farm implements are used to till the soil, GHG emissions from burning of fuel are prevented.

As a climate change adaptation strategy, Jacobs (2019) stated that minimum tillage or conservation tillage helps improve water infiltration, enhance soil drainage, reduce soil erosion and increase soil fertility due to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. Likewise, it provides more food to insects, birds and small mammals, helping maintain biodiversity.

In a developing country like the Philippines where farmers do not have sufficient resources, minimum tillage can be an option. This technology reduces farm expenses as the cost of tillage is saved. However, before this is introduced for farmers’ adoption, socio-economic studies aside from its technological feasibility should be carried out.

Figure 5. Minimum tillage.

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References

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