Climate change projections and actions for t...Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate...

Climate change projections and actionsfor the future, Tokyo Case Study

Bureau of Waterworks

Tokyo Metropolitan Government

1

Copyright 2010 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. All Rights Reserved.

Today’s Topics

1. Outline of the Tokyo Waterworks

2. Efforts of Tokyo Waterworks

3. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Utility

4. Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against ClimateChange

5. Water Utility in the Future Providing for ClimateChange

2


Outline ofOutline of Tokyo WaterworksTokyo WaterworksOutline ofOutline of Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks

World’s Largest Water Utility

●Population served: ca. 12 million

● Pervasion: 100%

● Tot. len. of dist. pipes: ca. 26,000 km

●Ave. dist. amt/day: ca. 4.4 million m3/day

World’s Highest Level of WaterSupply Service

●World’s highest quality water

●Low leakage rate

● Firm financial base

Asaka Water PurificationPlant (1.7 million m3/day)

Ozo

ne

injectio

n

3


Tokyo

Ara River

LegendDam, ReservoirDam (under construction)

Tone River andAra River systems

78%

Tama Riversystem

19%

Other systems 3%

Volume of wateravailable per day(6,230,000 m3)

Tokyo

YagisawaDam

YanbaDam

TakizawaDam

NaramataDam

KusakiDam

OgochiDam

UrayamaReservoir

WataraseReservoir

ShimokuboDam

ArakawaReservoir

Water intake

Ara River

Outline of bureau of Tokyo WaterworksOutline of bureau of Tokyo Waterworks(Water Resource)Outline of bureau of Tokyo WaterworksOutline of bureau of Tokyo Waterworks(Water Resource)

4


Our responsibility is to supply safe and fresh waterto the Residents of Tokyo

On the other hand, we consume 1%of the total electricity used in Tokyo

About 60% of the total energy consumption (raw watertreatment process/water purification process /distributionprocess) relates to the distribution

Annual elec. use of Tokyo Waterworks (FY 2009):ca. 700million kWh

Annual elec. use of Tokyo (FY 2009): ca. 82 billion kWh

Outline ofOutline of TokyoTokyo WaterworksWaterworksChallenges concerning Energy Use

Outline ofOutline of TokyoTokyo WaterworksWaterworksChallenges concerning Energy Use

5


Climate ChangeClimate Change--Related Efforts inRelated Efforts in Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks

Climate Change Impact Examination Committee was established(inside Tokyo Waterworks, in July 2007)

As the impacts of climate change rises to the surface and becomes more and more serious,Tokyo Waterworks must be concern with the impact of climate change on water utilitysuch as a lack of water resources and a degradation in water quality.

Thus it is very important for a water utility to understand the impacts and risks of climatechange , in order to continue operating stably in the future.

The committee reviewed information and documents which are available at that timeabout impacts and risks of climate change to water utility, such as the IPCC 4th AssessmentReport and reports by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and theand Meteorological Agency of Japan.

Researches in the framework of “climate change impacts on water utility” (2007)1 Prediction of climate change (climate change on a global scale and in Japan)2 Climate change impacts on water utility (Impacts on water resources and water quality)3 Response to climate change (Water utility to date and preparations for climate change)

6


Climate ChangeClimate Change--Related Efforts to Date inRelated Efforts to Date in Tokyo WaterworksTokyo Waterworks

In order to prepare our report, we have fully considered views of scholars andresearchers. Besides, we also made prepared a leaflet “Climate Change Impacts onWater Utility” as an outline of the report to promote our policy.

Leaflet “Climate Change Impacts on Water Utility”

C40 Tokyo Conference on Climate Change(held in October 2009)

7


東京都水道局出典）ＩＰＣＣ第４次評価報告書

Change in annual average atmospherictemperature(Projected annual average between 2081 and 2100minus annual average between 1981 and 2000）

Average atmospheric temperature will rise by 2 to 3℃ in the Kanto area. Thenumber of days with heavy rain (100mm or more/day) is expected to increase toup to 10 days per year in the next 100 years.

Projections for number of heavy-raindays with heavy rainfall of 100mm ormore/day

Source: Report on Abnormal Weather 2005(Meteorological Agency 2005)（News release by a joint study team with TokyoUniversity in 2004）

Heavy-rain days of 100mmor more tends to increasefrom 2040days

℃

Kanto area

Source: Information on Global WarmingPrediction vol.6（Meteorological Agency 2005）

Impact of Climate Change on WaterworksImpact of Climate Change on WaterworksClimate change within the business area of Tokyo WaterworksClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks

8


Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks

(annual average temperature)

Based on trends of past data on temperature, we recognize rise in temperaturein all the watersheds. Further, with this phenomenon, days exceeding 25 ℃ increaseand those below 0 ℃ decrease.

Ann. ave. temp.

Legends forSignificances

Sgfntly incr.

Slgtly incr.

Slgtly decr.

Sgfntly decr.

BDRYS/PREF

BDRYS/WS

NakaRiver WS

Lower ToneRiver WS

Middle ToneRiver WSUpper Tone

River WS

AraRiver WS

TamaRiver WS

SagamiRiver WS

9


Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityClimate change within the business area of Tokyo Waterworks,

(annual rainfall)

Based on observations at observatories over 20 years of service, the rainfall on anannual basis and during warm season shows an increase in all the watersheds, andwe can judge that it tends to increase.

Ann. rainfall

Legends forSignificances

Sgfntly incr.

Slgtly incr.

Sgfntly decr.

Slgtly decr.

BDRYS/PREF

BDRYS/WS

NakaRiver WS

Lower ToneRiver WS

Middle ToneRiver WSUpper Tone

River WS

AraRiver WS

TamaRiver WS

SagamiRiver WS

10


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

利根上利根中利根下荒多摩那珂相模

年平

均気

温(℃

)

現況

将来50年度

将来100年後

Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityPredictions for the business area of Tokyo Waterworks

(annual average temperature)

Annual average temperature will rise by about 2.5 ℃ 50 years later,and by about 3.0 ℃ 100 years later.

Ann.ave

.te

mp.(℃

)

Curr. Status

50 yrs later

100 yrs later

Upper Tone M. Tone Lower Tone Ara Tama Naka Sagami

11


0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

利根上利根中利根下荒多摩那珂相模

年降

水量の

平均

(mm/year)

現況

将来50年度

将来100年後

Impacts of Climate Change on Water UtilityImpacts of Climate Change on Water Utility

Predictions for the business area of Tokyo Waterworks(annual average rainfall)

Annual average rainfall will increase up to about 140% of theAnnual average rainfall will increase up to about 140% of thecurrent status 50 years later, but will be only about 110% of thecurrent status 50 years later, but will be only about 110% of thecurrent status 100 years later.current status 100 years later.

Upper Tone M. Tone Lower Tone Ara Tama Naka Sagami

Curr. Status

50 yrs later

100 yrs later

Ann.ave

.ra

infa

ll(m

m/y

r)

12


Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeImportance of use of both the measures together

Both of mitigation and adaptation measures must be applied together in orderto avoid all the climate change events. If we use both in a complementarymanner, we can reduce the risks of climate change in a certain sense.

Some of the measures already launched by Tokyo Waterworks, haveproved to be effective as mitigation and adaptation measures againstclimate change. Although they do not intend to work on directly theclimate change, we will continuously promote these measures, and verifytheir benefits as mitigation and adaptation measures against climatechange, in order to put them to use in future.

InTokyo

Waterworks

13


東京都水道局

Conservation ofwater resource

forests

Use of renewableenergy

Updates to rawwater connecting

pipes

Leakage preventionmeasures

Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate Change

Mitigation measures

Adaptation measures

Development of low-carbon model water purification plants, asa promotion of the measures for the next generation

14


Effective utilization of renewable energy(photovoltaic generation）MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate Change

Filter beds of Asaka Water Purification Plant

1,200 kW

Filter beds of Ozaku Water Purification Plant

280 kW

Service reservoir of OzakuWater Purification Plant

180 kW 15


MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(solar-powered generator）

Plant NameInstalled

in

Ratedoutput(kW)

Electric powergenerated

(K kWh/year)

Equiv. to the powercons. by ordinary

Japanese households

CO2 reduction(t-CO2/year)

Higashi-murayama 1994 70 51 15 19

Ogouchi Res. 1998 153 93 27 35

Takatsuki Pur. Pl. 2003 20 15 4 5

Asaka Pur. Pl. 2004 1,200 740 218 282

Misono Pur. Pl. 2004 400 351 103 134

Ozaku Pur. Pl. 2004 280 213 63 81

Higashi-murayama 2006 1,200 815 240 311

Kanamachi Pur. Pl. 2006 800 614 181 234

Misato Pur. Pl. 2006 1,080 794 234 303

Nagasawa Pur. Pl. 2006 200 153 45 58

Ozaku Pur. Pl. 2009 180

Total 5,583 3,839 1,130 1,462

Electric power generated and others are performances of FY 2009CO2 emission coefficient used is 0,382 (t- CO2 / K kWh/year) (Source: Guideline for calculation of renewable energycredit in Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading Scheme, March 2010) 16


Small hydro power at pumping station (Image)

MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(hydraulic power generation )

Efficient use of unutilizedenergy through inflow pressure

and inflow amount

Pressure required for watertransmission from water

supply station A to station B

Inflow pressureat station B

Water purification plantTransmission pump

Small hydraulicgeneration equipment

Inflow amount

Water supply station B

Water supply station A

17


MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeEffective utilization of renewable energy(hydraulic power generation ）

Higashi-murayama

Purification Plant

1,400 kW

Yakumo Water

Supply Station

300 kW

Kameido Water

Supply Station

90 kW 18


Effective utilization of renewable energy(small hydraulic power generation)

MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate Change

Plant NameInstalled

in

Ratedoutput(kW)

Electric powergenerated

(K kWh/year)

Equiv. to the powercons. by ordinary

Japanese households

CO2 reduction(t-CO2/year)

Higashi-murayama 2000 1,400 92 27 35

Minami-Senju 2004 95 713 210 272

Kameido WaterSupply Station

2007 90 295 87 112

Yagumo WaterSupply Station

2009 300

Total 1,885 1,100 324 419

Electric power generated and others are performances of FY 2009CO2 emission coefficient used is 0,382 (t- CO2 / K kWh/year) (Source: Guideline for calculation ofrenewable energy credit in Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading Scheme, March 2010)

19


Area of watershed forests: 21,600ha

MitigationMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Changeand Adaptation measure against Climate ChangePreservation and management of watershed forests

Contributes to mitigation of climatechange by an approx. 21,000t

absorption of CO2(2009)

20


Mitigation Measures andMitigation Measures and Adaptation MeasuresAdaptation Measures against Climate Changeagainst Climate ChangeUpdates to raw water connectingUpdates to raw water connecting pipespipes

(reinforced connection between(reinforced connection between TamaTama River and Tone River Systems)River and Tone River Systems)

Raw water connection facilities between the Tone River andthe Tama River

MusashiChannel

Tone LargeWeir

Akigase Intake Weir

YamaguchiReservoir

OgouchiDam

MurayamaReservoir

Ozaku Intake Weir

Hamura Intake Weir

Asaka PurificationPlant

A stable water supply is ensured in this manner21

HigashimurayamaPurification Plant

Raw waterconnection pipe(φ2,200mm）


Transition of leakage rate and effects of leakage prevention in Tokyo

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1945 1960 1975 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

LeakageRate(%)

In 1955Leakage rate

20%

In 2009Leakage rate

3.0%

Mitigation andMitigation and AdaptationAdaptation measure against Climate Changemeasure against Climate Change

• Effective use of water, approx. 340 mil.m3/year (equivalent to the amount of waterdistributed to ordinary Japanese city of 2.5mil. people)

• Energy saving, approx. 170 million kWh/year(equivalent to energy used by approx. 50,000

Japanese households)• Reduction of CO２ emissions, approx. 68,000 ton/year

Effects of leakage preventionEffects of leakage prevention

22


Measures of water leakage prevention in Tokyo Waterworks

Leakagerate3.0％

(2009)

Training of plumbing technologyMidnight leakage detection

Ensuring high leveltechnologies

Mitigation andMitigation and AdaptationAdaptation measure against Climate Changemeasure against Climate Change

Leakage detectiontechnology / repairsof leakage in early

stages

Replacing water pipes/

improving pipematerials

Improvement of waterpipe materials

(implementation ofductile cast-iron pipes）

23


CurrentStatus

Future

Mitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Change

Ａ浄水場

Ｂ浄水場

Ｃ浄水場加圧

加圧

Purification Plant A

Purification Plant B

Purification Plant C Boosting

Boosting

Ａ浄水場（増強）

Ｂ浄水場（縮小）

Ｃ浄水場（廃止）

加圧

代替浄水場（新設）

Boosting

Purification Plant C (Abolished)

Purification Plant B (Downscaled)

Purification Plant A (Strengthened)

AlternativePurification Plant

(New)

Relocation of facilities in consideration of energy efficiency

24


沈殿池ろ過池浄水池

オゾン棟

ＢＡＣ棟

高度浄水施設

河川

CurrentStatus

FutureSedimentation basin

FilterWaterpurificationbasin

Ozonationunit BAC unit

Ozonation and Bio-ActivatedCarbon Filteration water

purification facilities

River

River

Sedimentation basin

Ozonationunit

BAC unit

Filter

Waterpurificationbasin

Mitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate ChangeMitigation and Adaptation measure against Climate Change

Ozonation and Bio-ActivatedCarbon Filteration Water

purification facilities

Construction of facilities utilizing potential energy

25


東京都水道局

Save the waterSave the water

Waterworks in the future: Preparation for climate changeWaterworks in the future: Preparation for climate change

Waterworks in theWaterworks in thefuturefuture

Response to risksResponse to risksfrom climatefrom climate

changechange

Studies of approaches that are not bound to conventional ideas orframeworks・Study amount of water sources needed in view of climate change risks・Efficient water distribution system to cover a wide area etc.

WaterworksWaterworksup to nowup to now

Response toResponse todemanddemand

Analysis/research of risks associated with climate change andprovision of appropriate information

UnprecedentedUnprecedentedchanges in thechanges in theenvironmentenvironment

due to climatedue to climatechangechange

Operations based on past climate conditions(rainfall ,snowfall and their patterns )

Proliferation of water supplyand increasing demand

Maintenance/expansion ofwater supply facilities

Securing water resourcessuch as dam development

26


Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

SUITEKISUITEKI--KUNKUN((Water Drop Boy, Poster boy of Tokyo WaterworksWater Drop Boy, Poster boy of Tokyo Waterworks))

28


Climate change projections and actions for t...Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate...

Documents

Transcript of Climate change projections and actions for t...Mitigation and Adaptation Measures against Climate...