CLIMATE CHANGE - PreventionWeb€¦ · ³ CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ´ Villa Rufolo,...

CLIMATE CHANGE

and

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Activities at the

Council of Europe

and at the

European University Centre for

Cultural Heritage, Ravello, Italy

Roger- Alexandre Lefèvre

Professor emeritus, University Paris Est-Créteil, France

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage, Ravello, Italy

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage,

Ravello, Italy

Strengthening our Cities’

Resilience; Protecting our

Cultural Heritage

Venice, March 20th 2012

mailto:[email protected]

The European Mediterranean

Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA)

and

The European University Centre for

Cultural Heritage in Ravello, Italy,

among their

strategic priorities for the forthcoming years,

have inscribed the

Impacts of Climate Change on

Cultural Heritage

including

Monuments, Art objects, Sites

and Cultural Tourism

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage,

Ravello, Italy



Cultural Heritage


Strasbourg, 20 November 2008 AP/CAT (2008) 44

European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA)

VULNERABILITY OF CULTURAL

HERITAGE

TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Report by

C. SABBIONI

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Research Council, Bologna, Italy

M. CASSAR

Centre for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, UK

P. BRIMBLECOMBE

University of East Anglia, UK

R.A. LEFEVRE

University of Paris XII, France

a Report to Council of Europe,

Strasbourg, in 2008

6 Courses

from 2007 to 2011

in Ravello

and 2012 in Paris

EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT (EUR-OPA)

EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE (CUEBC)

Workshop

“CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL

HERITAGE”

Villa Rufolo, Ravello, Italy

14 - 16 May 2009



Workshop


HERITAGE”


14 - 16 May 2009



Workshop


HERITAGE”


14 - 16 May 2009

a Workshop

in Ravello

in 2009

…in this context were organized and published:

a book published in 2010

Roger -

edited by

EDIPUGLIA

CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO EUROPEO PER I BENI CULTURALI

Ravello

Scienze e Materiali del Patrimonio Culturale

10

CLIMATE CHANGE

AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

Roger-Alexandre Lefèvre and Cristina

Sabbioni

edited by

Strasbourg, 20 November 2008 AP/CAT (2008) 44

European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA)


HERITAGE

TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Report by

C. SABBIONI

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate National Research Council, Bologna, Italy

M. CASSAR

Centre for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, UK

P. BRIMBLECOMBE

University of East Anglia, UK

R.A. LEFEVRE

University of Paris XII, France

1. ACTIONS BY INSTITUTIONS IN

FACING THE RISK OF

CLIMATE CHANGE

• UN and UNESCO

• European Commission

• European Parliament

• Council of Europe

• Centre for Sustainable Heritage (UCL)

• EU Noah’s Ark project

• European University Centre for

Cultural Heritage, Ravello

2. RISK ANALYSES

• Impact of climate factors

• Mitigation and adaptation strategies

3. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

• Basic scientific research

• Applied research

4. RECOMMENDATION

• Research

• Policy

• Training

Report to Council of Europe (2008)

1-Assessment of the risk

Identify cultural assets at risk

Emergency planning

2-Mitigation measures

3-International, regional and

local co-operation

4-Training 5-Research



Workshop


HERITAGE”


14 - 16 May 2009



Workshop


HERITAGE”


14 - 16 May 2009



Workshop


HERITAGE”


14 - 16 May 2009

European Mediterranean

Major Hazads Agreement (EUR-OPA)

Recommendations

proposed by the participants to the

Committee of Permanent Correspondents,

on Vulnerability of Cultural Heritage

to Climate Change

42 participants from 17 countries

and international organisations

• To Assess the risk sites, building and objects that may be affected both by

extreme climate events

and/or by gradual change in environmental conditions

• To Identify those cultural assets at higher risk and evaluate necessary

preventive and adaptation measures

• To Promote the adoption of emergency planning for those sites

most vulnerable to events such as floods, landslides, coastal erosion and extreme

weather-related events

1rst Recommendation:

Assessment of the risk

Identify cultural assets at risk

Emergency planning

• To Assess the potential impact of mitigation measures,

such as renovation of buildings for

improved heating efficiency

2nd Recommendation:

Mitigation measures

• To Promote at the national level inter-agency cooperation

integrating heritage concerns into disaster risk reduction policies

• To Encourage international cooperation, favouring research,

action and synergies among international organisations and promotion

exchanges of knowledge and experiences

• To Integrate cultural heritage into the adaptation policies to be promoted at

international climate change negotiations

• To Encourage local and regional authorities and people to be

aware of the risks to sites, buildings and objects from a changing climate.

3rd Recommendation:

International, regional and local co-operation

• To Promote training among heritage professionals aimed to

recognise and deal with climate change impacts of cultural heritage

• To Foster the inclusion of the appropriate courses within education

institutions on the science and management of cultural heritage in a

context of

climate change

4th Recommendation:

Training

To Promote and support research on effects of climate change on

cultural heritage, including adaptation and prediction strategies, in

particular:

• Vulnerability of materials to climate change

• Development of tools to monitor and manage change

• Effects of lowering water tables and coastal erosion

on archaeological sites and built heritage

• Increase in bio-deterioration risk for cultural assets

• Economic evaluation of heritage loss and

degradation as a result of climate change

5th Recommendation:

Research

Main topics of the Courses:

1. Climate modelling

2. Mitigation and adaptation

3. Sea level changes

4. Impacts on Materials

5. Indoor Environments

6. Energy, Mobility, Access

…30 European students

and 10 Professors

every year since 2007

6 Courses

from 2007 to 2011

in Ravello

and 2012 in Paris

1rst Topic of the Courses:

Climate modelling

Anda Ionescu

University of Paris XII, Créteil, France

Modelling methodologies

applied to weathering of

materials and mapping of

climate change

Global Climate Change and Cultural Heritage

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage Villa Rufolo, Ravello, Italy, October 22nd-27th, 2007

11

Greenhouse Effect

Source: Ellie Highwood

HERITAGE CLIMATOLOGY

Peter Brimblecombe

UEA Norwich, UK


HERITAGE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Strasbourg, September 2009

SEA SALT WEATHERING

OF POROUS STONE

IMPORTANT NEAR

COASTS

• Rhodes, Greece… historic city all within

a few kilometres of the sea

Salt weathering in Rhodes see:

Journal of Porous Materials, Vol 6 (1999)

http://www.schmith.com/scott/Rhodos2002

2nd Topic of the

Courses:

Mitigation and adaptation

UCL

Principles of

Mitigation and Adaptation

to Climate Change

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage

European Doctoral Course, Global Climate Change and Cultural Heritage

Ravello, 22nd - 27th October 2007

Professor May Cassar

University College London

4

Desertification Chiquetti Mosque,

Mauritania

How would you define

mitigation?

Action taken to reduce the

impact of human activity

on the climate system,

primarily through reducing

greenhouse gas

emissions

Reference: IPCC, WGII, 2001

6

Rising Sea Levels, Tuvalu

How would you

define adaptation?

Adjustment in natural

or human systems in

response to actual or

expected climatic

stimuli or their

effects, which

moderates harm or

exploits beneficial

opportunities

Reference: IPCC, WGII, 2001

CLIMATECLIMATE

MYTHSMYTHS

May Cassar

Cristina Sabbioni

Peter Brimblecombe


HERITAGE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Strasbourg, September 2009

Climate Change and Cultural Values

Professor May Cassar

University College London

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage, Villa Rufolo, Ravello

European Course on MANAGEMENT and PROTECTION of CULTURAL HERITAGE

facing CLIMATE CHANGE

3rd-9thOctober 2010

UCL

3rd Topic of the

Courses:

Sea level changes and

Cultural Heritage

D. Camuffo – CNR ISAC

Dario Camuffo, E.Pagan - National Research Council

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Padova, Italy

Sea Level Changes in Venice Sea Level Changes in Venice Archaeometry Archaeometry based on based on Canaletto's Canaletto's paintingspaintings

D. Camuffo – CNR ISAC

Increasing trend of ‘acqua alta’ over centurieswritten archive sources (800-1871) and tide gauge (1872-today)

BAL

2002

1727

PB

O

BPL

In the past, the bank pavement level (BPL) was raised. Today,

the cubic base of the pillar (PB) is half buried. From the

perspective in the painting (see the main lines originating from

O) and spot measurements we calculated how much the BPL

was raised, i.e. 253 cm. The displacement of the algae level

on the bank (BAL) has also been measured, i.e. 6916 cm.

Canaletto, 1740: Punta Dogana

Observed algae shift: 69±10 cm

Green belt of algae Today the floor is raised

2002 1740

The sea level over the last 500 years

Veronese

Canaletto &

Bellotto

Tide Gauge

Pictures

Re

lati

ve S

ea

Leve

l (m

m)

SeaSea--levellevel rise rise modelsmodels and and possiblepossible

applicationsapplications toto Cultural Cultural HeritageHeritage

Fabio Raicich and Fabio Fabio Raicich and Fabio TrincardiTrincardi

CNR CNR –– Istituto di Scienze Marine, ItalyIstituto di Scienze Marine, Italy

Vulnerability of Cultural Heritage to Climate ChangeVulnerability of Cultural Heritage to Climate Change

Strasbourg, 7Strasbourg, 7--11 September 200911 September 2009

IstitutoIstituto didi ScienzeScienze MarineMarine

ConsiglioConsiglio NazionaleNazionale delledelle RicercheRicerche1

Istituto di Scienze MarineIstituto di Scienze MarineConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Climate change and cultural heritageClimate change and cultural heritage

Ravello, 14-16 maggio 2009




The last winter event of acqua alta

High water, or acqua alta, is a

persistent phenomenon

throughout the Venetian

lagoon.

Or, on the then-rare occasions

when the city was flooded by

storm-driven tides, Venetians

simply waited it out.

Boats cannot

navigate the canals

during the highest

tides because they

cannot pass under

bridges.




http://www.italianostra-venezia.org/3laguna/3nomose.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/venice/solutions.htm

The gates would be installed at the three lagoon

inlets, the gaps in the coastal strip through which

the tides flow into the lagoon.

When in operation, the

gates form a

continuous barrier that

blocks the flow of the

tide, keeping the water

level in the lagoon at a

safe height.

In normal tidal

conditions the

gates are filled

with water and

rest on the canal

bed. When high

water is

expected, the

gates are

temporarily

emptied of water

until they emerge

to isolate the

lagoon from the

sea.

MOSE

system

4th Topic of the

Courses:

Impact on Materials

of the Cultural Heritage

Redemptor Church, Venice, Andrea Paladio

The Stock of Materials facing

Global Climate Change Risk

in three cities inscribed on the UNESCO

List:

Paris, Venice and Rome

R.-A. Lefèvre

Professor emeritus at the Paris XII University

“Global Climate Change and Cultural Heritage” European Doctoral Course, Ravello, 22nd-27th October, 2007

Venice is inscribed on the UNESCO List of Mankind Cultural

Heritage since 1987 for its unique artistic achievement, its

considerable influence on the development of architecture and

monumental arts and its incomparable series of architectural

ensembles illustrating the age of its splendor

Palazzo Barbarigo (16th C):

S = 255 m2, 50% stone, 50% glassy mosaics

Palazzo Da Mula-Morosini (15th C):

S=234 m2, 40% stone, 60% render

20

“Global Climate Change and Cultural Heritage” European Doctoral Course, Ravello 22nd-27th October, 2007

“CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE”

Terje Grøntoft - NILU

Villa Rufolo, Ravello, Italy. 14 - 16 May 2009

How can we monitor the impact of climate change on cultural heritage?

Direct monitoring of effects on objects

Today

1880

1030 1300 Future

?

Conservation+ Adaptation

1880

Construction

1531

Major fire

Gradual effects (G) Catastrohic events (C)

Nidaros cathedral,Trondheim, Norway.

2.

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

European University Centre for Cultural Heritage

Ravello, 22 October 2007

The Noah’s Ark EC Project :

objectives and main results

C. Sabbioni, ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy

The Noah’s Ark Project:

“GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON BUILT

HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES”

for the first time this project followed a quantitative approach to this problematics

and produced maps and guidelines for end-users

“Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin”

5th Int. Cong., Istanbul, Turkey, 22nd-25th November 2011

2010

Maps at the European scale were produced

in the Noah’s Ark Project

European University Centre for Cultural

Heritage,

Ravello, Italy

Recession (in µm.year-1)of limestone exposed to

rain in Europe for the reference period (1961-1990),

the near future(2010-2039)

and the far future (2070-2099)

Increased risk in Central

and Northern Europe

is expected

Dose-response and Damage Functions

for Materials in a Changing Climate

Johan Tidblad, Swerea KIMAB

A leading research institute in corrosion and metallic materials (former Swedish Corrosion Institute)

Cristina SabbioniCristina SabbioniInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,

National Research Council, ItalyNational Research Council, Italy

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

ON BUILDING MATERIALS:

STONE AND MORTARS

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

ON BUILDING MATERIALS:

STONE AND MORTARS

[email protected]

European Master European Master -- Doctorate Course onDoctorate Course on

“Vulnerability of cultural heritage to climate change”“Vulnerability of cultural heritage to climate change”

Council of Europe, Strasbourg Council of Europe, Strasbourg

77--11 September 200911 September 2009

Mediaeval and modern glass

in a changing climate

A. Ionescu and R.-A. Lefèvre

University Paris Est - Créteil (France)

Management and Protection of Cultural Heritage facing Climate Change – Master Doctorate Course, Ravello, 4-8 October 2010

From inside

(by transparency)

From outside

(by reflexion)

Sainte Chapelle, Paris

Sulphated crust on stained-glass window

Management and Protection of Cultural Heritage facing Climate Change – Master Doctorate Course, Ravello, 4-8 October 2010

5th Topic of the

Courses:

Impact on

indoor environments

Dario Camuffo

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Padova, Italy

Beccari ’ s House:

in winter

T in = T ext + 13 ° C

J.B. Beccari ’ s Daily Observations

Bologna, 1716 - 1768

SOUTH

EAST

From outdoors to indoors: From outdoors to indoors:

research needs of collections in a research needs of collections in a

changing climatechanging climate

May Cassar

UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage

EUR-OPA/CUEBC/CoE Workshop

CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE, Villa Rufolo, Ravello, Italy , 14 - 16 May 2009

T

ww

w.im

ls.g

ov/

imag

es/p

rofi

leP

rom

oJ

un

06

_lg.

jpg

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DAMAGE IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT?WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DAMAGE IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT?

Jaki

ela,

Bra

tasz

, Ko

zlo

wsk

i, W

oo

d S

cien

cea

nd

Tec

hn

olo

gy,

42

, 2

1-3

7 (

20

08).

The damage function of wood

represents the relationship between

Indoor and outdoor materials

This is a typical mono-parametric

change function

Here are representations of

change (below 80%) and damage

(above 90%) expressed as failure

When wet wood is dried quickly

the band of tolerable fluctuations

becomes narrower at high intial

RHs

6th Topic of the

Courses:

Energy, Mobility, Access

to

Cultural Heritage

The impact of mobility on

Cultural Heritage

European Course on

CLIMATE CHANGE, CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RISK Energy, Mobility and Access

Ravello, 3-7 October 2011

Alessandra Bonazza

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate(ISAC)

National Research Council Italy

CONCLUSION

• The Council of Europe supports and funds

activities in the field of Climate Change and

Cultural Heritage: Reports, Workshops,

Experts Working Group…

and

• The European University Centre

for Cultural Heritage in Ravello organises

Courses and Workshops

on Sciences and Materials of the Cultural

Heritage including Climate Change

European University Centre for Cultural

Heritage, Ravello, Italy

Thank you for attention !



Cultural Heritage


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