Climate change mitigationAvoiding deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing forest carbon stock

A framework proposal

The Center for International Forestry ResearchMarch 2012

Climate change mitigation Avoiding deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing forest carbon stock

A framework proposal

The Center for International Forestry Research

March 2012

Cover photo by CIFOR: Clearing land on Kalimantan, Indonesia. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E cifor@cgiar.org

cifor.org

Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries. CIFOR is a CGIAR Consortium Research Center. CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia and it also has offices in Asia, Africa and South America.

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Contents Executive summary iv

1 Background and rationale 1

2 Objectives 2 2.1 Specific objectives 2

3 Geographical target areas 3

4 Impacts 4 4.1 Impact pathway 1: Negotiators for global environmental agreements 4 4.2 Impact pathway 2: National policymakers 4 4.3 Impact pathway 3: Scientists 5 4.4 Impact pathway 4: Forest managers, project developers 5 4.5 Impact pathway 5: REDD+ funding and carbon markets 5

5 Broad research questions and outputs 6 5.1 Theme 1: REDD+ policies 6 5.2 Theme 2: Local REDD+ initiatives 7 5.3 Theme 3: Best practices and methods 8

6 Expected outcomes 9 6.1 Theme 1: REDD+ policies 9 6.2 Theme 2: Local REDD+ initiatives 9 6.3 Theme 3: Best practices and methods 9

7 Cross-cutting activities 10 7.1 Gender 10 7.2 Capacity-building 10 7.3 Knowledge sharing 10

8 Why CIFOR? 13 8.1 Our team 13

9 Budget 14

Annex I. Impact pathways 15

Annex II. Acronyms 16

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Executive summary Forests have served for ages as one of the Earth’s carbon sinks – ideal environments to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and keep it locked away in the tissues of plants and trees, as well as in organic matter underground. Yet as growing populations mow down forests to make way for agriculture and plants used in biofuel production, vast amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and global warming. Deforestation releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than the world's fuel-hungry transport sector. Finding ways to maintain terrestrial carbon pools and reduce carbon emissions from land use change will be a key element of future negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Our goal at the Center for International Forestry Research is to ensure that international climate policies and national schemes to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) are efficient, equitable and provide benefits to affected communities in developing countries – where many people who live in or near forests understand little about climate change, carbon storage and REDD+. CIFOR’s climate change mitigation research – which spans across the Asia-Pacific region, Africa and Latin America – aims to inform negotiations towards a global REDD+ regime and influence national-level REDD policies and strategies. CIFOR researchers will develop best practices for estimating and managing carbon stocks in tropical forest landscapes; and identify policies and payment mechanisms that lead to effective implementation of REDD+. As we battle climate change and the droughts, floods and storms that it has wrought, we must reinforce measures aimed at expanding forest carbon pools and focus on the sustainable management of forests.

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Mangrove forests hold three to four times more carbon than other tropical forests. (Source: CIFOR)

1 Background and rationale Forests are ideal repositories to keep carbon out of the atmosphere and stored in organic matter, plants and trees. When forests are razed to make room for growing populations, agriculture, and plants used in biofuel production, vast amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Deforestation is estimated to contribute 1.6 gigatonnes of carbon per year1

– representing 13-18% of global carbon emissions, and amounting to more than the entire global transport sector. Emissions from deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia alone equal the combined carbon-reduction commitments of all Annex 1 countries during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.

It is essential that future climate change policies and negotiations address carbon emissions from land-use change and ways to avoid deforestation and keep carbon locked away on land. Forests not only reduce carbon emissions, but also – crucially – help to reduce poverty in rural communities and protect water, soil and biodiversity. Schemes to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) must be central to any future climate regime. At the same time, measures aimed at expanding forest carbon pools through the sustainable management of forests, mangroves and peatlands must be reinforced – which is why the plus was added to create REDD+. Amid these policy discussions, demand has grown for knowledge, evidence and information, which is systematically gathered, rigorously documented and comparable across sites and countries, so that policymakers and practitioners know what works best where and can apply knowledge to what they do. Such knowledge is precisely what the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) provides.

1 IPCC, Climate Change 2007. Synthesis Report.

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CIFOR’s climate change mitigation research addresses these key issues: • Developing procedures and best practices for estimating and managing carbon stocks in tropical forest

landscapes. • Identifying policies, governance conditions and payment mechanisms that lead to effective

implementation of REDD+ schemes. • Understanding the political economy and barriers to adoption of policies for efficient, effective and

equitable REDD+ regimes.

2 Objectives CIFOR aims to inform and improve international policies and national REDD+ schemes, so as to ensure emissions reductions that are effective, efficient, and equitable, and that provide benefits to affected communities in developing countries.

2.1 Specific objectives The mitigation research is organized into three themes (Figure 1) linked to these specific objectives: • Research theme 1) REDD+ policies: To identify policies and processes that lead to national-level

REDD+ strategies that achieve outcomes that are effective, efficient, and equitable while also producing co-benefits.

• Research theme 2) Local REDD+ initiatives: To identify institutional and technical arrangements that lead to implementation of REDD+ demonstration activities that are effective, efficient, equitable, and with co-benefits.

• Research theme 3) Best practices and methods: To improve procedures and practices for estimating and managing carbon stocks of tropical forest landscapes.

Figure 1. Links between the climate change mitigation research themes.

Theme 1: International and national policies

Theme 2: Sub-national and local

initiatives

Theme 3: Best

practices and

methods

Lessons learned from the initiatives lead to relevant policy recommendations

Policy context influences the

analysis of sub-national and

local initiatives

Methods support policy analysis and formulation

Policy processes determine what methods and practices are

needed

Methods support the analysis of initiatives

Analysis of initiatives determines what methods are needed and

how to test them

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3 Geographical target areas The project will be conducted in the Asia-Pacific region, Africa and Latin America, in countries that have rolled out REDD+ projects or similar schemes for payments for environmental services (PES). The countries in which we work present varied types of government and governance issues, forest ecosystems (humid and dry forests) and drivers of deforestation.

Figure 2. REDD+ projects around the world.

Asia–Pacific Africa Latin America

Activity level 1 (Research in all three themes)

Indonesia Cameroon Brazil Vietnam Tanzania Peru

Activity level 2 (Some of the three themes)

Nepal

Lao PDR Democratic Republic of Congo Bolivia

New countries (if new funding is available)

Cambodia, Papua New Guinea Burkina Faso, Mozambique Mexico

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Estimating carbon stock. (Source: CIFOR)

4 Impacts Global climate change challenges long-term research to go beyond traditional disciplinary scientific research to generate knowledge that can guide and influence decisions makers and societies toward low carbon development pathways. CIFOR expects to achieve project impacts through five pathways, targeting actors across global, regional and national levels. We will engage with multi-stakeholder and multi-scale governance systems and structures. Where feasible, we will strive to build synergies across scales. CIFOR will generate and disseminate credible and useful scientific knowledge and information for use by a broad array of partner organizations (government, non-governmental, civil society and private sector). These will include the new and merging institutions charged with improving governance in the forest sector, related sectors and trade and investment.

4.1 Impact pathway 1: Negotiators for global environmental agreements Negotiators and the national policymakers need the right information on how to include REDD+ as an element of forest and climate change-related multilateral environmental agreements. A policy-science dialogue will enable our team to anticipate the challenges of forthcoming negotiations and provide policymakers with helpful and timely information.

4.2 Impact pathway 2: National policymakers Government ministries and agencies – particularly those involved in forests and climate change and governance – can use our research to shape their decisions. Our research will support and inform policymakers to formulate, implement and evaluate REDD+, mitigation and adaptation policies. CIFOR will

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work closely with national partners, and ensure that generated knowledge reaches national arena through innovative knowledge-sharing mechanisms.

4.3 Impact pathway 3: Scientists Our research is useful for scientists and international panels – such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the future Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) – that consolidate or synthesize findings for regional and global reports.

4.4 Impact pathway 4: Forest managers, project developers Our research results are intended for stakeholders from public, private, non-governmental and community-based agencies that manage forests or develop mitigation projects. Our work will help them design effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ projects.

4.5 Impact pathway 5: REDD+ funding and carbon markets Our research can inform managers of funds supporting REDD+, carbon, forestry and agriculture; those who regulate and develop international standards for carbon markets and projects; and private sector buyers of carbon credits. Our research will help them understand the challenges of forest-based emission reductions and will facilitate the implementation of carbon markets and funds for forestry projects that benefit local people, host countries and the environment.

Box 1. Mangroves key to fighting climate change • CIFOR research has found that mangroves store up to three to four times more carbon than most

tropical forests, making them ideal repositories to keep carbon out of the atmosphere and sequestered in forests.

• Mangroves occur along the coasts of some 118 countries, but unfortunately, up to half of them have been destroyed in the past half-century.

• "Mangroves are being destroyed at an alarming rate and this needs to stop," said Daniel Murdiyarso, CIFOR Senior Scientist. "There is an urgent need for governments to acknowledge their importance and develop better policies to ensure their protection."

• Since the mangrove findings were published in 2011, they have received worldwide attention from the media, general public and scientific community. The findings will feed into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines revisions for greenhouse gases inventories in wetlands – a crucial development since these ecosystems have not previously been given much attention in international climate change processes.

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5 Broad research questions and outputs

5.1 Theme 1: REDD+ policies

Broad research questions Examples of specific outputs What are the key design elements of international agreements, finance and capacity-building efforts necessary for efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ initiatives?

• Global analysis of current international agreements and options for a global climate regime and their likely outcomes for REDD+.

• Comparative analysis of the effect of international agreements on the formulation and implementation of efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policy and initiatives.

• Analysis of comparative advantages/disadvantages of the various financing arrangements to shape the political economy in recipient countries.2

What national policies (forest policies as well as extra-sectoral policies) facilitate the design and implementation of REDD+ and adaptation initiatives that are efficient, effective and equitable?

• Comparative analysis of the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of

national REDD+ strategies and policy frameworks. • Analysis of the effects of decentralisation and tenure reform on the

implementation of REDD+ initiatives. • Analysis of the implications of non-forestry governance systems

including food security, renewable energy supplies, trade and investment regimes.2,3

How does national political economy influence the formulation and implementation of efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ and adaptation policy?

• Comparative analysis of how transparent and inclusive mitigation policy processes (low-carbon development pathways) can overcome existing barriers to reform.

• Analysis of how, and to what extent, non-state actors are changing the nature of the state.

• Analysis of the determinants of adoption of forest tenure by governments.

• Comparative analysis of policy coalitions and coalition building, discursive practices and inclusiveness in REDD+ policy arenas and their effect on transformational change.

What governance mechanisms are most effective in fostering the cross-sectoral and cross-scale coordination necessary for REDD+ and adaptation?

• Analysis of how the performance of forestry institutions is affected by being embedded in larger architectures.

• Analysis of institutional change and policy-learning mechanisms across scales and levels.

What are the opportunities and modalities for linking adaptation and mitigation in international and national policies?

• Comparative analysis of the trade-offs and synergies between Mitigation and Adaptation in international and national policies.4

• Identification of the windows of opportunities for linking adaptation and mitigation in international and national policies.

• Recommendations for enhancing the synergies between adaptation and mitigation in policies.

2 This research needs strengthening and new resources at CIFOR. 3 Research needs to be coordinated and linked with other CIFOR research projects on Globalised Trade and

Investment. 4 New topic - research needs strengthening and new resources at CIFOR.

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5.2 Theme 2: Local REDD+ initiatives Broad research questions Examples of specific outputs How does the local context determine how REDD+ projects and programs (e.g. at the province level) should be implemented in terms of design, development and validation, payments and benefit-sharing, involvement of local institutions, etc.)?

• Comparative analysis of how REDD+ initiatives are affected by tenure. Analysis of the effects of forest tenure reform on increased security and REDD+ opportunities.

• Analysis of how different actors exercise authority at local and sub-national level, in interaction with national actors. Analysis of the multilevel forest governance processes through which land use is allocated.

• Analysis of the institutional designs or mechanism promoting inclusive decision-making in sub-national and local initiatives.

• Analysis of the sources of accountability and legitimacy in multilevel forest governance particularly with regard to community and market actors.

• Recommendations on REDD initiatives at the landscape level (e.g. in terms of payments and benefit sharing), depending on the type of forests and forest management (e.g., conservation vs. production forests), on local institutions (e.g., tenure) and social context.

How can the features of landscape-level REDD+ activities contribute to livelihood improvement, equitable benefit- sharing (including across gender), tenure clarification and leakage prevention?

• Analysis of the impacts of REDD initiatives on local livelihoods, including women and marginalised groups (before/after, control/impact).

• Analysis of the impacts of REDD initiatives on local governance arrangements.

• Comparative analysis of efficiency, effectiveness and equity of specific mechanisms for benefit-sharing, tenure clarification and leakage prevention in REDD site-level demonstration activities.

• Methods for disaggregating the impacts of different forest governance regimes on vulnerable groups, including women and marginalised groups.

How to increase the synergies between mitigation and adaptation in sub-national and local initiatives?

• Analysis of the impacts of climate change on the success of REDD+ initiatives (through impacts on forests and carbon, or impacts on local population).5

• Recommendations on how to include measures for increasing social and ecological resilience into REDD+ initiatives. 5

• Analysis of the contribution of ecosystem-based adaptation measures to mitigation. 5

• Guidelines for facilitating the access of ecosystem-based adaptation projects to mitigation funding, to complement adaptation funding.5

• Global synthesis on the trade-offs and synergies between adaptation and mitigation in forest, agroforestry and tree-related sub national and local initiatives. 5

• Guidelines to improve the design and development of Mitigation and Adaptation initiatives that are efficient, effective and equitable. 5

5 New topic - research needs strengthening and new resources at CIFOR.

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5.3 Theme 3: Best practices and methods Broad research questions Examples of specific outputs What are the best practices and decision support tools for measuring, estimating and verifying forest carbon pools?

• Best practice and decision support tools for measuring, estimating (including emission reference levels) and managing carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in landscapes.

• Best practice methods for developing reference levels at national and sub-national scales.

• Best methods for mapping different ecosystem services and analysing their trade-offs or synergies (including between carbon and local ecosystem services that are relevant for adaptation).6

• MRV guidelines for REDD+ project practitioners.

What are the most appropriate methods for involving forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples into REDD+ initiatives?

• Improved and validated action research methods for involving local communities into the design and planning of REDD+ projects.

• Approaches to participative monitoring of carbon stocks.

What is the potential and applicability of best practices in forest management to minimise the reduction of carbon stocks through improved forest management methods?

• Quantification of avoided degradation obtained through the instruction of carbon-conserving forest management practices (RIL etc.). 7

• Cost-benefit analysis of carbon-conserving forest management practices vs. “traditional” approaches 6,7

• “REDD+-friendly” forest management guidelines for forest managers. 6,7

What are the most effective conservation and development measures for maintaining the carbon stocks in protected areas?

• Best practice methods for REDD+ frameworks for areas of high biodiversity value? 6,7

How to increase carbon stocks per unit area in low carbon density areas and in degraded lands?

• Best practice options to increase carbon stocks through improved land management practices, e.g. through forest restoration and rehabilitation of degraded lands. 6,7

• Recommendations on how to build synergies between “traditional” restoration and rehabilitation activities and enhancement of carbon stocks of forests and trees.6,7

6 New topic - research needs strengthening and new resources at CIFOR. 7 Research needs be coordinated and linked with other CIFOR research projects on Trade-offs between

conservation and development and Managing tropical production forest.

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6 Expected outcomes The researchers aim to ensure that new forest and climate regimes at the global and national levels are effective, efficient and equitable. Within five years, research will have shaped global regulatory systems as well as governance and financing priorities for REDD+ and other forest-related mitigation measures. Within 10 years, research will have resulted in demonstrable improvements in policies and practices as second-generation initiatives incorporate lessons from those now underway. Associated impacts will be estimated in terms of tons of carbon emissions avoided, forests under improved management, and people benefiting from REDD+ initiatives.

6.1 Theme 1: REDD+ policies Policymakers, REDD+ negotiators and practitioners, and governments and stakeholders in pilot countries will use the information, analysis and lessons learned from past experience with policies and measures to move toward more effective, efficient and equitable national REDD+ initiatives. CIFOR aims to continue building capacity of researchers in partner institutions in Africa, Asia and Latin America so they better understand the emerging national REDD+ arena and can use rigorous, quantitative and qualitative empirical methods.

6.2 Theme 2: Local REDD+ initiatives At the international level, the project team will engage with climate negotiators, opinion leaders, and representatives of organizations and the private sector in the design and dissemination phases for the global comparative analysis of proposed REDD+ architecture. Their involvement will inform the design of the analysis, and cultivate them as target audience for the results. The expected outcome of this research is that REDD+ decisions are informed by the best scientific knowledge, so that greater reductions in carbon emissions are achieved, benefiting local communities. At national and sub-national levels, policymakers will be engaged in REDD+ design, based on research findings.

6.3 Theme 3: Best practices and methods The research aims to inform and influence national, regional and global policy and provide the best available science-based knowledge on improved practices for measuring and monitoring forest carbon pools and managing carbon stocks of tropical forest landscapes. Thus, when carrying out inventories of forest carbon pools (e.g. for REDD+ schemes or for national reporting to UNFCCC), national entities, project developers, and other bodies can produce more accurate estimations of forest carbon pools than by just using global default values taken from the literature. This will help to better target climate change mitigation efforts, with attendant climate benefits as a result.

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Journalists visit a mangrove forest for a workshop to learn about REDD+. (Source: CIFOR)

7 Cross-cutting activities

7.1 Gender The climate change mitigation research will include collection of gender-disaggregated data and development of gender-focused partnerships. It will also identify policies, technologies and practices that will enhance gender equity in the access, use and management of forests.

7.2 Capacity-building As REDD+ is relatively new and rapidly evolving, there is a need to build capacity at the sub-national and local levels to facilitate the development of REDD+ initiatives by stakeholders – from the public, private and non-governmental sectors – who are managing forests or designing and implementing development and climate change projects. Capacity building is needed for national policymakers involved in forests and climate change issues and the negotiators to multilateral environmental agreements. In many developing countries, national scientists face barriers to effectively manage and use relevant information, methods and data on climate change.

7.3 Knowledge sharing CIFOR's knowledge sharing model provides clear and measurable pathways to impact for our research results. It is a web centric model, which combines contemporary communication tools (websites, forest daily blogs and news, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Slideshare, etc.) with traditional outreach tools and presentations of scientific findings (conferences, regular mailings to targeted list servs, publications,

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media relations and trainings) and links stakeholder communities and organizations through dynamic, measurable impact pathways. Knowledge sharing is a critically important element of this proposal as the research findings and analysis are oriented to guiding REDD+ policy and REDD+ project development in a rapidly evolving political context. To reach target audiences the strategy will be tailored for separate regions and countries to make use of existing relevant communications infrastructure, especially web-based communications, to attain maximum visibility. Access to credible information by policy makers and a broad array of other actors including civil society REDD+ advocacy groups will be essential, to facilitate the proposed policy reforms.

Activities

CIFOR will seek to partner with existing development and environmental networks where they exist, using inter alia websites and social media to reach stakeholders. The communications strategy will be designed to adapt and expand on CIFOR’s high impact communication model developed in the execution of its Global Comparative Study of REDD+, exploring new ‘communication for development (C4D)’ initiatives to promote downward accountability with rural communities. The new strategy will encompass and broaden the reach of the tools, platforms and infrastructure developed over the past two years as an integral part of that model. In terms of traditional techniques, project findings, for example, will be transmitted through newsletters, updates and media releases to CIFOR’s multi-language REDD+ listservs. Results will also be delivered as part of CIFOR’s global conference strategy including the annual Forest Day alongside each COP.

Key activities will include:

Develop a coalition of partners in targeted countries • In each country and region develop and build on communication partner networks. Outreach activities • CIFOR’s website (www.cifor.org) - All research results will be showcased on the homepage • Forests Climate Change website (www.ForestClimateChange.org) – This popular dedicated climate

change site will be used to disseminate results and project information. • Blog (www.blog.cifor.org) – Research results and news will be produced into media articles and

disseminated through the CIFOR blog in several languages. • Special multimedia content packages – In targeted countries where research occurs, special outreach

packages will be produced including articles, videos and photographs and disseminated through the blog and the Forest Climate Change and CIFOR websites, as well as given to the mainstream media.

• Social media – Frequent updates on results, news or project-related information will be disseminated through region specific Facebook and Twitter accounts, in languages specific to the region.

• Press releases will be issued on headlining new research findings. • POLEX – At least two REDD+ articles per year will be published and disseminated to this policy

listserv’s 25,000 subscribers worldwide. • E-newsletter – Press releases, blog stories, new publications and journal articles and information

about related conferences will be disseminated through CIFOR’s monthly multi-language e-newsletters that are sent to 25,000 recipients worldwide.

• REDD+ media training workshops will be held in countries where research is being done. • Key publications including but not limited to peer-reviewed articles, Occasional Papers, Working

Papers, Options Assessments, Info and Policy Briefs will be disseminated at events specified above, and through CIFOR’s network of partner institutions.

Conferences and Events • CIFOR will participate in and present findings and results of the project at COP Forest Days and other

global REDD+ related events

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Box 2. Publications that become go-to references Each year CIFOR publishes dozens of articles and pamphlets on climate change, including “Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options, and Implications” (2008) and “Realising REDD+: National strategy and policy options” (2009). These two references have been viewed more than 150,000 times on Google Books, and about 180,000 PDF copies have been downloaded from the CIFOR website. Evidence suggests these publications have become key references for REDD+ policymakers, advocates, and practitioners.

Researchers measure fallen wood debris to calculate carbon stock. (Source: CIFOR)

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8 Why CIFOR?

8.1 Our team CIFOR will coordinate a group of research organizations, which will offer the following advantages: • Track record: CIFOR is known for credible, high-quality analysis, independent thinking, tackling difficult

and controversial issues, and an ability to reach and convene diverse actors and stakeholders. • Quality of staff: CIFOR’s team is diverse, with broad experience in policy development, sociology,

ecology, economics, and interdisciplinary work that combines these fields of expertise. • Partnerships: CIFOR has access to the skills and networks of a wide range of partners operating at

local, national, regional and global levels. • Global mandate, local relevance: CIFOR addresses global issues and engages in international and

national fora to illuminate broader issues in specific locations. • Distinctive perspective: CIFOR has an interdisciplinary, global perspective informed by multiple

stakeholders and a commitment to examining and understanding issues from the perspective of poor people and natural resource users in the tropics.

• Participation in official international processes related to climate change: CIFOR is accredited by the UNFCCC as an intergovernmental observer organization. CIFOR has taken a leadership role in organizing Forest Day each year at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties since 2007.

This project comes under the umbrella of the CGIAR Consortium Research Programme 6 (CRP6) on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance. CRP6 is implemented for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) by CIFOR, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and Bioversity International. Partners are fundamental to the success of this research programme. Partners will contribute to the process of knowledge generation, as well as through advocacy and dissemination of findings, and through their engagement in policy-making processes.

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9 Budget

Description Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3 Knowledge-sharing

Coordination Total

Personnel $1,148,000 $1,722,000 $1,230,000 $100,000 $200,000 $4,400,000 Travel 225,680 338,520 241,800 50,000 30,000 886,000 Operating expenses

547,400 821,100 586,500 30,000 50,000 2,035,000

Training, workshops

108,640 162,960 116,400 100,000 100,000 588,000

Partners, collaborators, consultants

780,360 1,170,540 836,100 220,000 20,000 3,027,000

Capital, equipment

60,760 91,140 65,100 20,000 237,000

Total $2,870,840 $4,306,260 $3,075,900 $520,000 $400,000 $11,173,000

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Annex I. Impact pathways

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Annex II. Acronyms CIAT – International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIFOR – Center for International Forestry Research CGIAR – Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research COP – Conference of the Parties CRP6 – CGIAR Research Programme 6 ICRAF – World Agroforestry Centre IPBES – Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services PES – Payment for environmental services, payments for ecosystem services REDD+ – Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR advances human wellbeing, environmental conservation and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries. CIFOR is a CGIAR Consortium Research Center. CIFOR’s headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia. It also has offices in Asia, Africa and South America.

cifor.org cifor.org/crp6

This research was carried out as part of the CGIAR Research Programme, ‘Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance’. The Programme aims to enhance management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms. The Center for International Forestry Research leads the collaborative Programme in partnership with Bioversity International, the International Center for Tropical Agricultureand the World Agroforestry Centre.