Climate Change Impact Studies in APCC · on Rice Yields 3 . Climate Projection & Uncertainty (1)...
Transcript of Climate Change Impact Studies in APCC · on Rice Yields 3 . Climate Projection & Uncertainty (1)...
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Climate Change Impact Studies in APCC
Yonghee Shin/APEC Climate Center Busan, South Korea
NIES, Japan
The 19th AIM International Workshop December 13-14, 2013
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Contents
Climate Projection & Uncertainty 1
Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Reservoirs 2
Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Rice Yields 3
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Climate Projection & Uncertainty (1)
Higher global average surface temperature
Graphic courtesy of WG1 AR5 SPM (2013)
0.85 °C (0.65 – 1.06) (1880 – 2012)
3.7 °C (2.6 – 4.8) (2081 – 2100, RCP8.5)
1.8 °C (1.1 – 2.6) (2081 – 2100, RCP4.5)
(b)
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Climate Projection & Uncertainty (2)
Sea level rises
Graphic courtesy of WG1 AR5 SPM (2013), Picture courtesy of Google
63cm (45 – 82) (2081 – 2100, RCP8.5)
47cm (32 – 63) (2081 – 2100, RCP4.5)
19cm (1901 – 2012)
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Climate Projection & Uncertainty (3)
More extreme rainfall
Clausius-Clapeyron law
Warmer atmosphere is more likely to deliver heavy rainfall events.
1. For stratiform precipitation, extremes increase with temperature at approximately the Clausius–Clapeyron rate
2. Convective precipitation responds much more sensitively to temperature increases than stratiform precipitation
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CMIP5 Summer Season Precipitation Change (1)
Consistency analysis 28 CMIP5 models Signal to noise ratio (SNR) RCP4.5 Reference 1979-2005 Near future 2020-2049 Distant future 2070-2099 June-July-August
mm/day
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
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28 CMIP5 models Signal to noise ratio (SNR) RCP8.5 Reference 1979-2005 Near future 2020-2049 Distant future 2070-2099 June-July-August
CMIP5 Summer Season Precipitation Change (2)
Consistency analysis
mm/day
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
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CMIP5 Temperature Change
Degree Celsius
RCP4.5 RCP8.5
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1.0°C 2.0°C 3.0°C 4.0°C 5.0°C 6.0°C 7.0°C
RCP4.5
CMIP5 Temperature Changes in S.Korea (2081-00)
Mean: 2.5°C SD: 0.83°C
1.0°C 2.0°C 3.0°C 4.0°C 5.0°C 6.0°C 7.0°C
RCP8.5 SD: 1.00°C Mean: 4.8°C
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-20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
RCP4.5
CMIP5 Precipitation Changes in S.Korea (2081-00)
Mean: 9.5% SD: 7.72%
-20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
RCP8.5 SD: 8.4% Mean: 13.6%
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Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Reservoirs
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Climate Change Scenario (CMIP5) Data
Daily 6 main climatic elements 34 GCMs Pr Mx Mn Ws Rh Sr Pr MxMnWs Rh Sr Pr MxMnWs Rh Sr Pr MxMnWs Rh Sr Pr MxMnWs Rh Sr
1 125km O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O2 ACCESS1-0 O O O O O O O O O O3 bcc-csm1-1 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O4 bcc-csm1-1-m O O5 BNU-ESM O O O O6 CanCM4 O O O O O O7 CanESM2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O8 CCSM4 O O O O O O O O O O O O9 CESM1-BGC O O O10 CESM1-FASTCHEM O O O11 CMCC-CESM O O O O O O O O O O12 CMCC-CM O O O13 CNRM-CM5 O O O O O O O O O O O O14 CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O15 FGOALS-g2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O16 FGOALS-s2 O O O O O O O O O O O O17 GFDL-CM3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O18 GFDL-ESM2G O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O19 GFDL-ESM2M O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O20 HadCM3 O O O O O O O O21 HadGEM2-CC O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O22 HadGEM2-ES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O23 inmcm4 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O24 IPSL-CM5A-LR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O25 IPSL-CM5A-MR O O O O O O O O O26 MIROC4h O O O O O O O O O27 MIROC5 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O28 MIROC-ESM O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O29 MIROC-ESM-CHEM O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O30 MPI-ESM-LR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O31 MPI-ESM-MR O O O O32 MPI-ESM-P O O O O33 MRI-CGCM3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O34 NorESM1-M O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
RCP8.5No Models
RCP2.6 RCP4.5 RCP6.0Historical
RCP8.5 scenario • KMA RCM • 10 GCMs
Climate Precipitation Max.Temp Min.Temp Wind speed RH Solar radiation
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Sensitivity Analysis of Streamflow
Streamflow simulated using observed weather input Streamflow simulated using RCP 12.5km weather input
Streamflow is decided by monthly rainfall: Need bias correction
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Bias Correction of Climate Data (Non-parametric Quantile Mapping methods)
Historical (1976~2005) Future (2011~2040)
Observed Before quantile mapping After quantile mapping Quantile mapping information
January
Future (2011~2040)Future (2011~2040)
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After Bias Correction (RCP8.5, Jeonju) -10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12min
imu
m te
mp
era
ture
(C)
month
Min. temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
max
imu
m t
em
pe
ratu
re (C
month
Max. temperature
0123456789
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
win
d s
pee
d (m
/s)
month
Wind speed
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
rela
tive
hu
mid
ity
month
Relative humidity
0
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pre
cip
itat
ion
(mm
)
month
Precipitation
0
5
10
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12So
lar
rad
iati
on
(M
J/m
2 )
month
Solar radiation
Precipitation Max. temperature Min. temperature
Relative humidity Wind speed Solar radiation
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Representative Watershed for Analysis
Reservoir (Storage)
Watershed (Inflow)
Irrigation (Demand)
Jiso Reservoir
HOMWRS Inflow: 3 step tank model Demand: ET + Sowing +
Transplanting + Loss Water storage
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Models Demand (mm) % difference RankMME 1099
KMA-12.5km 997 -9.3 10bcc-csm1-1 1026 -6.7 9CanESM2 1117 1.6 5GFDL-CM3 1051 -4.4 8GFDL-ESM2G 979 -11.0 11GFDL-ESM2M 1079 -1.9 6HadGEM2-CC 1062 -3.4 7
inmcm4 1195 8.7 4IPSL-CM5A-LR 1196 8.7 3MIROC-ESM 1197 8.9 2
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 1210 10.0 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Dem
and
(mm
)
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEHistorical
Monthly Water Demand Reproduction & Prediction
Models Demand (mm) % difference R2
Observed 1038MME 1094 5.4 0.989
KMA-12.5km 1057 1.9 0.997bcc-csm1-1 1066 2.8 0.997CanESM2 1082 4.2 0.975GFDL-CM3 1077 3.8 0.986GFDL-ESM2G 1090 5.0 0.987GFDL-ESM2M 1073 3.4 0.986HadGEM2-CC 1135 9.4 0.994
inmcm4 1146 10.5 0.976IPSL-CM5A-LR 1074 3.4 0.976MIROC-ESM 1116 7.5 0.977
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 1119 7.9 0.97
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Dem
and
(mm
)
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEObserved
1976
-200
5 20
11-2
040
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Models Inflow (mm) % difference R2
Observed 976MME 988 1.3 0.999
KMA-12.5km 980 0.5 0.996bcc-csm1-1 989 1.4 0.998CanESM2 982 0.7 0.992GFDL-CM3 989 1.4 0.996GFDL-ESM2G 990 1.5 0.998GFDL-ESM2M 997 2.2 0.996HadGEM2-CC 987 1.1 0.997
inmcm4 997 2.2 0.998IPSL-CM5A-LR 992 1.7 0.991MIROC-ESM 984 0.9 0.996
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 989 1.4 0.995
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
inflo
w (m
m)
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEObserved
1976
-200
5
Models Inflow (mm) % difference RankMME 1078
KMA-12.5km 1153 7.0 3bcc-csm1-1 1192 10.6 2CanESM2 1088 0.9 5GFDL-CM3 1083 0.4 6GFDL-ESM2G 1198 11.1 1GFDL-ESM2M 1052 -2.5 7HadGEM2-CC 1125 4.3 4
inmcm4 954 -11.5 11IPSL-CM5A-LR 1009 -6.5 8MIROC-ESM 1003 -6.9 9
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 993 -7.9 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
inflo
w (m
m)
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEHistorical
2011
-204
0 Monthly Inflow Reproduction & Prediction
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Models Storage (106 m3) % difference RankMME 3.00
KMA-12.5km 3.07 2.1 1bcc-csm1-1 3.06 2.0 2CanESM2 3.04 1.3 4GFDL-CM3 3.01 0.3 6GFDL-ESM2G 3.03 0.8 5GFDL-ESM2M 3.00 0.0 7HadGEM2-CC 3.04 1.4 3
inmcm4 2.89 -3.9 11IPSL-CM5A-LR 2.95 -1.7 10MIROC-ESM 2.97 -1.2 9
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 2.98 -0.8 8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Stor
age
(106
m3 )
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEHistorical
Models Storage (106 m3) % difference R2
Observed 3.009MME 2.997 -0.4 0.93
KMA-12.5km 3.036 0.9 0.95bcc-csm1-1 3.077 2.3 0.84CanESM2 2.943 -2.2 0.76GFDL-CM3 3.041 1.1 0.91GFDL-ESM2G 3.006 -0.1 0.89GFDL-ESM2M 2.901 -3.6 0.84HadGEM2-CC 2.937 -2.4 0.96
inmcm4 2.920 -3.0 0.84IPSL-CM5A-LR 3.061 1.7 0.77MIROC-ESM 3.025 0.5 0.87
MIROC-ESM-CHEM 3.036 0.9 0.74
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Stor
age
(106
m3 )
month
KMA-12.5kmbcc-csm1-1CanESM2GFDL-CM3GFDL-ESM2GGFDL-ESM2MHadGEM2-CCinmcm4IPSL-CM5A-LRMIROC-ESMMIROC-ESM-CHEMMMEObserved
1976
-200
5 20
11-2
040
Monthly Water Storage Reproduction & Prediction
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Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Rice Yields
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Multiple Scale Crop Yield Modeling
Global • GAEZ
Regional • GLAM-rice
Field • CERES-rice
Integrated Modeling Framework
Adap
tatio
n St
rate
gies
in
Mul
tiple
Sca
les
Capa
city B
uild
ing
Clim
ate
Chan
ge
Scen
ario
s
Dow
nsca
ling
Seas
onal
Fo
reca
sts
Rice Productivity
EPIRICE
Water/Energy/Carbon Fluxes
LSM-Crop-Biogeochemistry
Disease/Pest
Global scale Regional scale Field scale
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Model Code RCP Scenario Spatial Resolution
(lon. X lat.) 2.6 4.5 6.0 8.5
ACCESS1-0 ac10 ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 192 X 145
ACCESS1-3 ac13 ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 192 X 145
BCC-CSM1-1-M b11m ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 320 X 160
BNU-ESM bne1 ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 128 X 64
CanESM2 ce21 ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 128 X 64
CCSM4 csm4 ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 288 X 192
CESM1-BGC c1bg ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 288 X 192
CESM1-CAM5 c1ca ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 288 X 192
CMCC-CM cccm ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 480 X 240
CNRM-CM5 cc51 ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 256 X 128
CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 cm36 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 192 X 96
FGOALS-g2 fgg2 ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 128 X 60
FGOALS-s2 fgs2 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 128 X 108
FIO-ESM fie1 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 128 X 64
GFDL-CM3 gc31 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 90
GFDL-ESM2G ge2g ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 90
Model Code RCP Scenario Spatial Resolution
(lon. X lat.) 2.6 4.5 6.0 8.5
GFDL-ESM2M ge2m ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 90
GISS-E2-R ge2r ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 90
HadGEM2-AO hg2a ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 192 X 145
HadGEM2-CC hg2c ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 192 X 145
HadGEM2-ES hg2e ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 192 X 145
INM-CM4 in40 ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 180 X 120
IPSL-CM5A-LR ic5l ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 96 X 96
IPSL-CM5A-MR ic5m ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 142
IPSL-CM5B-LR icbl ╳ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 96 X 96
MIROC5 m501 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 256 X 128
MIROC-ESM mes1 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 128 X 64
MIROC-ESM-CHEM mesc ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 128 X 64
MPI-ESM-LR mpel ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 192 X 96
MPI-ESM-MR mpem ⊚ ⊚ ╳ ⊚ 192 X 96
MRI-CGCM3 mc31 ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 320 X 160
NorESM1-M ne1m ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ 144 X 96
Standardization of spatial resolution (Longitude 1°, Latitude 1°)
Historical data : 1961-2005 Scenario data : 2006-2100
CMIP5 Climate Change Scenarios
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Rice Yield Simulation Setting
Items Settings
Model M-GAEZ model (Modified by NIES)
Crops Rice(8 varieties)
Study area Asia-Pacific Region (20 countries)
Periods 1990s (1991-2000), 2020s (2021-2030), 2050s (2051-2060), 2080s (2081-2090)
GCMs CMIP5 GCMs (32 GCMs)
Scenarios RCP (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5)
Adaptations Planting dates, Varieties
Climate observations CRU time-series datasets
Climate conditions Surface Air Temperature [℃], Precipitation [mm/day], Surface Downwelling Shortwave Radiation [W/m2], Wind Speed [m/s]
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RCP 4.5 Adaptation(ON)
Max:96.5 Min:6.5
Max:29.9 Min:2.4
Max:193.0 Min:10.6
Max:238.5 Min:17.5
Max:52.4 Min:12.2
Max:74.2 Min:12.3
Max:12.0 Min:-11.5
Max:15.3 Min:-12.8
Max:15.9 Min:-19.7
Max:53.8 Min:-18.3
Max:32.9 Min:-20.6
Max:31.8 Min:-28.2
Rice Yield Changes in the Asia-Pacific Region Countries (1)
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RCP 8.5 Adaptation(ON)
Max:69.6 Min:9.6
Max:29.3 Min:7.8
Max:213.0 Min:34.2
Max:429.5 Min:67.3
Max:72.8 Min:22.9
Max:111.6 Min:49.0
Max:14.3 Min:-6.5
Max:16.7 Min:-9.3
Max:15.3 Min:-77.3
Max:47.9 Min:-36.5 Max:46.4
Min:-21.7
Max:39.3 Min:-14.6
Rice Yield Changes in the Asia-Pacific Region Countries (2)
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FAOSTAT, 2011
49.7%
FAOSTAT, 2011
Uncertainty of Rice Yield Changes (China and India)
FAOSTAT, 2011FAOSTAT, 2011
49.7%
FAOSTAT, 2011
56.8%
-8.3%
39.3%
-4.5%
49.7%
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Uncertainty of Rice Yield Changes (Russia and Cambodia)
429.5%
67.3%
15.3%
-77.3%
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Climatic Sensitivity for Rice Yield
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Positive effect on temperature rise
Negative effect on temperature rise Temperature
Precipitation
Radiation
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RCP 8.5 Average change(Uncertainty range) • 2020s: 0.5% (5.9%~-3.8%) • 2050s: 8.0% (14.4%~1.9%) • 2080s: 8.4% (21.8%~-5.0%)
RCP 4.5 Average change(Uncertainty range) • 2020s: 0.8% (5.8%~-4.3%) • 2050s: 5.6% (13.5%~-3.1%) • 2080s: 8.7% (14.9%~1.7%)
Adaptation(ON)
Uncertainty Range for RCP Scenarios (1)
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RCP 8.5 Average change(Uncertainty range) • 2020s: -13.4% (-5.7%~-19.2%) • 2050s: -13.2% (-4.2%~-22.1%) • 2080s: -24.9% (-7.0%~-44.0%)
RCP 4.5 Average change(Uncertainty range) • 2020s: -12.2% (-9.5%~-19.2%) • 2050s: -11.3% (-2.6%~-19.6%) • 2080s: -10.7% (-3.1%~-20.3%)
Adaptation(OFF)
Uncertainty Range for RCP Scenarios (2)
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RCP scenario 2020s 2050s 2080s
RCP2.6 4.16 million km2 4.32 million km2 4.77 million km2
RCP4.5 4.20 million km2 7.12 million km2 7.47 million km2
RCP6.0 4.62 million km2 5.00 million km2 9.29 million km2
RCP8.5 4.47 million km2 8.83 million km2 14.12 million km2
Adaptation(ON) HadGEM2-AO Model
Extension of Rice Cultivation Area
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