Climate Change and Forest Insect-Pests

8/9/2019 Climate Change and Forest Insect-Pests

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TheGreeneryajournalofEnvironmentandBiodiversity7(1)September2009 Jha

ClimateChangeInducedPotentialImpacts(ecophysiological)onInsectPestsin

NepaleseForests:ASynopsisforFutureResearchandManagement

BidyaNathJha

Asst.Research

Officer,

Department

of

Forest

Research

and

Survey,

GPO

3339,

Kathmandu,

Nepal.

ResearchStudent,FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark.

Email:[email protected];[email protected]

Abstract:

Thisstudyaimsatreviewingtheavailableliteraturesontheecophysiologicalimpactsofclimatechangeonforest

insectpests and its hosts. Methodology adopted for preparing the paper is the critical review of literatures

available inCopenhagenUniversitysLife librarydatabases.Withstandingwiththeglobalprojectionsofclimate

change, Nepal will experience a noticeable rise in temperature and changed rainfall pattern throughout the

country inyears to come.These changes can createmixedecophysiological impactsover the insectpestsof

NepaleseForests.Inthelightofstatisticsonprevailingclimate,projectedclimaticconditionsandforesttreesand

associated insectpests inNepal; the insectpests invasion seems to be obvious than before.Altered climatic

trends invite conditions like expansion of natural range by forest insectpests adapting to new environment.

Insectpestscanalsoswitchtheirhostbyturningthemselvespolyphagoustomeetthenutritionalrequirementin

new climatic conditions. Besides, advancing their physiological and phenological processes and reducing the

vulnerabilityofbeingpredatedareotherpotential impacts that canhappen to insectplant interaction in the

futureclimaticscenarios.Thesechangesinturnareexpectedtohinderthevitalforestryfunctionsthroughpest

damageincludingcarbondioxidesequestrationcapacityofforestsinNepal.

Key Words: Climate change, ecophysiological impacts, range extension, phenology, insectspests, diapause,

Nepal,morphogenesis

BACKGROUND:

Insectspests are one of the major ecological components of forest ecosystem but their contributions and

ecologicalroles inglobalchangeandforestryhaveoftenbeenoverlookedandneglected.Thecontributionand

ecologicalprocessesassociatedwithforestinsectpestsarebothpositiveandnegativefortheforestecosystem.

To illustrate, these groups contribute to the natural regeneration of plant through its remarkable role in

pollination.Ontheotherhand,theyarealsoresponsibleforcommercial lossthroughtissuedamageofwoody

componentofforestsandsignificantreductionofforestsnaturalcapacitytofixtheatmosphericcarbondioxide

inmultipleways.Manystudiesfromdifferentpartoftheworldsuggestthatinsubarctic,borealandtemperate

foreststheaverageconsumptionforminsectherbivoryrangesfrom110%offoliageofdominanttreespecies.In

specificcase

of

temperate

broadleaved

forests,

for

example,

an

average

of

7.1%

of

damage

is

reported

by

forest

insectpests(ColeyandBarone,1996).

History of extreme outbreaks of the insectpests in different forest types of the world in last century have

compelledthescientiststostudytheassociatedlinkbetweenclimatechangeandoutbreakeventsinthecourse

oftime.DuetosharpvariationsinaltitudefromSouthtoNorth,Nepaloffersluxuriousmicroclimaticgradientsto

differentgeneraandspeciesofforestinsectspestsinNepal. Thapa(1997)hasenumeratedapproximatelyover

fivethousandsofinsectspeciesfromNepal.Alargernumberofforestpestsarereportedtodamagebothnatural

and plantation forest of Nepal. Although numerous published and unpublished literatures exists about the

incidentaloutbreaksof forestpestepidemics inNepalandoutside in recentyears (Jackson,1987;FAO,2003;

Jakobet al., 2007; FAO, 2007; FAO, 2009), its link with climatic variables and statistics on the damage

assessmentsare lacking inNepal.Anothergroupofstudiesofrecentdecadesonplatpests interactions (Coley

4
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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andBarone,1996;FAO,2007;FAO,2009)mostlyconcludethatdamagesofwoodyplantsbytheseorganismsare

goingtoincreasewithalteredtemperatureandprecipitationregimesinyearstocome.

Therefore,thisstudyaimsatevaluating theavailablestudieson theclimatechange impactson forest insects

pestsecophysiology.Theintentionistoelaboratearesearchandmanagementdimensioninplantandinsects

pests interactionwhichNepalese forestsmay face indifferentclimaticpredictionsforthe future.Thispaper is

basedontheassumptionsthatscientificstudyofclimatechangeimpactsoverforestinsectpestsecophysiology

ontheotherpartoftheglobecanalsobegeneralizedinNepaleseconditionswithsomecasespecificexceptions.

Nonetheless,majorityof review isbasedon thestudiesconducted insimilarconditions throughout theworld

ratherthanbeingconfinedtoNepaleseforests.Oneofthemanybasesforadoptingthisapproachforthestudyis

therevelationthatNepalsclimatictrendsarenotsurprisinglydissimilartorestoftheworldespeciallyNorthern

Hemisphere(Shresthaetal.,1999).METHODOLOGY:

This review is based on the desk study of different literatures from secondary, published and unpublished

sourcesavailable

either

in

print

or

digital

media

into

the

LIFE

library

databases

of

Copenhagen

University,

Denmark.The firststepwas toestablishdifferentsearchparameters forthe literaturehuntwithcoinedstudy

objectivesforthewriting.ThesearchparametersortermswereexclusivelyappliedintothedifferentLIFElibrary

database system for finding out the available resources (Annex 1). Out of the massive hits found, selected

number of relevant literatures especially international journal articles, books and research papers were

scrutinizedandrankedforthereviewpurpose.Objectiveorientedclassificationofliteratureswasperformedand

ultimate reviewsourceswereachieved.Priority for thereviewwasgiven for thosearticlesor researchpapers

whichwereappearingrelativelyrecent,studiedfromtheprimarysourcesofinformationandthestudyareawas

Nepal or the vicinity or from similar conditions. Consultations from the lecturers (2), library staffs (3) and

graduatescholars(2PhD;and5M.Sc.)wereothersourcesofinformationforfurtherliteratureandinformation

forthereview.

RESULTANDDISCUSSION:

PastandprojectedclimateTrendsinNepal:

An intensiveanalysisofmaximumnumberofmeteorologicaldataofyearsbetween1971and1994 (collected

from49numbersofmeteorologicalstationsfrommidhillsandmountainsand14numberofstationsfromTerai

andSiwaliks)revealsthatthemuchdiscussedclimatechange(especiallyincreaseintemperature)istakingplace

inmorethananticipatedrateinthecaseofNepal(Shresthaetal.,1999).Therateoftemperatureincreaseperyearwerefoundtobe0.06

0Cto0.12

0Cincaseofmidhillsandmountainand0.03

0Cforthecaseoflowland

Nepal (Shresthaetal.,1999).The temperaturedifferencesarehigherandpronounced in thedrywinter spellthan the monsoon and pre monsoon records. Before the year 1978, temperatures of the five development

regions,nationalaverageand individualstationsweremostlyconstantordecreasing,however,after1978 the

generaltrend

for

all

regional,

national

and

stations

temperature

were

found

increasing.

This

study

also

found

thattheseasonalandspatialdistributionofwarmingtrends inNepalhasalsoaconsiderablebearinguponthe

monsooncirculationofthecountry (Shresthaetal.,1999;Shresthaetal.,2000).Moreover,therelatively longtemperature recordsofKathmanduValley (since1921)demonstrated the samepatternofwarming trendsas

observed in Northern Hemisphere by different studies, which in turn indicates that there exists relationship

betweenglobalclimatechangetoNepalswarmingtrend(Shresthaetal.,1999).TemperaturetrendanalysisforSouth Asia (IPCC, 2007), which also bears an indirect implication for Nepals temperature trend, has been

reproducedinFigure2.

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Table 1: Temperature Trend of Nepal (Positive Numbers for Increasing trend and negative numbers for

decreasingtrends)

MeanTemperatureTrendinNepalbyRegions19771994(0C)(Shrestaetal.,1999)

Winter (Dec

Feb)

Pre Monsoon

(MarMay)

Monsoon (Jun

Sep)

Post Monsoon

(OctNov)

Annual

(JanDec)

TransHimalayas 0.124 0.005 0.109 0.099 0.09

Himalayas 0.09 0.05 0.062 0.075 0.057

MiddleMountain 0.059 0.05 0.055 0.094 0.75

Siwalik 0.015 0.01 0.021 0.077 0.041

Terai 0.006 0.004 0.014 0.069 0.041

Nepal 0.061 0.032 0.051 0.081 0.059

Temperaturevariationsintable1havealsobeensupportedbyotherstudiesinNepalandinthevicinity.Sanoetal. (2005), for instance,has found thatwinter temperaturehasbeen significantly increasing inwesternNepal

since last400yearsbasedonhisdendrochronologicalanalysisofAbiesspectabilis tree rings.SimilarlyLiuandChen(2000)alsofortifiedtheabovetrendswiththeirrespectivestudiesintotheTibetanPlateau(othersideof

Himalayas)fromtheanalysisofclimaticrecordsofmorethanfourdecades.

Figure1:TemperatureTrend(AnnualMeanMaximum)inNepal(Shresthaetal1999,inWWF,2005)

Basedonthehistoricalchanges inglobalclimate, IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)hasmade

scientificpredictions

for

the

climatic

anomalies

under

different

emission

(Low

and

High)

conditions

and

time

horizons(baseyearslongterm:2080;mediumterm:2050andshortterm:2020)forglobalgeographicalareason

theearth (IPCC,2007).Although IPCC report (IPCC,2007)havenot includedclimaticpredictionexclusivelyon

Nepal,butpredictionsforthecountryhasbeenmade intothebroaderframeworkofSouthAsianregion.Also,

this report includes thevulnerabilityanalysisonSouthAsian level for theclimatechange impactondifferent

areas.Biodiversityhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemostvulnerablesectorwith 2vulnerabilityscoreandwith

veryhighconfidencelevelforpredictiontobeimpactedbythesepredictedclimaticanomalies.

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Table2:PredictedvariationinprecipitationforSouthAsea

PredictedChangeinPrecipitation(%)forSouthAsia(IPCC,2007)

ShortTerm(2020) MediumTerm(2050) LongTerm(2080)

Periodof

the

yearLow

EmmissionHigh

EmmissionLow

EmmissionHigh

EmmissionLow

EmmissionHigh

Emmission

December

February

4 3 0 0 6 16

MarchMay 8 7 24 26 20 31

JuneAugust 7 5 11 13 15 26

September

November

3 1 6 8 10 26

Figure2:PredictedVariationinTemperatureforSouthAsia

In addition to IPCC projection, Nepal specific predictions have also been made recently through adopting a

number of climate prediction models (Agrawala et al., 2003). The brief, the result for the projection oftemperatureandprecipitationshavebeenreproducedintable3:

Table3:PredictedvariationsinTemperatureandPrecipitationinNepal

PredictedChangeinClimaticVariablesforNepal(Agrawalaetal.,2003)Temperature(

0C) Precipitation(%)

Year Annual DecFeb JunAug Annual DecFeb JunAug

2030 1.2 1.3 1.1 5 0.8 9.1

2050 1.7 1.8 1.6 7.3 1.2 13.1

2100 3.2 3.2 2.9 12.6 2.1 22.9

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ClimateChangeImpactsonForestInsectPests

Aswiththeotherbiologicalorganism,the lifecycleof forest insectpestsarehighlydependentontheclimatic

conditions of a particular locality, with well defined threshold levels of survival or maximal growth and

development.Numerousstudies (Beeson,1941;Nair,2007;Evans,2008)describethecriticalclimaticvariables

which

have

deterministic

role

in

the

survival

and

growth

of

forest

insect

pests

with

respect

to

its

stages

of

life

cycle.Inbrief,mostofthestudiessofarconducted,haveagreedthattheexpectedclimaticchangesaregoingto

promotethe lifecycle,growthanddevelopmentofthemajorityof forest insect pests ingeneral.Withspecial

referencetoNepalconditions,followingaresomeofthemostvisiblepotentialimpactsthatclimatechangemay

causeontheforestinsectpestsandtherespectivehosts(Nair,2007;Evans,2008):

RangeextensionofForestInsectsPests:

The most pronounced impact of increased temperature over the insectpests is their migration towards the

northernforesthabitats.Althoughclimatechangeimpactsonforestinsectsandtheirmigrationpatternhasnot

been studied inNepal, therearenumberof internationalexampleswhich canbeused to simulate the forest

conditionsinNepal.Forinstance,asurveyconductedbyPermesanandYohe(2003)ontheinsectreciprocation

ofclimatechangeconcludedthatamongthesurveyedspecies80%ofthesurveyedspeciessiftedtheirnatural

rangetowardsthenorth withanaveragerateof6kmin10years.Similarly,Evans(2008)presentedthespecific

caseofPineprocessionarymoths(Thaumetopoeapityocampa)northwardjourneyfromperipheryofOrleanstoasnorthasFontainbleau inFrance. Itshifted itsnaturalrangeofoccurrenceby87kmsince1972to2004,with

acceleratedrateoftravelinlasttenyears(56km).Usingthehistoricaldataof100years,Jepsenetal.(2008)haverecentlydocumentedhowtwospeciesofforestinsect pests,viz.OperophterabrumataandEpirritaautumnatashifted their range in last two decades in subarctic birch forest of Norway. These studies coincide on a

conclusionthatthechangesinglobalclimatehavepromotedforestinsect peststoexpandtheirrangetowards

thedirectionofthehigheraltitudesandlatitudes.ImportanceoftheknowledgefromthesestudiesinNorthern

HemispherecouldberelatedtoNepalesecontextsbecauseofNepalssimilarity inclimaticchangetrendswith

NorthernHemisphere(Shresthaetal.,1999).RangeJumpandAccommodation:

Rangejumpisanothersortofphenomenonassociatedwithforestinsectpestsintheadventofclimatechange.

Forest/plantproducttradesareoneofthemaincausesamongothersthatcarrythehighriskofrangejumpor

accommodation of non native species into the Nepalese forest areas.There are numerousexamples where

seeds are imported for the plantation activities in Nepal e.g. Eucaplytus specie and Leucaena species from

Australia,CryptomeriaspeciesfromJapanandmanymorefromIndiaincludingTectonagrandis,DalbergiaSissooandAcaciacatechu(Jackson,1987).Innewclimaticconditionsinthefuture,therewillbenowonderiftheAsianlonghornbeetle(Anoplophoraglabripennis),(manybroadleavedbased)whichisnativetotheregionsofJapan,ChinaandKoreaandhasalreadyfoundinUSandCanadathroughtrade(Bond,2008;FAO,2009),orothersimilar

destructive pests, will be brought to Nepal through plant product transactions (especially seeds) from other

regionorcountries.

ImpactonInsectsPestsPhenology:

Climatechangeconditionsmay impact toadvance someof thephenologicaland lifecycleprocesses in forest

insectpests. Permesan and Yohe (2003) found in their study that about 87% of inventoried insect species

showedadvancementincertainphonologicalprocesseslikefloweringorspringmigrationduetothepastchange

in the climate. Number of eggsper generation laid byHoplocerambyx spinicornis (a serious threat to Shorearobustatrees inNepal) ranges100300andviabilityof theeggsrangesbetween75%and100%dependingon

temperature and moisture conditions (Beeson, 1941; Nair, 2007). Warming induced conditions can create

favourablemicroclimaticconditionstorealizethisdestructivepestshigherrangeofviability(i.e.100%)inNepal.

Besides,thelarvalphasewhichisresponsibleformaindamageinthewoodandremainsfor610monthscanbe

prolongediftemperatureconditionsarefavoursinthefuture.

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Climatechangeisalsogoingtoimpacttherelationshipofforestpestswithitsnaturalenemiesthroughreducing

the riskystagesofbeingpredated,e.g. larvaandpupation, throughtheenhancedspeedof lifecycle.Relative

warming in winter (as predicted) advances the early stages (winter dormancy; eggs and transition between

dormancyandactivestage)andthereforereducesthechancesofbeingpredated(Bernays,1997;Evans,2008).

Developing

host

generality

over

the

host

specificity

in

Forest

Pests:

ThereareanumberofforestinsectsinNepalwhichshowsthecharacteristicsfeatureofdependingononlyone

host tree species e.g. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis (Sal Borer). However, due to reduced nutritional value(especiallyNitrogencompounds)oftree leaves inresponsetoelevatedtemperatureandcarbondioxide inthe

atmosphere, the probability of a specific pest to switching its host, i.e. turning from monophagous to

polyphagous,becomeshigher(Battisti,2008;Huntetal.,2006)ImpactsonInsectsPestsPhysiology:

Globalwarmingcan impact the reproductive, survival,growthanddevelopmentpotentialof forestpests.The

riseof temperaturemaysignificantlyenhance the reproductivecapacity in forestpestsbyadvancing their life

cycleactivitiesandshorteningthegapbetweeneachstage.YamamuraandKiritani(1998)mentionsthatariseof

20Ctemperature

(which

is

predicted

for

Nepal

for

next

50

years)

may

give

rise

of

one

to

five

additional

pest

generationsperyear,andincaseofdifferentspeciesofaphids,theratebecomeshigher.Anumberofforesttree

specieshavealreadybeenreportedtobedamagedbydifferentspeciesofaphidsinNepale.g.Alnusnepalensis,PiceasmithianaandAcerOblongum(Jackson,1987).Wintermortality in insectpests iscommonphenomenabecauseof the low temperature.Reduction inwinter

cold is removing the major control factor of insectpests in altitudinal and latitudinal temperate region

(Harringtonetal.,2008).Manyhighaltitude(above2000m)forestpestsbasedonWillow,Birch,Ash,Spruceandotherhighaltitude coniferousandbroadleaved speciesofHimalayas shows this remarkabledormancyperiod

betweenDecembertoMidMarch(Beeson,1941;Nair,2007).Impactofincreasedwintertemperatureongreen

spruceaphid(Elatobiumabietinum)populationhavebeenstudiedwithmostrecentdatasetof41yearsinSouthEngland(WestgarthSmithetal.,2007).Thisstudyfoundthatifthewintertemperatureisgoingtoincreaseby230C,whichalso is thepredicted rise in temperature fornext50100years inNepal (Shresthaetal,1999), the

aphidmayrealizeitsbioticpotentialofreproductionandcausespruceepidemicsinthatareainyearstocome.

TheForestResearch(2008)ofUKForestryCommissionpointoutthatincaseofanoutbreakofspruceaphid,the

growthofinvadedtreemayreduceupto30%inayear,andincaseofrealizedbioticpotential,thedamagemay

yieldmorethanbeingexpected.

Manyofinsectspests,especiallyfrommiddletohigheraltitudesandlatitudes,haveapronouncedcharacteristic

of suspending their metabolic activities temporarily during their life cycles due to a process being known as

diapause. The stage is further characterized by decreased level of morphogenesis, increased level of

environmentalresistance,andreducedconsumptionofplantmaterialbythepests(Tauberetal.,1986).Climate

change (raisedtemperature)mayactasexternalenvironmentalstimulation forbreaking thediapausestage in

forestinsectpestsinadvanceandactivatetheirphysiologicalprocessessothatmoreconsumptionofplanttissue

becomesobvious(Battisti,2008).

ImpactsonHosts

Theavailabilityofextralevelofatmosphericcarbondioxideduetoclimatechangeenhancesthefoliargrowthin

trees which further imbalances the natural carbon nitrogen (C/N) ratio. An experimentation on Impact of

endemicinsectherbivoryonstructureandproductivityofvegetationinNorthernEuropefoundthatplantgrown

inelevatedcarbondioxide(CO2)concentrationhavelowernitrogenconcentrationsandhigherconcentrationof

non structuralcarbohydrates (Kozlov,2009).Thischange inducednitrogendeficiencyand imbalances inother

nutritional value of the forest vegetation become insufficient to meet the metabolic requirement of

phytophagous insects (pests)qualitatively.This in turn forced them toconsumemorequantitiesofvegetative

materialsto fulfiltheirnutritionaldemand tocompensatereduced foodquality (AyresandLombardero,2000;

Kozlov,2009;

Battisti,

2008;).

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Theclimatechangeinduceddroughtisreportedtodevelopakindofstressgradient,anddeclineinthestomatal

conductance of the forest trees which make them more prone to the insectpests attack (Scarr, 1998). Sal

(Shorearobusta)trees,forexample,havebeenfoundtobemoreattackedonthenutrient(includingwater)poorsitese.g.ridgesandsandysoilsthanonambientconditionsbySalborer (Hoplocerambyxspinicornis) (Jackson,1987;Nair,2007).Intheconditionofsummerdrought,whichisapredictedconditioninNepal;manyIpsspecies(64worldwide) (FAO,2009), the pine bark beetles, are expected to invade the coniferous plantations in thesubtropical to lowertemperateregionsofNepal.KhoteSalla (Pinus roxburghii) forestarehighlysusceptibletoincreased damage by this kind of beetle mostly because it has most of its area under high prone zone for

summerdroughtaspredictedbyabovementionedsourcesinNepal.

CONCLUSION:

ClimatechangeisoccurringinanalarmingrateandatanextentthatresearchersusedtoanticipateforNepal.It

hasvarietyofdirectandindirectbearingsovertheabioticandbioticsystemsofNepal.Higherclimaticvariations

andtheresultantforesttypesofNepalofferhomeforavastnumberofforestinsectpests.Thesetinycreatures

have often not been given due attention by the researches despite the fact that damages caused by these

organismsaresignificantand increasing.Forestbased insectpestsand itsextent,magnitudeand frequencyof

damagesand

its

relation

with

climatic

variations

need

to

be

assessed

scientifically

before

any

serious

damage

is

causedinforestsofNepal.PredictionfortemperatureriseandalteredprecipitationpatterninNepalshouldbe

taken as one of the potential threats for the commercial objectives of forestry in Nepal. Host changing and

realizationofbioticpotentialbydestructiveforestpestsmaygiverisetoseriouseconomicandecologicalthreat

inmultiplewaysinNepaleseforestry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

MyspecialthanksgototheProfessorNielsStrangeforencouragingmeforthiswriting.Thesupportivehandsof

LIFElibrarystaffsforsearchingandavailingtherequiredarticlesinprintarealsohighlyacknowledged. Iamalso

humblythankfultoSHEACTeamandthepresident forprovidingmetheopportunitytopublish inthereputed

Greenery.

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Appendix1:Thesummaryofdatabasesearchrecordsfordifferentsearchparameters

Database/Search

Location

Searchterms/parameters Resulting

numbers of

references

Number of useful

references

CABABSTRACTS 1. Climatechange*2. ForestInsectPests*3. GlobalWarming*4. Joint search with 1,2 and 3 (using AND

operator)

5. Joint search with 1 , 2 and 3 (using ORoperator)

6. Carbon*Insects*Forests*7. ForestEntomologyand/orClimateChange8. EcophysiologyofInsects

1123

1527

2321

2576

2765

1656

1934

22

17

11

12

9

7(overlaps)

2

1

2

AGRICOLA

1. Climatechange*2. ForestInsectPests*3. GlobalWarming*4. Joint search with 1,2 and 3 (using AND

operator)

5. Joint search with 1 , 2 and 3 (using ORoperator)

6. Carbon*Insects*Forests*7. ForestEntomologyand/orClimateChange8. EcophysiologyofInsects

3467

946

2226

472

498

23

44

4

17(overlaps)

3

0

1

3

2

5

0

CAB ABSTRACT

ARCHIVE

1. Climatechangeforestpests* 45 7(overlaps)AGRIS

1. ImpactsofClimateChangeonInsects*2. ForestInsectsandClimateChange*3. Baseageinvariantmethod*

392

536

6

9

9

4

Google Search

(English)

1. ClimateChangeImpactsonForestPests2. NepalForestInsectsandClimateChange3. IndiaClimateChangeandForestInsects4. WorldClimatechangeandForestPests

860,000

10,400

35,000

67,700

18(10pagesonly)

6(10pagesonly)

11(10pagesonly)

4(10pagesonly)

GOOGLESCHOLAR 1. Climate Change in Nepal and Forest*Insects

2. ClimateChangeinIndiaandForest*Insects4,830

26,900

14(overlapping)

3(10pagesonly)

Personal Contact

(Lecturers/Library

staffs/fellow graduate

students)

1. Subjectiveconversation Altogetherthey

referredto9

number of

references

4(3overlapping)

Note:Thisisnotexhaustivelistofsearchhistorythattheauthorhasperformedforliteraturesearch.

Climate Change and Forest Insect-Pests

Documents

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