CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT RECOGNIZING THE ROLE OF FOREST AND WATER RESOURCES IN

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

14 November, 2007

Project Document prepared for: The Government of Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs

In collaboration with:

The Governments of Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia and IUCN – the World Conservation Union

2

Table of contents Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. 2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 3 1 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 4

1.1 Background (project origin) ................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Problems to be addressed - summary ............................................................................... 5 1.3 Summary of the Intervention .............................................................................................. 6

2 Present situation....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Government and sectoral policies ...................................................................................... 7

In Mozambique......................................................................................................................... 7 In Tanzania............................................................................................................................... 7 In Zambia.................................................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Background studies ............................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Problems to be addressed.................................................................................................. 9

At the pan-African level ............................................................................................................ 9 In Mozambique....................................................................................................................... 10 In Tanzania............................................................................................................................. 10 In Zambia................................................................................................................................ 11

2.4 Stakeholders and beneficiaries ........................................................................................ 12 At the pan-African level .......................................................................................................... 12 In Mozambique....................................................................................................................... 12 In Tanzania............................................................................................................................. 13 In Zambia................................................................................................................................ 13

3 Definition of the intervention................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Overall objectives and project purpose ............................................................................ 15 3.2 Results and activities........................................................................................................ 16

4 Assumptions and risks ........................................................................................................... 20 Long-term sustainability of the technical support and capacity building activities ................. 20

5 Compatibility and sustainability .............................................................................................. 21 5.1 Compatibility with the strategic goals for Finnish development co-operation .................. 21 5.2 Policy environment ........................................................................................................... 22 5.3 Economic and financial feasibility..................................................................................... 22 5.4 Institutional capacity ......................................................................................................... 22 5.5 Participation and ownership ............................................................................................. 22 5.6 Technology ....................................................................................................................... 22 5.7 Socio-cultural aspects ...................................................................................................... 22 5.8 Gender.............................................................................................................................. 23 5.9 Environment...................................................................................................................... 23

6 Implementation....................................................................................................................... 24 6.1 Approach .......................................................................................................................... 24

Equipment .............................................................................................................................. 24 Operational inputs .................................................................................................................. 24

6.2 Organization ..................................................................................................................... 25 6.3 Tentative timetable ........................................................................................................... 25 6.4 Budget .............................................................................................................................. 25

7 Monitoring............................................................................................................................... 26 8 Evaluation............................................................................................................................... 26 Annex 1: Background studies........................................................................................................ 27 Annex 2: Objectives tree ............................................................................................................... 28 Annex 3: Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) – pan-African level .................................................... 29 Annex 4: Support letter from the Government of Mozambique..................................................... 33 Annex 5: Support letter from the Government of Tanzania........................................................... 34

3

Annex 6: Support letter from the Government of Zambia ............................................................. 35 Annex 7: Project’s organizational structure ................................................................................... 37 Annex 8: Project’s tentative timetable ........................................................................................... 38 Annex 9: Indicative project budget ................................................................................................ 39

Abbreviations CBO Community Based Organization CC Climate Change FNDP Fifth National Development Plan IUCN The World Conservation Union (International Union for Conservation of Nature

and Natural Resources) NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action NGO Non Governmental Organization MoFA Ministry for Foreign Affairs TCCIA Tanzania Chamber of Commerce Industry & Agriculture TCI Tanzania Confederation of Industries

4

1 Summary

1.1 Background (project origin) This full-size project proposal has been developed as a result of a number of discussions and preliminary work with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MoFA) of Finland staff members. First, a concept paper “Climate Change and Development” was submitted to MoFA, Unit for International Environmental Policy, on September 2006. The development goal of the concept paper was to “ensure that national policies in project’s target countries and Finland’s development interventions reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to climate variability and climate change, consistent with Government of Finland’s Development Policy, Bonn Commitments, and IUCN’s 2005-2008 and 2009-2012 programmes”. The concept paper was seen as a practical step towards broader partnership agreement between Finland and IUCN. Based on discussions between IUCN and the MoFA staff, it was decided to start project intervention in one country, Zambia, and to start with a maximum one-year long pilot phase with a budget of 100.000 EUR. Results of the pilot phase would then help MoFA in taking decision on whether to expand the project to cover at least one additional country in Africa. The pilot phase would also allow for identification of the second (and potentially third) target country in Africa and development of a full-size project proposal in collaboration with stakeholders in these countries. The pilot phase was implemented between January-September 2007 in collaboration with the IUCN Regional Offices for Southern Africa (ROSA) and Eastern Africa (EARO) and the Forest Conservation Programme (FCP). The pilot phase in Zambia included a number of consultations on various climate change relates issues in the country, community-based climate change risk assessments in seven field sites, stakeholder consultations (informal meetings and a stakeholder workshop), and information dissemination (meeting with parliamentarians). During the implementation of the pilot phase, two additional countries: Tanzania and Mozambique were identified as additional countries to be included in the full-size project proposal. Background studies on the current status of climate change and stakeholder consultations were conducted as part of the pilot phase. Governmental representatives from both countries also attended the stakeholder workshop in Zambia. The reasons for choosing these two countries were identified as following: 1. The countries provide an interesting comparison with Zambia with vegetation under different

governance arrangements; 2. There are other important projects on climate change and natural resources in Tanzania and

Mozambique that the project could add value into; 3. National institutions in Tanzania and Mozambique have interest to work on climate change

(for example, the Institute for Resource Assessment in Tanzania is preparing a training programme on natural resource management that includes climate change);

4. The Forest Department in Zambia has good contacts within Tanzania and Mozambique, which will facilitate exchanges of information;

5. IUCN has ongoing and pipeline activities in both Mozambique and Tanzania that the Climate Change and Development can add value on;

6. Effective climate change adaptation linking closely with forest and water resources is something quite new and therefore regional learning on technical responses should be promoted;

7. The three-country approach allows for optimizing funding. Challenges are big but resources are limited – regional learning on building provision for climate change adaptation at the policy level is therefore crucial.

5

1.2 Problems to be addressed - summary

The Climate Change report released on 2 February 2007 is the first report of the fourth assessment IPCC round of reporting. The report describes progress in understanding drivers of observed climate change and concludes, with very high confidence, that human influence has had a major role to play. This has resulted in average warmer air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global mean sea level. Weather patterns have changed with greater extremes of drought and precipitation. Drying has been observed in southern Africa, but there is considerable local variation in amounts of precipitation. These trends are set to continue. Even if greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized, human induced warming, and its climate effects, will continue for centuries1. Vulnerability to climate change is "the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes." Vulnerability is a function of: • The magnitude, character and rate of climate change; • The sensitivity of the system, i.e. the degree to which the system is adversely or beneficially

affected by climate-related stimuli • The adaptive capacity of the system, i.e. the system's ability to adjust to climate change, to

moderate or cope with the impacts, and to take advantages of the opportunities2. Some regions of the world are considered more vulnerable than others to climate change. Most less-developed countries, including Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia, are highly vulnerable because a large part of their economy is dependent on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and local natural resources, and their adaptive capacity is often limited by inadequate human, financial and natural resources, and by low institutional and technological capability3. Africa is considered to be among the most vulnerable regions of the world to climate change. According to the IPCC predictions4:

• By 2020, 75-250 million people in Africa will be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change

• Agricultural production, including access to food, is projected to be severely compromised by climate variability and change

• There is an expected decrease in area suitable for agriculture, length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along margins of semi-arid and arid areas

• In some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be deceased by up to 50% by 2020

• Local food supplies are projected to be negatively affected by decreased fisheries resources in large lakes due to increased water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing.

Community-level projects, mainly those dealing with ecosystem or natural resource management, can either improve adaptive capacity of communities or constrain it. However, a lack of climate change awareness and understanding amongst decision makers and development project planners, and a low capacity to assess and address vulnerability, hinders the inclusion of climate change adaptation in decision making, project development and national policies5. 1 Lovett, J. (2007). Climate Change and Development – Pilot Phase in Zambia. Report of Scoping Mission 22-28 January 2007. 2 IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fourth Assessment Report. 23 pp. 3 IPCC. 2001. Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Third Assessment Report. 17 pp. 4 IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fourth Assessment Report. 23 pp. 5 Riche, B., (2007). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Zambia. May 2007.

6

1.3 Summary of the Intervention This project aims to ensure that Climate Change related policies and strategies lead to adaptation activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems. This will be done by providing the knowledge, tools, and capacity required to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to climate variability and change at the local and national levels. For more details, please refer to chapter 3. Overall objective: Reduced vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity to climate

variability and change at local and national levels The long-term development goal of the project is to contribute to increased resilience to climate change and vulnerability in the project’s three target countries. A number of other projects and programmes financed either by other donors or by the national governments are contributing towards the same goal and it is anticipated that the combined effort will bring in the expected long-term change. Project purpose: Climate Change (CC) related policies and strategies lead to adaptation

activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems

Local communities dependent on natural resources, such as forests and water resources, for their day-to-day living are the most vulnerable group to climate change and its effects. The purpose of this project is to improve the adaptive capacity of these beneficiaries by ensuring that the governance framework recognizes the importance of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associate farming systems. Result 1: CC related legal regulatory framework identified, supported with reliable

data and tools and influenced in order to provide enabling governance environment for adaptation

Result 2: Key stakeholders’ capacity for undertaking vulnerability assessments

and implementing adaptation activities improved Result 3: Technical support provided for implementing adaptation activities

following the ecosystem approach at selected local communities Result 4: Awareness of CC and efficient adaptation measures raised for

enforcement of policy-practice linkages Geographically, the project covers the following countries: Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. The financing period for the project implementation is three years. The grand total budget for the three-year period is 2 Million EUROs.

7

2 Present situation

2.1 Government and sectoral policies In Mozambique6 Existing and ongoing policy responses to climate change are guided by directives of the five year programme of the Government of Mozambique (GoM) 2005-2009 that has declared the fight against absolute poverty to be priority number one as articulated in its PARPA (“Plano de Acção para a Reducção da Pobreza Absoluta” equivalent to “Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme” - PRSP). The five year programme of the Government of Mozambique (GoM) 2005-2009 is also aligned with the country’s requirement to address the MDG’s as well as a requirements of the key Multilateral Environmental Agreements (e.g. CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD, etc.) that Mozambique is already a signatory. The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) team of Mozambique is a working group coordinated by the Ministry of Environment Affairs (MICOA) and brings together governmental and non-governmental institutions, private sector, etc. The main objective of the NAPA is to establish a platform where different institutions (governmental and non-governmental) can discuss issues related to climate change, vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation. As a result, the team wants to produce a NAPA, indicating what role institutions should play to mitigate and adapt to climate change and promote the adaptation strategies in Mozambique. The NAPA team has already produced the first National Communication which was presented at the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group II meeting in Brussels in 2007. The team also works on producing reports which clarify climate change related issues as well as list projects and activities carried out by the NAPA team members. The NAPA working group will be based at the Ministry of Environmental Affairs and will work based on recommendations of IPCC and the international conventions. The NAPA is meant to provide an operational framework for identifying key priority areas where efforts should be directed for the country’s effective response to climate change adaptation needs. The NAPA will be linked to the regional Southern Africa Climate Change Outlook Forum, which is convened annually by producers and users of climate forecast data. During the forum, forecasts from various national meteorological services and global centers are presented and discussed to generate a regional report on the seasonal forecast for the region and its implications for different scenarios in ecosystem management. For more information on the government and sectoral policies related to climate change in Mozambique, please refer to the report by the IUCN Mozambique country office (2007) available upon request from virpi.stucki@iucn.org or marta.monjane@iucn.org. In Tanzania7 In 1997, Tanzania came up with a National Environmental Policy (NEP) to provide guidance on environmental management agenda in the country. The policy document identifies environmental legislation and international cooperation as among the policy instruments to address environmental management issues in Tanzania. The policy also clarifies the institutional framework for environmental management, including climate change issues. To implement the NEP, the government enacted the Environmental Management Act 2004 (EMA, 2004) which explicitly provides for the institutional framework and decision making mechanism for environmental management and climate change in Tanzania. The Minister responsible for 6 IUCN Mozambique country office (2007). Situation Analysis and Stakeholder Consultation in Mozambique. July 2007. 7 Muyungi, R.S., Mgerengeza, F., Ndaki, P.M. (2007) Situation analysis and stakeholder consultation in Tanzania. Division of Environment, June 2007.

8

Environment is vested with various powers in all matters of environmental management, including climate change and its impacts. For example, Section 75 of the EMA, 2004 clearly articulates the powers of the Minister Responsible for Environment on climate change issues such as taking measures to address climate change and its impacts, including adaptation measures; issuance of guidelines to ministries and any other organization to address climate change and its impacts; requiring ministries and departments to put in place strategies and action plans to deal with climate change, including incorporation of climate change issues in school curricula; review and approve any measures undertaken to address climate change by any institution, whether national, local or international; and project national positions at global climate change in the context of UNFCCC and related protocols. The EMA 2004 establishes a multi-sectoral National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) to play an advisory role in all matters related to environmental management, which include any measures on issues of climate change and its impacts. The NEAC is composed of fifteen directors from various sector ministries, two commissioners from Minerals and Lands, representatives of the Attorney General, Higher learning institutions, Private sector, Civil society organizations and the Chief Government Chemist. NEAC is under the chairmanship of the Permanent Secretary-Vice President’s Office. This Committee has a legal mandate of advising the Minister Responsible for Environment or any other sector ministry on any matter related to environment. Apart from the NEAC, there is also the Environmental Working Group that constitutes members from various sector ministries, the NGOs, higher learning institutions, donor agencies and development partners as well as research institutions. The role of the EWG is both advisory and guidance to the Vice President’s Office. In Zambia8 The Fifth National Development Programme (FNDP) of Zambia has been formulated as a first step in the implementation of the Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 reflects the collective understanding, aspirations and determination of the Zambian people to be a ‘prosperous middle-income country’. The FNDP goal is to contribute to wealth creation through sustained economic growth and poverty reduction. The FNDP presents the country’s macro-economic and social policies and sector plans to be implemented in the next five years. The FNDP contains specific policies, programs and projects, predominantly targeted towards wealth creation and poverty reduction. These policies, programmes are projects are further expected to contribute to the advancement of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and the National Long Term Vision 2030. The FNDP has proposed the need to strengthen management systems for sustainable utilization of natural resources through the improvement of coordination, administration, institutional development and capacity building. It has also proposed the strengthening of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Other legislation and policy initiatives indirectly addressing climate change in Zambia include the Disaster Management Action Plan, 2002; the National Disaster Management Policy, 2005; the Zambia Development Agency Act, 2006; and the Draft National Policy on Environment (NPE), among others. For more details on Zambian policy and regulatory framework addressing climate change, please refer to Jere 2007.

2.2 Background studies This project document is based on a pilot phase project carried out between January-September 2007. During the pilot phase, a number of background studies were developed mostly by national consultants. In addition to this, stakeholder consultations in the three countries were conducted between February-July 2007. A detailed list of background documents produced during the pilot phase and used for drafting this project proposal can be found in Annex 1. The documents are available in an electronic form upon request from excellent.hachileka@iucn.org or 8 Jere, P. (2007). The existing legal framework and gaps on climate change issues including vulnerability and adaptation. June 2007.

9

virpi.stucki@iucn.org.

2.3 Problems to be addressed

At the pan-African level According to OECD, in 2005 DAC members’ net official development assistance totaled to 107 billion USD. Out of that, Finland’s share was 0.9 billion USD9. At the same time, similar amounts of money are used for development through multilateral agencies, NGOs and other agencies. The money spent by aid countries is most often targeted for activities that ultimately aim on poverty reduction and therefore, have long-term development objectives. Yet, climate change and variability are likely to make the poverty reduction goals more difficult to achieve unless recipient countries are assisted to be more response-capable and development interventions from local to the national level are designed in a way that helps reducing vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to climate variability and climate change. This means that the possibility for a change in climatic conditions must be taken into account in any intervention, and ways to adapt to those potential new conditions must be identified. This assessment of climate risks may result in the identification of counterproductive development interventions, necessitating some redesign and reprogramming of development assistance investments. The livelihoods of the majority of poor people are reliant upon assets derived from natural resources which are affected by current climate variability and extreme weather events, such as drought and floods. Agriculture and natural resources are important drivers of growth in many developing countries, therefore changes in these common property resources will have a direct effect on poor peoples’ livelihoods and consequently on poverty. The situation is illustrated in the figure below, which was drafted based on local community consultations conducted during the pilot phase project in Zambia. Local people are already noticing changes in the climate and predicting what the future situation might look like.

9 OECD, 2006. Statistical Annex of the 2006 Development Co-operation Report

10

The key problem that the project wants to address is that climate change and climate variability is currently not sufficiently taken into account in natural resources management and poverty reduction related development interventions and national policies. This might lead to a situation where policies and development interventions might be undermined by climate change. In Mozambique10 Mozambique is particularly vulnerable to climate change, due to its geographic location. A number of factors exacerbate the country’s vulnerability to climate variability and change, such as a long coastline, large areas below mean sea level, high level of absolute poverty, progressing aridity and recurrent droughts, as well as high dependency on natural resources and rainfed agriculture. Data from the 2002 World Disasters Report indicate that more than eight million Mozambicans were affected by climate-related natural disasters in both the 1980s and 1990s. According to a global disaster database, Mozambique has suffered from 53 natural disasters in the past 45 years – an average of 1.17 disasters per year. Such large-scale disasters or emergencies are clearly identifiable by their significant human, agricultural, infrastructural or economic impacts. However, they may understate the true development impact of disaster losses in Mozambique, by excluding the effects of highly localized small and medium-size events. Natural disasters are a risk factor, which affects the pace of economic growth and destroys assets of the poorest segments of the population in affected areas, reducing them to a state of dependency, at least temporarily, on donations. In effect, natural disasters seriously affect the living conditions of affected populations and constitute an obstacle to a definitive break with certain degrees and patterns of poverty. Based on the above challenges, the preliminary stakeholder consultations in Mozambique revealed the following areas as requiring intervention: development of tools to assess CC vulnerability, development and testing of adaptation models for dray land regions, capacity building of local communities, and linking decision making and the legal CC framework with CC adaptation on the ground. The exact intervention topics and areas will be validated during the first three months of the full-size project implementation. In Tanzania11 In Tanzania, the impacts of global warming are already vivid. Measurements from 21 meteorological stations have shown a steady increase in temperature for the past 30 years. Because of this temperature increase/ global warming, adverse impacts are now felt almost in all sectors of the economy. Severe and recurrent droughts in the past few years have triggered the recent devastating power crisis. The drop in water levels of Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Manyara and Lake Jipe in recent years, and the dramatic recession of 7km of Lake Rukwa in about 50 years, are stated to be manifestations of climate change. Eighty per cent of the glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro has been lost since 1912. It is projected that the entire glacier will be gone

10 IUCN Mozambique country office (2007). Situation Analysis and Stakeholder Consultation in Mozambique. July 2007. 11 Muyungi, R.S., Mgerengeza, F., Ndaki, P.M. (2007) Situation analysis and stakeholder consultation in Tanzania. Division of Environment, June 2007.

11

by 2025. The intrusion of sea water into fresh water wells along the coast of Bagamoyo and the inundation of Maziwe Island in Pangani is yet another evidence of the sea level rise. These impacts have affected local communities and economic development. It was initially projected that Tanzania’s GDP would grow by 7% in 2006. Recent estimates show that the growth will be below 6%. This drop is attributed to severe drought that affected most parts of the country triggering food shortage and a power crisis. Recent surveys indicate that malaria (a climate-related disease) prevalence has been reported in areas where it was not commonly found. Climate change may thus undermine national efforts to attain the Millennium Development Goals thus placing poverty reduction efforts in jeopardy. The problems that were identified to be addressed by this project during the initial stakeholder

consultations in Tanzania include finding solutions to water scarcity and food insecurity (crop failure) and restoration of coastal springs. Facilitation will be done to communities at village and district levels to develop adaptation measures which are effective within their areas. Linkage to other national initiatives and at different sectors such as agriculture, health and energy will be made to ensure complementarities. The exact intervention topics and areas will be validated during the first three months of the full-size project implementation. In Zambia12 Zambia as a country is endowed with abundant natural resources. However, it is one of the least developed countries. Zambia has to come out of its current poverty-stricken state and is indeed taking steps towards achieving a middle-income status for its people. However, in its quest for prosperity, progress is being hampered by, among other factors, the incessant occurrence of droughts and floods. The low productivity of agriculture is to a significant degree attributed to cyclic and consecutive occurrences of droughts and floods in Zambia. Historically, Zambia has been ravaged by droughts and floods but in recent decades the frequency and severity of these climatic hazards have increased. In the last seven years of this decade, Zambia has had to endure droughts in the rainy seasons of 2000/01, 2001/02 and 2004/05 while floods have occurred in 2005/06 and 2006/07. The impacts of these droughts/floods have included widespread crop failure/loss, outbreaks of human and animal diseases, dislocation of human populations, and destruction of property and infrastructure. In 2004/05 and 2006/07, the affected population sizes were 1,232,661 and 1,443,583 persons, respectively. Additionally, shifts have been observed in the onset and withdrawal of the single rainy season, resulting in decreased length of the agricultural growing season. The following areas were identified during stakeholder consultations as requiring project intervention in Zambia: improving the climate-resilience and profitability of agriculture by reducing the vulnerability of ecosystems and communities to climate

12 Kasali (2007). Historical overview of climate change activities in Zambia. May 2007.

12

variability/change; introducing robust and preferably integrated adaptation measures for climate risk reduction in the environmental sectors of forestry, wildlife, fisheries, water, and livestock/human health; build on ongoing adaptation activities to accelerate progress; and create awareness of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) process.

2.4 Stakeholders and beneficiaries At the pan-African level The project’s stakeholders, i.e. groups of people, organizations and institutions that have a direct or indirect interest or role in the project include the Governments of Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia and different ministries and agencies that deal with not only climate change, but also on natural resources management in general. Stakeholders in all the countries will benefit from each other’s experiences on linking field-based learning to national policy dialogues on climate change adaptation and therefore regional lessons-learning will be emphasized throughout the project. The beneficiaries, i.e. a limited group among the stakeholders who will directly or indirectly benefit from the project, at the pan-African level include decision makers and climate change negotiators who will be targeted by some of the capacity building activities, and local communities, which will benefit from technical support and capacity building on implementing climate change adaptation on the ground. In Mozambique During the preliminary stakeholder consultations, the following organizations were identified as potential project stakeholders in Mozambique. These are organized under six basic clusters. 1. National Level Government Sectors/Agencies

• National Institute for Meteorology – due to their technical mandate on climate monitoring and major holder of national climate database and modeling tools.

• Ministry of Agriculture, including the National Directorate for Agrarian Services – could be the major entry point for the entire agricultural sector and could lead in promoting required linkages with other departments in whatever might be required to generate adequate farming systems in response to climate change related dynamics. It would also be required to highlight the role of the Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition and FewsNet in what is related to the direct linkages between climate change and livelihoods.

• National Directorate of Water – being the umbrella agency for the management of freshwater resources they can provide a lead role in the engagement with existing Catchment’s Management Authorities country wide and in line with specific sites of the project intervention.

• National Directorate for Environment Management – under the ministry for the environment they are the lead national agency coordinating the National Action Plan for Adaptation and focal point for Kyoto Protocol overseeing all the UN climate related conventions.

• National Institute for Disaster Management – due to its role on disaster preparedness and active coordination role in disaster prevention and mitigation.

2. Provincial/District Level Government sector/agencies • At this level special attention should be paid to District Authorities given that there is a

new policy decision to consider the District and the key centre for socio-economic planning and decision making.

3. National NGO’s and CBO’s • Community Development Foundation – is a very well established nationally based NGO

with solid organizational and technical operating capacity. It has the ability to lead other not well yet established nationally based NGOs

13

• Rural Organisation for Mutual Assistance – is a well established national NGO operating at grass roots level in rural areas in almost all provinces of the country. Its major comparative experience is on land tenure issues with particular emphasis on community rights.

• Mozambique Red Cross – being also well established in institutional and operational terms it is very instrumental in rescue/relief operations and it can play an important role in developing and absorbing/implementing proactive approaches to climate change response mechanisms.

• National Union of Peasants (NUAC) • At this level, we should also be cognizant of existing community based organizations or

associations such as; agriculture/farmers associations; women associations; village assemblies at the cal level and with different levels of organizational strengths but very instrumental in driving local dynamics. The role of traditional chiefs is also an aspect to be taken into account.

4. International NGO’s • Word Vision – is a well established international NGO active at grass roots level with

particular technical comparative advantage in agricultural development in the context of overall rural development.

5. Funding Agencies • UNDP – being the main lead UN agency, can take the lead in bringing and coordinating

any other UN agencies as required by the project. Special reference is made to the World Food Programme (WFP) that is currently very active in the field of relief operations in the cases of floods and droughts and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in the provision of technical assistance for the agricultural sector.

• The World Bank – is strategic in the design and operatialisation of the Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) Programmes.

• Proagri Donors – they provide agricultural sector budget support. 6. Bilateral Donors

• DFID – climate change is included in the priority list of its country assistance strategy. • SIDA – has a special programmatic focus on supporting the water sector through the

concept of strengthening river basin management commissions of Catchments Management Authorities.

The final stakeholders and group of beneficiaries will be identified during the first month of the project implementation. In Tanzania The project focus on climate change and development includes a wide range of potential stakeholders. During initial consultation which was done jointly with the Division of Environment - Vice Presidents Office, the following stakeholders were proposed to be involved in the project:: 1. Relevant sector ministries such as Agriculture, Water, Energy, Health, Forestry, etc. 2. Local Government Authorities 3. Academic and Research institutions particularly the University of Dar es Salaam (University

College of Lands and Architectural Studies, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Institute of Resource Assessment) and Sokoine University of Agriculture

4. Private sector, including Tanzania Chamber of Commerce Industry & Agriculture (TCCIA) and Tanzania Confederation of Industries (TCI)

5. Local Non-Governmental Organisations/Community Based Organisations The final stakeholders and project beneficiaries will be identified during the first month of the project implementation. In Zambia During the stakeholder consultations and other pilot phase related activities, the following were

14

identified as potential project stakeholders in Zambia: 1. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources – Forest Department, Environment

and Natural Resources Management Department 2. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives - Technical Services Division 3. Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) 4. Meteorology Department 5. Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) 6. Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation 7. Zambia National Farmers’ Union 8. Environmental Conservation Association of Zambia 9. Timber Association of Zambia 10. Bee-Keepers Associations 11. Charcoal Association of Zambia 12. Local communities that are the most vulnerable to climate change (especially in Southern,

Eastern and Western Provinces)

15

3 Definition of the intervention

3.1 Overall objectives and project purpose The project’s overall objective, project purpose, results and activities at the pan-African level were formulated at the stakeholder workshop that was held in Lusaka in July 2007. For the objectives tree, please refer to Annex 2. Overall objective: Reduced vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity to climate

variability and change at local and national levels According to OECD13, environment-based wealth accounts for around 25% of the total wealth in low-income countries compared to less than 4% in OECD countries. For example, over 1 billion people are stated to draw their living from forest-based assets. OECD estimated that 15 of 24 essential services provided by ecosystems (ranging from food production to water quality and availability), are already being eroded. The impacts of CC will pose most danger in places where there is poverty and where people’s livelihoods depend on the direct use of natural resources, such as land, rivers, forests and marine ecosystems. These are also often the places with low adaptive capacity. Countries relying heavily on natural resources will be hit hard by increased flooding or droughts and the related lower productivity in agriculture or fisheries. For example, 79% of the workforce in Tanzania and 66% in Vietnam work in agriculture whereas the corresponding figures are 5% in Finland and 2% in the USA14. Countries relying on agricultural production will be the most vulnerable towards changes in climatic conditions, which have a direct effect on productivity and therefore on national economies and local livelihoods. Climate Change is therefore stated to provide “an additional threat that adds to, interacts with, and can reinforce existing risks, placing additional strains on the livelihoods and coping strategies of the poor and therefore challenges the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals15”. Vulnerability to climate change is "the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes”. Africa is considered to be among the most vulnerable regions of the world to climate change. According to the IPCC predictions16: • By 2020, 75-250 million people in Africa will be exposed to increased water stress due to

climate change; • Agricultural production, including access to food, is projected to be severely compromised by

climate variability and change; • There is an expected decrease in area suitable for agriculture, length of growing seasons and

yield potential, particularly along margins of semi-arid and arid areas; • In some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be deceased by up to 50% by 2020 • Local food supplies are projected to be negatively affected by decreased fisheries resources

in large lakes due to increased water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing.

Most less-developed countries, including Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, are highly

13 OECD, 2005. Exact source? 14 FAO, 2005. Compendium of food and agriculture indicators – 2005. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium_2005/list.asp 15 World Bank, 2003. Poverty and Climate Change. Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation 16 IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fourth Assessment Report. 23 pp.

16

vulnerable because a large part of their economy is dependent on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and local natural resources, and their adaptive capacity is often limited by inadequate human and financial resources, and by low institutional and technological capability17. In contrast to mitigation, which requires globally coordinated action, adaptation to climate change must be rooted locally. The challenge is to ensure that global and national level decisions are made in a way that reflects the needs and priorities of people at the local level. This relates not only to CC related policies and action programmes, such as National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), but also to other major strategies, such as the Poverty Reduction Strategy Programmes (PRSPs) that currently are prepared at a national level and often follow a centralized development process. The long-term development goal of the project is to contribute to increased resilience to climate change and vulnerability in the project’s three target countries. A number of other projects and programmes financed either by other donors or by the national governments are contributing towards the same goal and it is anticipated that the combined effort will bring in the expected long-term change. Project purpose: Climate Change (CC) related policies and strategies lead to

adaptation activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems

Promoting CC adaptation is often considered to be the luxury of the “green movement” of the political North. Adaptation projects are not always supported by the national governments since the linkages between CC adaptation and development priorities are often not made explicit. At the community level, projects may fail due to the lack of short-term immediate tangible benefits that the long-term adaptation activities can provide, if well-designed. Local communities dependent on natural resources, such as forests and water resources, for their day-to-day living are the most vulnerable group to climate change and its effects. The purpose of this project is to improve the adaptive capacity of these beneficiaries by ensuring that the governance framework recognizes the importance of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems.

3.2 Results and activities The stakeholder workshop identified a set of pan-African level results and activities that the project should concentrate on. Since the three participating countries are in different phases regarding climate change adaptation and have therefore specific national needs in terms of the project implementation, country-specific results and activities have been identified for each of these countries. For more details on the overall objective, purpose, results, activities and corresponding indicators at the pan-African level, please refer to the Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) in Annex 3. The Logical Framework Matrixes for Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia are currently being developed by the IUCN country teams and will be incorporated into the pan-African LFM later on. The following four results and activities were drafted during the stakeholder workshop: Result 1: CC related legal regulatory framework identified, supported with

reliable data and tools and influenced in order to provide enabling governance environment for adaptation

17 IPCC. 2001. Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Third Assessment Report. 17 pp.

17

The following activities are foreseen: Activity 1.1: CC related governance/decision making system identified and

understood by all relevant stakeholders According to DfID18, the fact that the poor people are unable to cope with the current climate variation in many parts of the world is often ignored in poverty assessments or national development planning. Yet, without enabling governance systems, institutional settings and laws and policies, the possibilities of the poor to adapt to CC are very little. A system that enables adaptation activities at the lowest appropriate level should be in place. That system should include a mechanism for expressing what is needed for adaptation at the local level as well as providing the necessary tools to fulfill these needs - be it information, technical skills, or supporting policy environment etc. from the national level. Activity 1.2: CC related policies, regulations and other legal frameworks include

enabling framework for CC adaptation At the national level, one of the obstacles to change the current situation is the lack of understanding on where CC related decisions are made, and who are the key persons to influence in order to better mainstream CC adaptation into development and poverty reduction strategies. Assessment of the roles and responsibilities relating to CC adaptation activities at all levels (national, district, local) and across sectors is therefore an important first step. This includes identifying cross-sectoral links to existing development priorities and activities, including National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), National Communications on vulnerability and impacts submitted to the UNFCCC and other policy and field-based assessments. While it is important to address the uncertainty that CC brings to resources planning and management, most of the recommendations developed have not dealt with the legal aspects in detail, and have tended to focus on the technical and non-binding policy solutions to the problem. The purpose of this activity is to ensure that CC related legal framework is “CC adaptation-friendly”. Activity 1.3: Data/evidence on CC (including risks and vulnerability) collected,

collated, updated and disseminated among relevant stakeholders on a regular basis

The data provided by global climate change models is often commented not to be specific enough to undertake CC adaptation related actions. There is a lack of historical data series in various parts of the world, especially Africa and Latin America. At the same time a great number of traditional weather related knowledge exists and communities are using various traditional weather forecasting methods to predict short-term changes in the weather. It would be important to combine the existing traditional and global climate change information and combine it with other environmental (such as hydrological and forest related) and socioeconomic data in order to understand people’s vulnerabilities to climate change at a site level. National and regional vulnerability models that are currently being developed should be used as appropriate. Activity 1.4: Tools to assess vulnerability and undertake adaptation at different levels

(site, landscape, national) refined to specific contexts and needs Climate change vulnerability is defined as “the extent to which climate change may damage or harm a system; it is a function of both sensitivity to climate and the ability to adapt to new conditions”19. Vulnerability varies in time and place but it is widely agreed that the poorest people are the most vulnerable to climate change related changes since they have the least means to

18 DfID (2004). Responding to the risks of climate change: Are different approaches to poverty eradication necessary? Key Sheets on Climate Change. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/climatechange/5risks.pdf 19 IPCC (1997). The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability

18

cope with climatic stress and are the most reliant on natural resources for their livelihoods. Understanding of how local livelihoods are conducted and sustained is a key step in assessing vulnerability. Further, understanding the dynamics of these livelihoods is a key component in comprehending the effects of climate change on them and the type of adaptation interventions or strategies which will be the most useful. IUCN together with the International Institute for Sustainable Development, the Stockholm Environmental Institute and Intercooperation have been developing a practical tool to facilitate risk reduction and adaptation. The partners developed and field-tested a project management tool called CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation & Livelihoods), which enables project planners and managers to (i) assess an intervention’s impact on local capacity to cope with climate stress and (ii) think about how to adjust project activities so that at the very least they don’t undermine local coping capacity and, where possible, they further enhance coping capacity. During the testing phase of CRiSTAL, the need for a tool that could be used to assess vulnerability not only at the project level but at a broader landscape level and which would take into account the policy settings was identified. This result aims at filling that gap in the current CRiSTAL tool. Result 2: Key stakeholders’ capacity for undertaking vulnerability

assessments and implementing adaptation activities improved The following activities are foreseen: Activity 2.1: Capacity building needs assessments for stakeholders at local, sub-

national and national levels conducted A clear need for building capacity on vulnerability assessments and implementing CC adaptation was expressed during the project pilot phase by the various stakeholders ranging from governmental officials, local communities, research institutions, and project managers. The first step in any capacity building exercise is to identify the exact needs and baseline situation of the group to be targeted by such activity. Activity 2.2: Stakeholders capacities to meet the challenges of CC vulnerability and

adaptation increased Based on the capacity building needs assessment, capacity building activities (such as training, sending people to workshops, information dissemination), for different stakeholder groups will be designed and implemented. Result 3: Technical support provided for implementing adaptation activities

following the ecosystem approach at selected local communities The following activities are foreseen: Activity 3.1: Project stakeholders supported to assess CC vulnerability and undertake

adaptation activities following the ecosystem approach at the landscape/watershed level

This activity is directly linked with Activity 1.4 during which existing tools will be refine to meet specific local and/or national contexts. Selected stakeholders will be guided in the field to apply vulnerability assessment and ecosystem approach tools/methodologies as a way towards improving the resilience of the natural systems important for local livelihoods. Activity 3.2: Project stakeholders’ supported to negotiate landscape/watershed level

outcomes for CC adaptation

19

CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation & Livelihoods) can be used as a tool to assess vulnerabilities towards CC and therefore give indication of what type of adaptation activities should be undertaken. Final decision on the adaptation activities should be based on a negotiation process among the people actually doing the work and benefiting from it. This result will provide support to local communities to negotiate landscape level outcomes for CC adaptation. That will include support in exploring possible future scenarios for the geographical areas in question and build understanding and a shared vision of desirable future landscapes. The process will provide a shared vision of “what success should look like” as well as identify and measure indicators to help assess progress in achieving the desired landscape. Result 4: Awareness of CC and efficient adaptation measures created for

enforcement of policy-practice linkages The following activities are foreseen: Activity 4.1: Co-benefits brought by adaptation related interventions for local

communities collected, collated and distributed among decision makers Adaptation activities aiming on forest landscape or watershed restoration have the potential to generate environmental and social co-benefits while contributing to carbon sequestration. Understanding that adaptation is not an investment that bears fruit only for the far future is essential in order to gain the necessary support and enabling conditions for local-level adaptation from the decision makers. This activity will identify what are the short-term tangible benefits that adaptation interventions can bring to local communities and distribute the findings among decision makers working on climate change. Activity 4.2: Existing legal CC adaptation framework “translated” into messages that

are appropriate and practical at the local level In all the three target countries some level of CC adaptation related legal framework is already in place. This includes a number of national plans, processes and regulations that either directly or indirectly can influence CC adaptation –related activities that are undertaken at by local communities. However, in many cases these plans and texts are not in a format that is directly useful for people that might be able to benefit from those. This activity will choose the key legal texts, programmes or components that influence CC adaptation at the local level, and “translate” these into a format that will be beneficial on the ground. Activity 4.3: Exchange visits between decision makers and local community members

conducted in order to learn about CC adaptation on the ground and at the policy level

It is often hard to make the linkages between policy and practice unless people understand each others’ working, living, cultural and traditional conditions. The gap between decision makers in the capitals and the local communities in the rural areas might in some cases be rather big. In order to bring the views of the local people closer to those of the decision makers and vice versa, exchange visits between these will be organized around specific CC related topics.

20

4 Assumptions and risks From the point of view of the experience obtained from similar projects involving multiple stakeholders in other parts of Africa some of the risks concerning sustainability of project results could be specially underlined. Time required to influence legal regulatory framework Although it has been recognized in many cases that the legal regulatory framework can be a major constraint for sustainable local-level natural resources management, changing and influencing existing laws, by-laws and other such governance mechanisms can require rather considerable amount of time. This project has a strong emphasis on policy-practice linkages and although IUCN has previous experience on enforcing that loop, concrete results or changes might only become evident after the end of this project.

Long-term sustainability of the technical support and capacity building activities As requested by the key stakeholders during the pilot phase implementation, this project has a strong emphasis on capacity building, training and awareness creation. It should be ensured that training will be provided to people that will stay within their current organizations, especially in the case of government employees. Training and capacity building at the local level should be targeted to those groups who have real interest in putting the new skills into practice and also to groups that might traditionally not implement adaptation related activities (such as women).

21

5 Compatibility and sustainability

5.1 Compatibility with the strategic goals for Finnish development co-operation

During the second part of the Sixth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Bonn in 2001, the Parties to the Conference reached an agreement on “Core elements for the implementation of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action”. Under the agreement on Funding under the Convention the developed country Parties agreed to provide new and additional funding in pursuance of their commitments under the convention for undertaking activities related to climate change. For this purpose, an increased replenishment of the GEF and the establishment of a Special Climate Change Fund were agreed upon. In addition to this, the developed country Parties also agreed to increase funding of climate change related activities through bilateral and multilateral channels. The Bonn Declaration covers all activities that enable developing countries to respond to climate change: mitigation/low carbon development, adaptation, capacity building and research. Countries that have approved the declaration have committed to provide USD 410 million annually from 2005 to 2008. Finland’s share of that is 6.4 million USD annually. This project will help demonstrate how Bonn Commitments can be used to reinforce and support the mainstream donor funding by enabling the target countries to mainstream climate vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the planning, execution and monitoring of poverty alleviation and development efforts. The project is also in compliance with Finland’s new development policy shaped by the Millennium Development Goals, by addressing the following principles: Table 1: Project’s linkages with Finland’s development focus Finland’s development focus20 Project’s response Corresponding project component

for more details “Sustainable management and protection of natural resources”

The project will aim at CC adaptation and a key component of that are ecosystems that are resilient toward climate variability and change.

Project as a whole

“Support to partner countries in implementing global environmental agreements and processes”

The project supports target countries in implementing their commitments under the UNFCCC.

Project as a whole

“Support for the creation of enabling political and economic operating environments for rural development; …”strengthening sustainable local livelihood strategies and supporting these aims by upgrading research, extension, training and services”

The project will explore CC related governance system, identify possible gaps for adaptation at the lowest appropriate level as well as assist putting in place enabling governance environment for adaptation activities. The project will support adaptation activities with immediate development benefits and provide the necessary training and information to ensure that these activities reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to climate variability and climate change in the long-term.

• Result 1 • Results 2 and 3

“Forestry as a part of rural livelihoods and a means of reducing poverty”

The project will explore linkages between CC forests and water and aim on short-term tangible co-benefits that can be derived from forests (as well as from other natural resources)

• Result 3

20 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (2004). Development Policy. Government Resolution 5.2.2004

22

as a way towards long-term adaptation.

Finland’s eight long-term partner countries are Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Nepal out of which, this project will concentrate on three of them: Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. The project will support Finland’s ongoing bilateral projects in these countries as appropriate and therefore create synergies between Finland’s multi- and bilateral development interventions.

5.2 Policy environment All of the three participating countries are in the process of developing their National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA), which will identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs with regard to adaptation to climate change. The NAPA takes into account existing coping strategies at the grassroots level, and builds upon that to identify priority activities, rather than focusing on scenario-based modeling to assess future vulnerability and long-term policy at state level. In the NAPA process, prominence is given to community-level input as an important source of information, recognizing that grassroots communities are the main stakeholders21. This project will support the ongoing NAPA processes in the three countries.

5.3 Economic and financial feasibility Lack of funds has been stated as one of the main constraints in implementing NAPAs in the three countries. Since this project will build on the ongoing NAPA processes and other national priorities, it will contribute towards economic and financial feasibility of the participating countries for what comes to climate change adaptation.

5.4 Institutional capacity Capacity building was stated to be one of the major areas needing support during the pilot phase and therefore will play a major role during the project implementation.

5.5 Participation and ownership All the consulted potential stakeholders of the project are extremely interested in the proposed approach and topic for the project. Since Climate Change is high in the agenda of all the participating countries, participation and ownership should not pose problems. Letters of support from the three countries are presented in Annexes 4-6.

5.6 Technology The proposed approaches to be used (tools, ecosystem approach) will be tailored to meet the needs of the local conditions and specific stakeholders.

5.7 Socio-cultural aspects The project identification has been done in close collaboration with the national stakeholders. Especially in the case of Zambia this includes consultations with the local communities, including women’s groups. In Tanzania and Mozambique similar consultations will be carried out in the early phases of the project implementation in order to ensure that the requests of the more vulnerable people will be sufficiently taken into account. The commitments of the national governments to the project have been ensured throughout the project preparation phase. The local people’s commitment can be improved during the early phases of the project implementation by making sure that the adaptation activities to be undertaken will meet some of the immediate development needs on the ground.

21 http://unfccc.int/national_reports/napa/items/2719.php

23

5.8 Gender Since the majority of the world’s poor are female, they will also bear the biggest burden of the negative consequences of climate change. This might be due to the increased burden of conducting daily tasks that are typically women’s responsibility, such as fetching water or collecting fuel and fodder from longer distances or because women are often responsible for their families when male migrate to cities due to resource shortages. It is therefore possible to promote gender equity through the project. Women can be encouraged to participate in the training and capacity building to be provided by the project and they can be given priority when selecting participants. The technical support on adaptation can also be targeted specially to meet the needs of women.

5.9 Environment The proposed project aims to increase people’s resilience towards climate change by providing enabling policy framework and technical tools to restore and maintain healthy ecosystems. Thus the project will have positive impacts on the environment.

24

6 Implementation

6.1 Approach Geographically the project covers the following countries: Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. The financing period for the project implementation is three years. The project will organise itself during the first trimestre of the first year finalising institutional setting and responsibilities. During the first trimestre a detailed work plan for the first year will be constructed with a detailed budget for each of the three countries and the global coordinating component. Also, the project staff will be recruited during that time, the job descriptions finalized, the project implementation structures set up and equipment purchased. The key stakeholders in the project countries will also be visited during the first trimestre. The work plans are to be developed annually with detailed budgets. Job descriptions are subject to change during the project implementation.

Equipment Standard office equipment like computers, printer, phone(s) are needed for the project staff. It is possible that one project vehicle will be needed.

Operational inputs The operational inputs are mainly composed of: • Support staff services; • Technical staff services (including consultancies); • Transport services; • Communication services;

25

• Maintenance of office equipment; • Production and dissemination of reports; • Implementation of field activities; • Seminars, workshops and courses.

6.2 Organization The project will be managed by IUCN. Each country will have a national project coordinator. This person would ideally be a citizen of the country in question and be preferably a young expert who could use the experience brought by the project in follow-up activities in the country. Project implementation in the field will be done by IUCN’s members, partners and commission members to ensure that the long-term partnership goal will be achieved. The national project coordinators will ensure the overall project coherence between the target countries’ national priorities, and prepare reports, budgets as well as overtake other project management related issues. IUCN shall identify a Finnish specialist/junior expert to work for the project either at the IUCN Regional Offices for Eastern and Southern Africa or in one of the participating IUCN country offices. The Finnish specialist will be a member of IUCN project team. The specialist will also function as a link between the Project and potential Finnish resource base and potential follow-up activities with Finnish partners. The project will establish national Supervisory Boards (SB), with participation of the key stakeholder representatives, IUCN project personnel, and the Embassies of Finland in the three countries. The changes in the project document are to be decided by the Supervisory Board, which also approves the annual work plans and budget. The Project Coordinator reports to the SBs. For each of the results, IUCN (the Forest Conservation Programme and regional and country offices) will be responsible for the scientific backstopping and quality control for the implementation and technical assistance of the project. For more details of the project organization, please refer to Annex 7.

6.3 Tentative timetable The tentative timetable is presented in Annex 8.

6.4 Budget The Cost Estimate and Financial Plan for the project is presented in the Budget sheets in Annex 9. The grand total of the budget for the three-year period and the three countries is 2 Million EUR.

26

7 Monitoring The progress effectiveness, efficiency, impacts and sustainability of the project will be planned and monitored by the Project Coordinator through regular planning and reporting system which will include the following reports: • Annual work plans and budgets; • Annual monitoring reports; • Financial and progress reports as requested by the MoFA. The above plans and reports shall meet the requirements of the latest version of the Guidelines for Programme Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.

8 Evaluation The evaluation procedure follows the approach presented in the latest version of the Guidelines for Programme Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.

27

Annex 1: Background studies In Mozambique • IUCN Mozambique country office (2007). Situation Analysis and Stakeholder Consultation in

Mozambique. July 2007. In Tanzania • Muyungi, R.S., Mgerengeza, F., Ndaki, P.M. (2007) Situation analysis and stakeholder

consultation in Tanzania. Division of Environment, June 2007. In Zambia • Centre for Energy, Environment and Engineering of Zambia (CEEEZ), (2007). Weather

Forecasting for Selected Areas in Zambia. May 2007. • Chidumayo, (2007). Ecological Effects of Climate Change on Miombo Woodlands in Zambia.

June 2007. • Hachileka E., (2007). Stakeholder Consultation Report. June 2007. • Hammill, A. (2007). CRiSTAL Application in Mufulira District, Zambia. International Institute

for Sustainable Development, March, 2007. • Jere, P. (2007). The existing legal framework and gaps on climate change issues including

vulnerability and adaptation. June 2007. • Kasali G., (2007). Historical overview of climate change activities in Zambia. May 2007. • Lovett, J. (2007). Climate Change and Development – Pilot Phase in Zambia. Report of

Scoping Mission 22-28 January 2007. • Mungomba, M.L., Sampa, K.J., Belcomm Zambia Ltd (2007). IUCN Stakeholder workshop

report. Held at Holiday Inn Hotel, Lusaka-Zambia, 4th-7th July, 2007. • Riche, B., (2007). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in Zambia. May 2007.

28

Annex 2: Objectives tree

3. Technical support provided

for implementing adaptation activities

following the ecosystem approach

at selected local communities

4. Awareness of CC and efficient adaptation

measures created for enforcement of policy-

practice linkages

1.3 Data/evidence on CC (including

risks and vulnerability) collected, collated, updated and disseminated among relevant stakeholders on a

Climate Change (CC) related policies and strategies lead to adaptation activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems

Reduced vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity to climate variability and change at local and national levels

OOvveerraallll oobbjjeeccttiivvee

PPrroojjeecctt ppuurrppoossee

RReessuullttss 1. CC related legal regulatory framework

identified, supported with reliable data and tools

and influenced in order to provide enabling

governance environment for adaptation

1.1 CC related governance/decision making system identified and

understood by all relevant stakeholders

3.1 Project stakeholders supported to assess CC

vulnerability and undertake adaptation activities

following the ecosystem approach at the

landscape/watershed level1.2 CC related policies, regulations and other legal frameworks include enabling

framework for CC adaptation

1.4 Tools to assess vulnerability and undertake adaptation at different levels

(site, landscape, national) refined to specific contexts and needs

AAccttiivviittiieess

3.2 Project stakeholders’ supported to negotiate

landscape/watershed level outcomes for CC adaptation

4.1 Co-benefits brought by adaptation related

interventions for local communities collected, collated and distributed among decision makers

4.3 Exchange visits between decision makers

and local community members conducted in order to learn about CC

adaptation on the ground and at the policy level

4.2 Existing legal CC adaptation framework

“translated” into messages that are appropriate and practical at the local level

2.Key stakeholders’ capacity for undertaking vulnerability

assessments and implementing

adaptation activities improved

2.1 Capacity building needs assessments for

stakeholders at local, sub-national and national

levels conducted

2.2 Stakeholders capacities to meet the

challenges of CC vulnerability and

adaptation increased

29

Annex 3: Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) – pan-African level (LFMs for MZ, TZ, ZM available upon request) Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators Sources of verification Assumptions Overall objective Reduced vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity to climate variability and change at local and national levels

Project purpose Climate Change (CC) related policies and strategies lead to adaptation activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods and associated farming systems

At least three national, sub-national or local policies/strategies highlight the role of forest and water resources in supporting people’s livelihoods. CC adaptation activities concentrating on forest-water linkages in place at least in three Project’s target communities.

Review of national/sub-national policies/strategies. Visits to target communities.

Sustained support to local communities by the Governments after the Project completion. Continued implementation of community-friendly national-level policies on CC adaptation after the Project completion.

Result 1: CC related legal regulatory framework identified, influenced, and supported with reliable data and tools in order to provide enabling governance environment for adaptation

Governance environment that does not restrict CC related adaptation activities.

Legal texts, interviews with decision makers, local communities, donors etc.

CC keeps playing major role in national agendas.

Activity 1.1 CC related governance/decision making system identified and understood by all relevant stakeholders

CC related governance/decision making system identified in Zambia, Mozambique and Tanzania. Relevant stakeholders in Zambia, Mozambique and Tanzania are familiar with the CC governance/decision making system in their countries.

Consultancy reports. Interviews with key stakeholders.

Governmental organizations and other bodies responsible for legal frameworks remain cooperative. Attendance to training events and other awareness raising activities is high.

30

Activity 1.2 CC related policies, regulations and other legal frameworks include enabling framework for CC adaptation

At least three national or sub-national laws, regulations, or by-laws reflect support for CC adaptation.

Review of legal/regulatory documents.

Legislative changes will be done quickly enough to prove evidence of that within the project duration.

Activity 1.3 Data/evidence on CC (including risks and vulnerability) collected, collated, updated and disseminated among relevant stakeholders on a regular basis

At least three national or sub-national laws, regulations, or by-laws are updated with reliable CC –related data.

Review of legal/regulatory documents.

Changes into national or sub-national documents will be made and accepted quickly enough to prove evidence of that within the project duration.

Activity 1.4 Tools to assess vulnerability and undertake adaptation at different levels (site, landscape, national) refined to specific contexts and needs

At least one tool useful for CC adaptation tailored for at least three specific national/local needs.

Review of tools at specific national and local contexts.

Stakeholder remain willing to contribute to the development of tools.

Result 2: Key stakeholders’ capacity for undertaking vulnerability assessments and implementing adaptation improved.

Adaptation activities that meet the key needs of the stakeholders.

Interviews with the stakeholders.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration.

Activity 2.1: Capacity building needs assessments for stakeholders at local, sub-national and national levels conducted.

Stakeholders’ special needs for capacity building identified.

Needs assessment report/s.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration.

Activity 2.2: Stakeholders’ capacities to meet the challenges of CC vulnerability and adaptation increased.

Increased and/or improved skills to meet the challenges of CC in comparison to the baseline situation.

Stakeholders’ auto-evaluations during workshops/trainings.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration. Attendance to training sessions will be high.

31

Result 3: Technical support provided for implementing adaptation activities following the ecosystem approach at selected local communities.

Adaptation to CC incorporates at least 5 the 12 key principles22 of the Ecosystem Approach at least in 3 of the project’s target communities.

Site visits and observations. Interviews with key stakeholders.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration. The principles of the Ecosystem Approach have been communicated to the project implementers’.

Activity 3.1: Project stakeholders supported to assess CC vulnerability at the landscape/watershed level.

Vulnerability assessments that cover the whole landscape/watershed.

Site visits and observations. Interviews with key stakeholders.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration. Landscape/watershed approach understood by the stakeholders.

Activity 3.2: Project stakeholders’ supported to negotiate landscape/watershed level outcomes for CC adaptation

CC adaptation outcomes that cover the landscape/watershed.

Site visits and observations. Interviews with key stakeholders.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration. Landscape/watershed approach understood by the stakeholders.

Result 4: Awareness of CC and efficient adaptation measures raised for enforcement of policy-practice linkages

Experience from the field is reflected at least in three national and/or sub-national level decisions. National and/or sub-national policies and processes influence action on the ground at least in three of the project’s target sites.

Interviews with decision makers. Revision of official documents. Site visits and observations. Interviews with key stakeholders at the local level.

Changes into national or sub-national documents will be made and accepted quickly enough to prove evidence of that within the project duration.

22 The 12 principles of the Ecosystem Approach are: 1. The objectives of management of land, water and living resources are a matter of societal choice. 2. Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level. 3. Ecosysetm managers should consider the effects (actual or potential) of their activities on adjacent and other ecosystems. 4. Recognizinh potential gains from ammangement, there is usually a need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an economic context. 5. Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target of ecosystem approach. 6. Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their functioning. 7. The ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. 8. Recognizing the varying temporal scales and lag-effects that characterize ecosystem processes, objectives for ecosystem management should be set for the long term. 9. Management must recognize that change is inevitable. 10. The ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity. 11. The ecosystem approach should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientfici and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices. 12. The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines.

32

Activity 4.1: Co-benefits brought by adaptation related interventions for local communities collected, collated and distributed among decision makers

Evidence of adaptation related co-benefits collected at least in three project sites, collated and distributed at least among 15 decision makers.

Data collection reports. Interviews with decision makers.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration.

Activity 4.2: Existing legal CC adaptation framework “translated” into messages that are appropriate and practical at the local level

At least three CC adaptation related legal documents put into a format that is useful at the local level (for example, translated into local languages).

“Translated” documents/material.

Activity 4.3: Exchange visits between decision makers and local community members conducted in order to learn about CC adaptation on the ground and at the policy level

At least two exchange visits conducted.

Reports from the visits. Interviews with people who participated on the visits.

Stakeholders remain committed to the project throughout its duration.

33

Annex 4: Support letter from the Government of Mozambique

34

Annex 5: Support letter from the Government of Tanzania

35

Annex 6: Support letter from the Government of Zambia

36

37

Annex 7: Project’s organizational structure

Global coordinating component, IUCN/HQ

(Switzerland)

MoFA (GLO-54 and country desks)

(Helsinki)

IUCN Tanzania country office

IUCN Zambia country office

Technical support from East and Southern Africa Regional Office (Nairobi)

Field implementation by IUCN and its members and

partners

Field implementation by IUCN and its members and

partners

reporting

IUCN Mozambique country office

Field implementation by IUCN and its members and

partners

Supervisory Board Mozambique

Supervisory Board Tanzania

Supervisory Board Zambia

Embassies of Finland in Mozambique, Tanzania

and Zambia

Project Coordinator Tanzania

Project Coordinator Zambia

Project Coordinator Mozambique

reporting

38

Annex 8: Project’s tentative timetable (timetables for MZ, TZ, ZM available upon request)

Project year First Second Third Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Project Management Preparation of a 3-year and indicative yearly workplans x x Recruitment of project staff x x Setting up the project office x x Purchasing project-related equipment and vehicle x x Internal monitoring and evaluation x x x External evaluation x Steering committee meetings x x x Stakeholder consultations in Mz and Tz x Result 1: Governance and tools Mozambique x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tanzania x x x x x x x x x x x x x Zambia x x x x x x x x x x Result 2: Capacity building Mozambique x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tanzania x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Zambia x x Result 3: Technical support Mozambique x x x x x x x x x x x x Tanzania x x x x x x x x x x x x Zambia x x x x x Result 4: Awareness creation Mozambique x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tanzania x x x x x x x x x x x x x Zambia

39

Annex 9: Indicative project budget (budgets for MZ, TZ, ZM available upon request)

Item First year Second year

Third year

sub-total sub-total sub-total Grand

Total A Technical Assistance Project Coordination at the country level (3 countries) 90,000 € 90,000 € 90,000 € 270,000 € Finnish Specialist/Junior Expert23 64,069 € 53,646 € 65,227 € 182,942 € Local Specialists 15,000 € 15,000 € 15,000 € 45,000 € International Specialists 15,000 € 15,000 € 15,000 € 45,000 € International Travel 10,000 € 10,000 € 10,000 € 30,000 € Home-office co-ordination (IUCN HQ and regional offices) 67,000 € 67,000 € 67,000 € 201,000 €

Sub-total 261,069 € 250,646 € 262,227 € 773,942 €

B Operational Costs B.1 Project Office Office rent (IUCN's in-kind contributions) 0 Project Vehicle 35,000 € 5,000 € 5,000 € 45,000 € Office Equipment 6,000 € 6,000 € 6,000 € 18,000 € Consumables (stationary, communications etc.) 6,000 € 6,000 € 6,000 € 18,000 € B.2 Local Personnel (3 countries) Secretary/accountant 36,000 € 36,000 € 36,000 € 108,000 € B.3 Local and Regional Travel Costs Flights/regional transportation (lump sum) 10,000 € 10,000 € 10,000 € 30,000 € Per Diems 10,000 € 10,000 € 10,000 € 30,000 €

Sub-total 103,000 € 73,000 € 73,000 € 249,000 € C Field activity related costs Result 1 118,500 € 39,500 € 35,000 € 193,000 € Result 2 43,750 € 102,750 € 63,750 € 210,250 € Result 3 30,250 € 136,250 € 56,750 € 223,250 € Result 4 33,000 € 52,500 € 43,500 € 129,000 €

Sub-total 225,500 € 331,000 € 199,000 € 755,500 € D Pan-African communications & coordination Workshops 10,000 € 10,000 € 10,000 € 30,000 € Communications and knowledge management 5,000 € 5,000 € 5,000 € 15,000 €

Sub-total 15,000 € 15,000 € 15,000 € 45,000 €

E Other costs Internal monitoring and review 9,000 € 9,000 € 9,000 € 27,000 € Planning and Steering Committee meetings 7,500 € 7,500 € 7,500 € 22,500 € External monitoring and review 35,000 € 35,000 € Stakeholder consultations in Tz and Mz (project preparation) 0 € Contingency 5,000 € 5,000 € 5,000 € 15,000 €

Sub-total 21,500 € 56,500 € 21,500 € 99,500 €

IUCN overheads, 15% 93,910 € 108,922 € 85,609 € 288,441 € TOTAL 719,979 € 835,068 € 656,336 € 2,211,383 €

23 Detailed budget for the Finnish Specialist/Junior Expert is available upon request. The budget is based on a single person with no dependants located at the IUCN Tanzania Country Office. Salary based on UN salary scale: P2 step 1 for the 1st year, P2 step 2 for the 2nd year and P2 step 3 for the 3rd year. Exchange rate used: 1 USD = 0.69 EUR

40