Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961. -1990., 1971.-2000.
Transcript of Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961. -1990., 1971.-2000.
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Klimatski atClimate atla1961 - 19901971 - 2000
Urednica Editor
Ksenija Zaninović
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Urednički odbor Editorial boardMarjana Gajić-ČapkaJanja MilkovićMelita Perčec TadićMarko Vučetić
Autori AuthorsKsenija Zaninović, Marjana Gajić-Čapka, Melita Perčec Tadić, Marko Vučetić, Janja Milković, Alica Bajić, Ksenija Cindrić, Lidija Cvitan,Zvonimir Katušin, Dražen Kaučić, Tanja Likso, Edita Lončar, Željko Lončar, Domagoj Mihajlović, Krešo Pandžić, Mirta Patarčić, Lidija Srnec,Višnja Vučetić
Karte MapsMelita Perčec Tadić, Andreas Matzarakis
Recenzenti ReviewersBranka PenzarIngeborg AuerTomislav Hengl
Prijevod TranslationOctopus jezične usluge d.o.o.
Lektura Language editorsValnea BressanAlemko Gluhak
Likovno oblikovanje knjige i naslovnice Book and cover designMilan VučićMia Vučić
Prijelom i tehnička obrada Layout and copyeditingIvan Lukac
Tisak PrintZT Zagraf
Naklada Edition800 primjeraka 800 copies
Izdavač PublisherDržavni hidrometeorološki zavod / Meteorological and Hydrological Service of CroatiaGrič 3, HR-10000 Zagrebhttp://meteo.hr
Za izdavača On behalf of the publisher
Ivan Čačić ravnatelj / director
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Uvo
Intro
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se da će on koristiti stručnjacima iz različitih područja
utjecaja klime u njihovom istraživačkom i stručnomradu radi prilagodbe na lokalne klimatske uvjete. Timese smanjuje rizik od meteoroloških uvjeta, doprinosećizaštiti okoliša te društvenom i gospodarskom razvojuzemlje.
Urednica
work of the Meteorological Service climatologists over
many years. Many other people have contributed to itsfinal version with their commentaries and suggestions:designers, reviewers, translators and language-editors.We hope the Atlas will help experts engaged in the
study of the effects of climate change to adapt their re-search and professional work to local climate condi-tions thus mitigating meteorological risks and
contributing to environmental protection and to the so-cial and economic development of the country.
Editor
Uvod Introduction
Zgrada Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda u Zagrebu na
The building of the Meteorological and Hydrological Service
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Mreposi poMetnetwcon
Zvonim
Janja M
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Mreža meteoroloških postaja, obrada, kontrola i pohranjivanje podataka Meteorological station n
cteristics and the mean values of two, three or four
neighbouring stations).
Th t l li d b th t t d t
Meteorološko mjesečno izvješće postaje Hvar za ožujak 1858. iz arhive DHMZ-a.Monthly meteorological report, Hvar station, March 1858 (DHMZ archives).Fotografija Photo by: Marko Vučetić
Literatura References
Dherent C., Petit-Renaud G., 1994.: Using Archival Resour
Katušin Z., 1994.: Meteorological Stations Network in Croat
teorološko društvo, Zagreb, 47–56
Katušin Z., 2005.: Hrvatski klimatski motriteljski sustav, Cro
GEF, Zagreb; 40 pp.
K č O 1897 V i C ti i t l ij N kl d
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TemAir
Ksenija
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Srednja godišnja temperatura zraka Mean annual air temperature
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Srednja temperatura zra
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Srednja temperatura zraka za travanj Mean air temperature in April
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Srednja temperatu
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Srednja temperatura zraka za listopad Mean air temperature in October
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Srednji godišnji broj hladnih dana (tmin<0°C
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Srednji godišnji broj toplih dana (tmaks≥25°C) Mean annual number of warm days (tmax≥25°C)
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OboPrec
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Srednja godišnja količina oborine Mean annual precipitation
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Srednja količina oborine u vegetacijskom r
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Srednja količina oborine za zimu Mean precipitation in Winter
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Srednja količina
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Srednja količina oborine za ljeto Mean precipitation in Summer
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Srednja količin
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Srednji godišnji broj dana s količinom oborine ≥1 mm Mean annual number of days with precipitation ≥1 mm
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Srednji godišnji broj dana sa snježnim pokrivačem ≥1 cm Me
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Eva
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Ksenija
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rine jednaka potencijalnoj evapotranspiraciji, tada je
evapotranspiracija jednaka potencijalnoj evapotranspi-raciji. Međutim, ako je oborine manje nego što su po-trebe biljaka za isparavanjem, evapotranspiracija jemanja od potencijalne, a manjak se nadoknađuje tro-
šenjem zaliha vode iz tla. Ako takvo stanje potrajedulje, dolazi do suše, jer više ni u tlu nema vode koja bizadovoljila potrebe biljaka.
U kontinentalnom dijelu Hrvatske u većem dijelu go-
dine ima dovoljno oborine za potrebe biljaka, a manjakse pojavljuje uglavnom u ljetnim mjesecima (grafikoniuz kartu srednje količine oborine za vegetacijsko raz-
doblje). U gorskim predjelima tijekom čitave godine imadovoljno oborine za zadovoljavanje potreba biljaka za
vodom. Međutim, na obali je oborinski deficit izraženijii traje dulje, a povećava se od sjevernog prema južnom
Jadranu. Na sjevernom se Jadranu uglavnom javljaljeti, na otocima nešto dulje. Na srednjem Jadranu po-činje u travnju ili svibnju i traje do rujna a na otocima i
do listopada, pa je i u godišnjem prosjeku potencijalnaevapotranspiracija veća od količine oborine.
move from the northern to the southern Adriatic. It oc-
curs mostly during summer in the northern Adriatic andlasts a little longer on the islands. On the southern Adri-atic, the precipitation deficit begins in April or May andlasts until September, on the islands of the middle Adri-
atic as long as October, so that on an annual averagepotential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitationamount.
Literatura References
Atlas klime SFRJ, 1969: Tablični podaci, Hidrometeorološka
Palmer, C. W., 1965: Meteorological drought. US Departme
Pandžić, K., 1985: Bilanca vode na istočnom primorju Jadra
Pandžić, K., 1999: Vertikalni gradijenti evapotranspiracije n
Pedološki institut, 1984: Pedološke karte SR Hrvatske, Fak
WMO, 1966: Measurement and estimation of evaporation a105, Geneve, 121 pp.
WMO, 1973: Comparison between pan and lake evaporatio
WMO, 1976: The CIMO International evaporimeter compar
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VlažAir
Lidija C
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Vlažnost zraka Air humidity
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Sun
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Srednja godišnja ukupna dozračena sunčana energija Mean annual global solar irradiation
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Osu
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Srednje godišn
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Sre
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Srednji datumi početka i svršetka razdoblja s mrazom Mean date
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Tipo
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Tipovi vremena Weather types
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Tipovi vremena Weather types
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Godišnj ruža vjetra Annual wind rose
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Hum
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Srednja fiziološka ekvivalentna temperatura za siječanj Mea
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Srednja fiziološka ekvivalentna temperatura za travanj Mean physiological equivalent temperature in April
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Srednja fiziološka ekvivalentna temperatura za srpanj M
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Srednja fiziološka ekvivalentna temperatura za listopad Mean physiological equivalent temperature in October
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Agr
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Srednji datumi početka i svršetka razdoblja s temperaturom zraka iznad različitih pragovaMean dates of the beginning and the end of the period with the air temperature above different thresholds
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Srednji datumi početka i svršetka razMean dates of the beginning and the end of the period w
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Biljna fenologija Plant phenology
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Met
Met
Melita Krešo Tanja LMarjan
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Metode Methods
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Metode Methods
iz čega proizlazi relacija:
. (5)
Veza između procijenjenoga ekstrema x i pripad-noga povratnog perioda T dana je izrazom:
. (6)
Za potrebe ovog klimatskog atlasa korišten je pro-gram za izračunavanje parametara troparametarskeGEV razdiobe, te očekivane maksimalne odnosno mi-nimalne vrijednosti za različite povratne periode, koji je
sastavni dio izvješća Faragó-a i Katz-a (Faragó i Katz,1990) u seriji publikacija koje izdaje Svjetska meteoro-loška organizacija (World Meteorological Organization
– WMO) u okviru “Svjetskog klimatskog programa - pri-mjena” (World Climate Programme – Applications).
Procjene parametara izračunate su metodom mak -simalne vjerojatnosti iz uzoraka koji su u slučajevimaekstremnih temperatura zraka (apsolutnih minimuma imaksimuma temperature zraka) nizovi izmjerenih go-dišnjih maksimalnih i minimalnih vrijednosti u razdoblju1961–1990. Za procjenu očekivanih maksimalnih dnev-nih količina oborine korištene su maksimalne godišnje
From this, the following relation is obtained:
. (5)
The relation between the estimated extreme x andits return period T is given by:
. (6)
The computation of the GEV distribution parame-ters and the estimation of the maximal and minimal va-lues with various return periods have been performedby means of a computer programme which is part of
the report by Faragó and Katz (Faragó and Katz,1990), published in the World Climate Applications Pro-gramme series by the World Meteorological Organiza-tion.
The estimates of the extremal distribution parame-ters have been obtained by the method of maximum li-kelihood from samples which, in the case of extremeair temperatures, are series of measured annual abso-lute minimal and maximal air temperatures for the pe-riod 1961–1990. A sample size of n=50 (annual datafor 1951–2000) was used for the estimation of maxi-mal daily precipitation amounts because a longer pe-
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Tab
Tab
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PostajaStation
Nadmorska visinaAltitude
(m)
Osijek 89
Slavonski Brod 88
urđevac 121
Križevci 155
Varaždin 167
Zagreb-Maksimir 123
Sisak 98
Parg 863
Ogulin 328
Gospić 564
Zavižan 1594
Rovinj 20
Popis meteoroloških postaja u tablicamaList of meteorological stations in tables
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