Clicker Questions

05/29/13

1. *The intramolecular bonding of the water molecule, H2O, is most closely associated witha. Polar covalent bond2. *The intramolecular bonding of the sugar molecule is most closely associated witha. Polar covalent bond3. The intermolecular bonding of the sugar molecule (i.e. in a polysaccharide) is most closely associated with:a. Polar covalent bond4. The intermolecular bonding of the water molecule, H2O, is most closely associated witha. Hydrogen bond5. A new federal study suggests that household PBDEs are the cause of cats getting sick from overactive thyroids. The P in PBDE is:a. Poly6. The chemical is found in furniture dust. Which system is the most likely involved in the uptake of this chemical?a. Respiratory system7. *An overactive thyroid will cause an increase ina. BMR (basal metabolism rate)8. Researchers are examining many causes for obesity:a. Fast food marketing by McDonalds and the likeb. Hormones like Ghrelinc. Virusesd. Iron deficiencye. All of these responses9. In the past few weeks, researchers are placing more emphasis on a still-controversial cause/s for obesity: 1. Fast FoodMcDonalds and the like 2. Hormones like Ghrelin 3. Virus 4. Iron deficiencyi. Virus we have no control overii. Iron deficiency we can approachb. 1 ONLYc. 2 ONLYd. 3 ONLYe. 4 ONLYf. 1 AND 2g. 3 AND 410. Same as 911. Same as 9

05/30/13

1. Insulin is a protein:a. Utilizes a second messenger2. *Which of the following hormones do not require a/an G-proteina. Insulini. Made in pancreas Islets of Langerhans in beta cellsii. No Insulin = Diabetes mellitusiii. Critical for Glucose homeostasisiv. Peptide (protein) hormone3. TRH plays a role in metabolica. Peptide4. TSH liganda. Protein5. Thyroxin T4a. Lipid b. (With a polar component but mostly lipid)6. *Which of the following is most closely associated with SERa. Metabolic (Anabolic & Catabolic)7. *Which of the following is most closely associated with the nucleusa. Anabolic8. Associated with lysosomea. Catabolic9. With mitochondria:a. Metabolic10. With Golgia. Anabolici. Puts terminal sugar on glycoproteins (N-acetylglucosamine)11. Mitochondria:a. Involved in energy metabolismb. Bound by a double membranec. Krebss occurs in the matrixd. Electron transport occurs on the cristae12. All of these responses are true Least likely to enhance mitochondrial function:a. Ca 2+(not Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, or Mg2+)i. Function to move electrons through cycle; cofactors13. Mitochondria require oxygen; free radicals result in a. Ca 2+ elevation14. Ligands that are P3 requirea. G proteins15. Ligands that are p3 require the regulatory binding ofa. GDP16. Ligands require for signal transduction the regulatory binding ofa. GTP17. Which of the following hormones are not involved in glucose homeostasis:a. Epinephrineb. Glucagonc. ACTHd. Insuline. All are involved

06/05/13

1. MISSED2. MISSED3. Nucleolusa. Replicationb. Transcriptionc. Translation4. Glycosylationa. Replication (Synthesis)b. Transcriptionc. Translationi. Can synthesize a protein w/o a sugar (Prolactin)ii. LH & FSH & TSH = Glycoproteins!iii. Initial glycosylation occurs in RERiv. Terminal glycosylation = Golgi (N-acetylglucosamine NAG)v. Brain cells become ischemic and die within 3-4 min of anaerobic respiration1. Heart = 3-4 hours w/o oxygen2. Skeleton muscle = 24 hours w/o oxygen5. RERa. Replicationb. Transcriptionc. Translation6. *The template strand is read 3 5 by RNA polymerase a. Replicationb. Transcriptionc. Translation7. *Histone methylationa. Replicationb. Transcriptioni. Histone methylation1. DNA will not unwrap2. Heterochromatin3. Prevents transcriptionc. Translationi. Histone acetylation1. Easy to unwrap DNA2. Enhances 8. *Methylation of histone tailsa. Inhibits transcription, condenses nucleosome9. The anatomy of repressed chromatin requires the histones to be ___ and the adjacent nucleosomes to be tightly bound into solenoidsa. Acetylatedb. Methylated10. TATA boxa. Replication (Synthesis)b. Transcriptionc. Translation11. Polyadenylationa. Transcription12. Polyadenylationa. Transcription13. Polyadenylationa. Transcriptioni. Adenylationii. Adenineiii. Poly A tail14. Polyadenylationa. Transcription15. Lipases, proteases and amylases are:a. Hydrolases16. Which of the following are required for a saturated fat to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolases17. Which enzymes are required to allow this food (fat) to enter the metabolism?a. Hydrolasei. Metabolized in Smooth ER18. *Which enzymes are required to allow this food (cholesterol) to enter the metabolism?a. None of these responsesi. Liver synthesizes bile salts from cholesterolii. Biosynthesis of cholesterol also occurs in the liver19. Which enzymes are required to allow this food (sodium) to enter the metabolism?a. None of these responses20. *Which enzymes are required to allow this food (carbohydrate, polysaccharide) to enter the metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Mutase21. Which enzymes are required to allow this food (carbohydrate, lactose) to enter the metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Isomerase

06/06/13

1. *The enzymes needed to prepare foods for oxidative metabolism are located in the:a. Cytosoli. B-oxidation2. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Saturated Fat to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase in the cytoplasm3. The enzymes needed to prepare foods for oxidative metabolism are located in the:a. Cytosol4. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Saturated Fat to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase in the cytoplasm5. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Cholesterol to enter metabolism?a. None of these responses6. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Sodium to enter metabolism?a. None of these responses7. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Carbohydrate, polysaccharide, to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Mutase in the cytoplasm8. Which enzymes are required to allow this food Carbohydrate, Lactose, to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Isomerase in the cytoplasmi. ETHNIC CLEANSING Bacteria9. Which enzymes are required to allow this food protein, casein from milk, to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Deaminase in the cytoplasm10. Which enzymes are required to allow this food protein, casein from milk, to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Deaminase in the cytoplasm11. Which enzymes are required to allow this food protein, casein from milk, to enter metabolism?a. Hydrolase and Deaminase in the cytoplasm

06/10/13

1. Which of the following is not associated with Stratum Basal?a. Mitosisb. Desmosomesc. Basement Membraned. Tight Junctionse. Keratinocytes and Melanocytes2. Which of the following is not associated with Stratum lucidum?a. Mitosisb. Desmosomesc. Basement Membraned. Tight Junctionse. Keratinocytes and Melanocytes3. *Which of the following is associated with Stratum Granulosum?a. Mitosisb. Desmosomesc. Basement Membraned. Tight Junctionse. Keratinocytes and Melanocytes4. Which of the following is associated with Stratum Granulosum?a. Mitosisb. Desmosomesc. Basement Membraned. Tight Junctionse. Keratinocytes and Melanocytes

06/11/13

1. The CNS isa. Brainb. Spinal cordc. Grey matterd. White mattere. All of these2. The CNS isa. Encased in boneb. Involves the spinothalmic tractc. Involves the ventral Horned. Involves the cauda equinae. All of these3. *Resting membrane potential is associated witha. Influx of Na+i. Depolarization of the membraneb. Influx of K+c. Influx of Cl-d. Efflux of Na+e. Efflux of K+i. Resting membranef. Efflux of Cl-i. Electrochemical potential1. Na+ = +552. K+ = -90a. K+ will not leave inside the cellb. Otherwise, K+ leaking out of the cell3. Cl- = -804. Ca2+ = +45 (only used when dealing with the heart)5. Resting membrane potential is due to the leakiness of K+ (K+ going out)a. Intracellular, dominant monovalent cation6. Sodium = extracellular & Potassium = intracellulara. Potassium in = 155b. Potassium out = 5c. Sodium in = 155d. Sodium out = 5ii. Muscles1. S gene2. Hypertrophy3. Increase size of fibersa. Increase myofilaments (actin & myosin)4. Atrophy a. Decreased muscle size (decrease myofilaments)5. Acromegalya. Andre the giant in Princess Brideb. Bone above eyebrow & fingers are THICKER!c. Jaw is a right angle!d. Growth Hormone!

4. Repolarization is most closely associated with the:a. Efflux of K+5. Depolarization is most closely associated with the:a. Influx of Na+i. Depolarization = (+) Charge moves into cell!ii. Repolarization = Move of (+) Charge out of cell!iii. Only have channels for K+ and Na+, so Na+ moves in b/c K+ already inside cell1. Na+ wants in with more force than K+ wants out!2. Na+ wants out w/ 100 mV, K+ wants out w/ 20 mV3. Excitable tissue have voltage gated channels, via which the ions travel4. Na+ is smaller chemically but bigger osmoticallya. Bigger Sphere of Hydration5. K+ is bigger chemically but smaller osmoticallya. Smaller Sphere of hydrationi. *Attracts less water around it!ii. Therefore can selectively let K+ out b/c of size6. *(?) Which of the following is not a cell type associated with the PNS: Neuron Neuroglia Ependymal Astrocyte Oligodendrocytes Schwann Satellitea. All of these are associated with the CNSb. Five of these are associated with the CNSc. Four of these are associated with the CNSd. Three of these are associated with the CNSe. Two of these are associated with the CNSf. One of these are associated with the CNSi. Neuron = nerve cell (PNS and CNS)ii. Neuroglia = support cell (PNS and CNS)1. Make neuron more effectiveiii. Ependymal = longer cells that transfer things from one media to another, make cerebrospinal fluid, in medianum eminence, cerebrofinal villi and coronoid plexus (CNS)iv. Astrocyte = cells that help form the blood-brain barrier, a neuroglia (CNS)v. Oligodendrocyte = make myelin in CNS, a neuroglia (CNS)1. Makes 8 nodes of Ranvier, 8 myelin sectionvi. Schwann cell = makes myelin in PNS, a neuroglia (PNS)1. Does 1 section of myelin, 1 node of Ranviervii. Satellite = cells surrounding neuron in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic (PNS)Next Test: *Muscles!*Metabolism!*Membranes!

LocationName

CNSAstrocytes

CNSOligodendrocytes

CNSEpendymal cells

CNSRadial glia

PNSSchwann cells

PNSSatellite cells

PNSEnteric glial cells

7. *Which of the following does facilitate multiple wave summation:a. All of these8. *(?) Which of the following does not facilitate multiple wave summation:a. Recruitmentb. A maximal firing frequency of the motor neuronc. Muscle fibers that do not possess a refractory periodd. Buildup of Calcium outside, not in the SR?e. All of these9. *(?) Which of the following does not facilitate multiple wave summation:a. Recruitmentb. A maximal firing frequency of the motor neuronc. Muscle fibers that do not possess a refractory periodd. Buildup of Calcium in the SRe. All of these10. In skeletal muscle, which of the following events is the last event of the lag phase?a. Allosteric modulation of troponinb. Allosteric modulation of tropomysinc. Allosteric modulation of G-actind. Allosteric modulation of F-actine. Covalent modulation of F-actini. Does not occur (Covalent modification of myosin)11. In skeletal muscle, which of the following events is the last even of the lag phasea. Ca voltage gated channels opening and releasing calcium into the sarcoplasmb. Ca binds to troponinc. Ca binds to calmodulin dependent kinased. Ca troponin complex allosteric effect on tropomysine. None of these12. In smooth muscle, which of the following events is the last event of the lag phase:a. Ca voltage gated channels opening and releasing calcium into the sarcoplasmb. Ca binds to troponinc. Ca calmodulin complex binds to calmodulin dependent kinased. Ca troponin complex allosteric effect on tropomysine. None of these06/12/13

1. In the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the diffusion event is/area. Calcium diffuses to troponini. Postsynaptic b. Calcium diffuses thru voltage gated channelsi. (*) Presynapticii. Sequential diffusion is more like the action potentialc. Sodium diffuses thru ligand gated channelsi. Postsynapticd. Sodium diffuses thru voltage gated channelsi. Postsynaptice. Potassium diffuses thru ligand gated channelsi. Falsef. Potassium diffuses thru voltage gated channelsi. Falseii. K and Na go togetherg. Sequential diffusion of sodium and potassium to propagate an action potentiali. Can be true b/c action potential going down pre- and post-synaptich. Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuroma resulting in the diffusion of ACHi. (*) Presynaptici. Choline diffuses to the choline transporter in the presynaptic membranei. (*) Presynapticii. After muscle stimulationj. Calcium diffuses thru ligand gated channelsi. Ligand-gated are only in HEART and SMOOTH muscle!2. In the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the first diffusion event isa. Calcium diffuses thru voltage gated channels3. In the synapse between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic motor fiber cell, the primary diffusion event isa. Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuroma resulting in the diffusion of ACH4. In the synapse between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic motor fiber cell, the secondary diffusion event isa. Choline diffuses to the choline transporter in the presynaptic membrane

06/13/131. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. In skeletal muscle, which of the following events is the last event of the lag phase?a. Allosteric modulation of troponinb. Allosteric modulation of tropomysinc. Allosteric modulation of G-actind. Allosteric modulation of F-actine. Covalent modulation of F-actini. Last three do not occur (Covalent modification of myosin)7. In skeletal muscle, which of the following events is the last even of the lag phasea. Ca voltage gated channels opening and releasing calcium into the sarcoplasmb. Ca binds to troponinc. Ca binds to calmodulin dependent kinased. Ca troponin complex allosteric effect on tropomysine. None of these8. In smooth muscle, which of the following events is the last event of the lag phase:a. Ca voltage gated channels opening and releasing calcium into the sarcoplasmb. Ca binds to troponinc. Ca calmodulin complex binds to calmodulin dependent kinased. Ca troponin complex allosteric effect on tropomysin9.

06/17/13

1. *The CNS isa. Brainb. Spinal cordc. Grey matterd. White mattere. All of these2. *The CNS isa. Encased in boneb. Involves the spinothalmic tractc. Involves the ventral Horned. Involves the cauda equinae. All of these3. Resting membrane potential is associated witha. Influx of Na+b. Influx of K+c. Influx of Cl-d. Efflux of Na+e. Efflux of K+i. Resting membrane potentialf. Efflux of Cl-4. Repolarization is most closely associated with the:a. Pick A for Wednesday, B for Tue Lab examb. Picked Ac. Efflux of K+5. 25-point clicker: Which of the following is inorganic?a. CO2b. CH4i. Also A was Wednesday lab exam, B was Tue!

***Lecture Exam 4: CNS, PNS, & Special Senses

CNS Test Question Examples

6. What is the function of the pineal gland?a. Secretes melanin into the bloodstreami. *Melatonin! (SAD disease)b. Acts as a timeclockc. Pleasure center of the braind. Secretes ACTH into the bloodstreame. Both A & Bf. All of the above7. What is the position of cranial nerve VII to the infundibulum?a. Superiorb. Inferiorc. Laterald. Superior and Medial8. *Which of the following cranial nerves does not go thru the sphenoid bone:a. IIIb. IVc. Vd. VIe. VII9. *Which of the following cranial nerves does go thru the temporal bone:a. VII10. The Nobel Laureate that will be talking at ODU isa. Someone who knows physics11. *In the human, cranial nerve XI is ___ to Xa. Superior12. *In the human, cranial nerve XII is ___ When compared to Xa. Inferior and Medial13. *In the human, Cranial Nerve V is ___ when compared to VIIa. Superior14. In the human, Cranial Nerve IV is ___ when compared to IIIa. Lateral15. In the human, Cranial Nerve IV is ___ when compared to IIIa. Lateral

06/18/13

1. Which of the following is not an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?a. Skeletal muscle2. Compared to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system involves:a. One motor neuron plus cardiac and smooth muscle as effectorsb. Two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle as effectors3. If a somatic sensory neuron is impaired, it would result ina. Loss of muscle toneb. Loss of proprioceptionc. Paralysis4. Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous systema. Contains receptors including muscarinic, nicotinic, and cholinicb. A motor neuron travels down the ANS and innervates the organ5. A nerve, which causes the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall to constrict, contains ___ neuronsa. Autonomic6. You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium:a. Activate the receptors on the olfactory epithelium7. The term for the loss of sensation of smell isa. Anosmia8. *Damage to which of the following cranial nerves would impair the sense of taste to the greatest degree?a. Facialb. Hypoglossalc. Glossopharyngeal9. * Damage to oculomotor nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Down and out10. Damage to oculomotor and trochlear nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Move to the side11. Damage to oculomotor and abducens nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Fall downi. Cant move up and out b/c oculomotor is paralyzedii. Abducens pulls it to the side12. Thus with damage to VI and a viable, functioning III and IV the eye will movea. Move to the inside06/19/13

1. Which of the following is not an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?a. Skeletal muscle2. Compared to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system involves:a. One motor neuron plus cardiac and smooth muscle as effectorsb. Two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle as effectors3. If a somatic sensory neuron is impaired, it would result ina. Loss of muscle toneb. Loss of proprioceptionc. Paralysis4. Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous systema. Contains receptors including muscarinic, nicotinic, and cholinergenicb. A motor neuron travels down the ANS and innervates the organ5. A nerve, which causes the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall to constrict, contains ___ neuronsa. Autonomic6. *The neural transmitter for the preganglionic sympathetic pathwaya. Acetylcholinei. Post-ganglionic sympathetic = Norepinephrine7. The neural transmitter for the preganglionic parasympathetic pathwaya. Acetylcholine8. The neural transmitter for the postganglionic parasympathetic pathwaya. Acetylcholine9. The neural transmitter for the postganglionic sympathetic pathwaya. Norepinephrine10. The neural transmitter for the postganglionic sympathetic pathwaya. Norepinephrine

1. 25 pts. Which of the following is inorganic?a. CO2

06/20/13

1. You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium?a. Stimulate mitral cellsb. Release acetylcholinec. Cause proliferation of basal cellsd. Bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membranee. Lower the threshold of the cell

2. The term for the loss of the sense of loss of the sensation of smella. Anosmia3. Damage to which of the following cranial nerves would impair the sense of taste to the greatest degree?a. Facial4. Damage to oculomotor nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Down and out5. Damage to oculomotor and trochlear nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Move to the side6. Damage to oculomotor and abducens nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Fall down7. Damage to oculomotor and abducens nerve, causing flaccid paralysis all of the muscles they innervate, thus the remaining cranial nerve will cause movement of the eye, such that the eye will:a. Fall down8. Thus with damage to VI and a viable, functioning III and IV the eye will movea. Move to the inside9. Thus with damage to VI and a viable, functioning III and IV the eye will movea. Move to the inside10. 25 pts. Which of the following is inorganic?a. CO2b. CH411. 25 pts. Which of the following is inorganic?a. CO2b. CH412. 25 pts. Which of the following is inorganic?a. CO2b. CH4

06/24/13

1. Hormones are intercellular chemical signals thata. Help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction2. *An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a a. Neurohormonei. Endocrine = only one that goes in the blood1. V.s. Paracrine (nearby cells) & Autocrine (w/in the cell)ii. Hormone = exchanged/transmitted to other cellsiii. Meningitis3. Which of the following is a lipid soluble hormone:a. Insulini. Protein made in beta cells of Islets of Langerhansb. Glucagoni. Protein made in alpha cells of Islets of Langerhansc. Glucocortic[oid]i. Steroidd. Growth Hormonei. Protein hormonee. GIP, Gastric Inhibitory Peptidei. Peptide hormone 4. Which of the following is involved in Cushings Syndrome:a. Glucocortic5. Which of the following does not induce second messengers:a. Glucocortic6. Which of the following does not induce G protein:a. Glucocorticoi7. Which of the following does not induce G protein:a. Glucocorticoi8. Which of the following does not induce G protein:a. Glucocorticoi

9. Hormones are intercellular chemical signals thata. Help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction10. Hormones are intercellular chemical signals thata. Help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction11. An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a a. Neurohormone12. Which of the following is a lipid soluble hormone:a. Insulinb. Glucagonc. Glucocorticoidd. Growth Hormonee. GIP, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide13. Which of the following is involved in Cushings Syndrome:a. Glucocorticoid14. Which of the following does not induce second messengers:a. Glucocorticoid15. Which of the following does not induce G protein:a. Glucocorticoid16. Which of the following does not induce G protein:a. Glucocorticoid17.

06/25/13

1. One of the best-known chemical mediators released from cells during inflammation is histamine, which of the following is correct?a. Triggers vasodilationb. Increases vascular permeabilityi. So monocytes can move outc. Stored in granules of circulating basophilsd. Stored in granules of circulating mast cellse. All of the statements are correct2. Which type of antibody is produced during the primary response?a. IgM3. Which type of antibody is produced during the secondary response?a. IgG4. Which type of antibody can cross membranes and induce complement formation, is produced during secondary response:a. IgGi. *ONLY one that crosses membrane!ii. Complement fixation produced during primary response5. Which type of antibody cannot cross membranes, yet it can induce complement formation, it is produced during the primary response:a. IgM6. Which of the following is not a mediator of inflammation:a. Histamineb. Kininsc. Prostaglandinsd. Leukotrienese. Sterols and Steroidsi. *Hydrocortisol, used to decrease inflammationii. Ex. Prednisoneiii. STOP inflammation7. The chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in the tissues and the adjacent blood vessels. The mediators result in all of the following excepta. Direct destruction of pathogensi. Indirect destruction of pathogens, attract neutrophils (phagocyt.) & eosinophils (produce toxic proteins vs. certain parasites)b. Blood vessel dilationc. Increased vascular permeabilityd. Stimulation of pain receptorse. Direct activation by response to damaged tissue8. *(FORGOT TO ANSWER) Inflammation includes all of the following except:a. Phagocytosisb. Chemotaxisc. Blood vessel contractiond. Decreased vascular permeabilitye. Stimulation of pain receptorsf. Two of these responsesg. Three of these responses9. Inflammation includes all of the following except:a. Phagocytosisb. Chemotaxisc. Blood vessel contractiond. Decreased vascular permeabilitye. Stimulation of pain receptorsf. Two of these responsesg. Three of these responses10. Inflammation includes all of the following except:a. Phagocytosisb. Chemotaxisc. Blood vessel contractioni. Decrease inflammationd. Decreased vascular permeabilityi. Decrease inflammatione. Stimulation of pain receptorsf. Two of these responsesg. Three of these responses11. Inflammation includes all of the following except:a. Phagocytosisb. Chemotaxisc. Blood vessel contractioni. Not inflammationd. Decreased vascular permeabilityi. Not inflammatione. Stimulation of pain receptorsf. Two of these responsesg. Three of these responses12.