Clemson Travel Patterns: Applying State-of-the-Practice Travel Survey Techniques to the Local...
-
Upload
daniela-hudson -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
3
Transcript of Clemson Travel Patterns: Applying State-of-the-Practice Travel Survey Techniques to the Local...
Clemson Travel Patterns:
Applying State-of-the-Practice Travel Survey Techniques to the
Local LandscapePh.D. Colloquium
Friday, October 13, 2006Anne E. Dunning, Ph.D.
Ben Boyles Scott Adams Mark Brown Erin ComstockWilliam Boyles David Myers
2
Outline
The Right Time for Mobility at Clemson (Motivation and Research Questions)
Methodologies Overview of Results Venues for Dissemination Concurrent Research
Motivation and Research Questions
4
Motivation at Clemson
Trustee mandate: no new surface parking lots Increasing demand for parking
Ten years ago: ~30% of freshmen brought cars to campus
Now: ~80% of freshmen bring private vehicles
2004 hiring of a new parking director 2006 study to create a Parking and
Transportation Management Plan
5
Mobility Matters
Access and mobility help define the intuitive feel of a campus
Safe, easy, and convenient transportation systems can help attract students, faculty and staff
6
University Priorities Efficient
transportation can enhance the experience of visitors and returning alumni
Environmentally conscious transportation planning can help preserve natural beauty & meet regional goals
7
Unique Environments University campuses are vibrant, distinct communities
made up of people from different backgrounds, incomes, lifestyles and attitudes.
Diverse demographic and socioeconomic characteristics require a diverse set of mobility options.
University campus land use can provide an environment where multi-modal transportation systems can work
8
The Clemson UniversityTransportation Challenge Goal: A pedestrian friendly campus
Highest and best use of campus land Surface parking lot conversion (multi-million dollar garages?) Increased research space and activity
A balanced transportation systems approach is needed Multi-modal focus
Need to understand how the campus currently moves
Travel demand surveying
9
Objectives
Objectives Discuss best practices identified from literature and case study
investigation. Examine Clemson campus transportation system challenges
and opportunities Conduct statistical and spatial analysis of travel patterns in the
Clemson community. Make recommendations for transportation systems and capacity
allocations that will help to create a sustainable multi-modal campus transportation system
How does Clemson move?
Methodology
11
Questions
Under what circumstances do people move at Clemson?
What are the populations of interest for developing a transportation system?
What types of trips do we need to understand? What do we need to know about those trips?
12
Triple-Survey Structure
Three distinct surveys aimed at different aspects of campus transportation issues Internet Survey
November 21 – December 6, 2005 Large sample Stated and revealed preference questions on general daily travel patterns
Travel Diary September-October 2006 coinciding with Clemson University parking
inventory and demand study Small sample Revealed behavior with substantial detail
Football Intercept Survey 2005 season (5 out of 6 home games) Large sample Major events with
Special traveling populations Unique origin-destination needs Concentrated time requirements
13
Human Subjects Research
Stringent requirements for review of research procedures, instruments, risks, and ethicsNazi medical experimentsAddictive drug research
Special consideration of minors (freshmen?)
What kind of risks could the campus
surveys pose?
14
Internet Survey
1,614 valid responses
Tree structure (Each survey was unique according to how the person answered it) Classification as student (on
or off campus)/faculty/staff Primary mode used Other modal preferences
Widespread distribution, e-mailed to all Clemson faculty, staff, and students
Intro
I05
IRB Review Language and Introduction
I04 I07I06I03
I01
Auto
A01
A11 ?
A01
A02 ?
Yes No
A07
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty Staff
A25
Yes No
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A32
A37
Walk
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A26
A31
Auto Auto Auto
Bike
B16
B17
B27B18
B21B22
B25
B26
B23
B24
Year Round
Part Year
B18
Rail
No Commute
Commute
R01
R13
R03R02
R08
Yes No
R09
R12
Please see page 3
Walk Walk
W02
W03
W04
W01
W06
W07
W02
W05
W08
W03
W02
Yes No
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty, Staff
Yes No
CAT
Golf Carts
C01
C09
C10C02
C11
Yes No
Off Campus Students
On Campus Students
Faculty & Staff
C01
C03
C19C02
C20
Yes No
C01
C04
C28C02
C29
Yes No
C13
C18
C27
C24
G04
G01
DemographicsDemographics
D12
D15
D08
I02
D15
D14
D14
Students
Faculty
Staff
D09
D10
D11
D01
D07
Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.
15
Intro
I05
IRB Review Language and Introduction
I04 I07I06I03
I01
Auto
A01
A11 ?
A01
A02 ?
Yes No
A07
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty Staff
A25
Yes No
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A32
A37
Walk
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A26
A31
Auto Auto Auto
Bike
B16
B17
B27B18
B21B22
B25
B26
B23
B24
Year Round
Part Year
B18
Rail
No Commute
Commute
R01
R13
R03R02
R08
Yes No
R09
R12
Please see page 3
Walk Walk
W02
W03
W04
W01
W06
W07
W02
W05
W08
W03
W02
Yes No
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty, Staff
Yes No
CAT
Golf Carts
C01
C09
C10C02
C11
Yes No
Off Campus Students
On Campus Students
Faculty & Staff
C01
C03
C19C02
C20
Yes No
C01
C04
C28C02
C29
Yes No
C13
C18
C27
C24
G04
G01
DemographicsDemographics
D12
D15
D08
I02
D15
D14
D14
Students
Faculty
Staff
D09
D10
D11
D01
D07
Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.
16
Intro
I05
IRB Review Language and Introduction
I04 I07I06I03
I01
Auto
A01
A11 ?
A01
A02 ?
Yes No
A07
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty Staff
A25
Yes No
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A32
A37
Walk
A11 ?
A01
A16
Yes No
A26
A31
Auto Auto Auto
Bike
B16
B17
B27B18
B21B22
B25
B26
B23
B24
Year Round
Part Year
B18
Rail
No Commute
Commute
R01
R13
R03R02
R08
Yes No
R09
R12
Please see page 3
Walk Walk
W02
W03
W04
W01
W06
W07
W02
W05
W08
W03
W02
Yes No
On Campus Students
Off Campus Students
Faculty, Staff
Yes No
CAT
Golf Carts
C01
C09
C10C02
C11
Yes No
Off Campus Students
On Campus Students
Faculty & Staff
C01
C03
C19C02
C20
Yes No
C01
C04
C28C02
C29
Yes No
C13
C18
C27
C24
G04
G01
DemographicsDemographics
D12
D15
D08
I02
D15
D14
D14
Students
Faculty
Staff
D09
D10
D11
D01
D07
Would you be willing to complete a two-week travel diary for a chance to win an ipod or green parking pass? If so, please check here.
17
Internet Survey
On-campusStudents
Off-campusStudents Faculty Staff
2005 Actual Enrollment/Employment 6,175 10,990 1,322 2,980
Needed for 95% confidence with ± 5% interval 363 371 298 340
Needed for 90% confidence with ± 5% interval 261 265 225 249
Sample Size 506 622 204 286
Weight 12.204 17.669 6.480 10.420
Percent of Population 8.2% 5.7% 15.4% 9.6%
Current confidence interval at 95% (+/-) 4.17% 3.82% 6.31% 5.63%
Current confidence interval at 90% (+/-) 3.51% 3.21% 5.31% 4.74%
18
Travel Diary More focused on trip
characteristics than previous two surveys
Entirely revealed behavior of trips throughout the day over the course of week Origin-destination data Time of day Location-specific reporting
Paper format, easy to carry along for the day
Recruitment 401 potential participants allowing
personal contact As of October 12th, 2006
147 diaries distributed 49 diaries returned
What about
statistical significan
ce?
Departed from origin:
Arrived atdestination:
Number of people traveling with you:
Relationship(s) of travelingcompanions to you:
Factors contributing to how you rated trip security:
Factors contributing to how you rated trip safety:
at ___ : ___AMPM
Please rate how secure you felt on this trip.(security from criminal activity) 1
VeryVulnerable Neutral
VerySecure
5432
Please rate how safe you felt on this trip.(safety from accidental injury)
Day of week:(Please circle)
1
VeryVulnerable Neutral
VerySafe
5432
at ___ : ___AMPM
Purpose of trip:
Travel mode:
Environmental concern
Exercise
No alternative
Distance
Congestion (Traffic/parking)
Convenience
Time Safety (accident avoidance)
Privacy
Cost
Security (crime avoidance)
Interaction with people
Other:
Reason for Mode Choice(Check all that apply)
(location)
(location)
19
Diaries… not state of the practice
Activity diaries Vehicle instrumentation GPS packs
Expense?Equipment reliability?
Modal bias?Privacy?
20
Football Survey 946 respondents for the season
±3.2% confidence interval 95% confidence level Student undercount
Paper surveys directed at anyone entering the stadium, aiming to catch all modes, all gates
Collected throughout games, but primarily before kick-off, at half-time and post-game
21
Football Survey
Visibility important with signs/uniforms
Catchy phrases on signs
22
Percent Response by Affiliation
Other11%
Clemson Alumnus49%
Family or Friend19%
Visiting School Alumnus
1%
Visiting School Student
1%
Clemson Student8%Clemson Faculty or
Staff4%
Clemson Area Resident
7%
Football Survey Results
23
Survey Method ComparisonFootball Intercept General Internet Travel Diary
PreparationForm designPrinting
Programming Form designBook designComplicated production
IRB Expedited Expedited Expedited…full…exempt…expedited
Supplies Substantial Minimal Substantial
Recruitment
E-mailAlumni e-newsletterGreek house contactShirts and capsPortable signs
E-mail only E-mail Sign in dormsSigns on grounds
DistributionHours of heat and coldLost weekendsSore backs
Await web clicks Await eager participants in the library
Labor DistributionData entry
PlanningProgramming
Diary productionData entry
Rejection High Moderate Low
Morale Low High Moderate
What biases should you expect for each?
Overview of Modal Results
25
Mode Split for Clemson UniversityInternet Survey Respondents
Responses for question, "How do you normally travel to campus?"
Single passenger automobile, 44%
Multi-passenger automobile, 14%
Bus (Clemson Area Transit), 4%
Walk, 10%
Bike, 2%
Park and ride, 9%
Live on campus, 16%
Other, 1%
26
No3%
Somewhat6%
Maybe16%
Usually31%
Yes43%
Not Sure1%
Do You Have Reasonable Access to Places Within Clemson University?
27
Average Mobility Rating by Mode for All Internet Survey Respondents (1=None and 5=Most)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Automobile Walking Transit Bike Other
Ave
rag
e M
obi
lity
Rat
ing
28
What Type of Parking Pricing Would You Prefer On Campus (Off-Campus Students)
Up-Front Flat Fee55%
Pay-as-you-go
10%
Reimburse-ment
Program32%
Other3%
29
“I Need A Car…” (On Campus Students)1=Least Agreement and 5=Most Agreement
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Vacation
Shopping
Entertainment
Visit friends
Recreation
Medical care
Sporting events
Work
Research/H
omework
To get to class
30
Gas Prices Results of the Internet Survey show that
gas prices have a bigger effect on the travel habits of Clemson students and staff compared to faculty
Driving less and combining trips were the two most cited effects of increased gas prices for students, faculty and staff
31
Reasons People Do Not Walk
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Me
an
Faculty/Staff
Off Campus Students.
32
Walk Commute Times to Campus
Walk Commute Time to Campus
0.05.0
10.015.0
20.025.030.035.0
Pe
rce
nt
Students
Faculty/Staf f
33
Who is Riding Transit?
On-Campus Students
Off-Campus Students
Faculty & Staff
40% 53% 5%
34
Why Do We Not Ride Transit?
“Bus routes do not serve my needs” “Bus schedule does not serve my need” “Service frequencies do not fit my needs” “I need the flexibility to come and go
during the day” “It takes more time to get to campus when
I ride transit”
35
Bike Facilities 915 people regularly bike to and around campus 52% of all respondents requested more bike lanes, 20% are willing to
pay higher student fees for them 48% of all respondents requested covered bike racks, 19% willing to
pay higher student fees for them
December 6, 2005November 17, 2005
36
Reasons Why Bicyclists Avoid Certain Areas of Clemson
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
AggressiveDrivers
Too manypedestrians
Lack of bikelanes
Other
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pe
op
leW
ho
Bik
e o
n C
am
pu
s
37
Percent Mode Choice
Bus or shuttle0.9%
Walk5.6%
Bike0.3%
Boat0.9%
RV1.0%
Automobile91.3%
Football Survey Results
38
Parking: Not just a car issue
Strollers get designated parking, so why don’t bikes?
Alternative Transportation Options
40
How Often Would You Ride Commuter Rail Between Clemson and Greenville?
7 days a week, 2%
6 days a week, 0%
5 days a week, 5%
4 days a week, 2%
3 days a week, 6%
2 days a week, 6%
1 day a week, 10%
Twice a month, 19%Once a month, 10%
Rarely, 25%
Never, 15%
31% of the Clemson community would use commuter rail every week.
60% of the Clemson community would use commuter rail every
month.
41
Would You Support a County Wide Sales Tax To Support Commuter Rail for Clemson?
On-campusstudent
Off-campusstudent Staff Faculty
Yes 40% 51% 43% 64%
No 22% 20% 26% 17%
Unsure 38% 29% 32% 19%
42
Golf Carts??!!!! Mobility: Access across campus improves with easy access to low-speed
transportation. Congestion: More golf carts than autos can park in the same space Convenience: With smaller vehicles, more vehicles can park in existing lots
closer to buildings. Environment: Address regional air quality issues and non-attainment with
emphasis on electric or propane golf carts. Cost:
Students can use a $2000 golf cart (or a $200 bicycle on the same infrastructure) instead of a $20,000 private vehicle.
The University assumes little cost for operating this mode. The University maximizes existing infrastructure, reducing need for costly garages.
Character: Clemson further establishes its name for automotive technology through practical use
of alternative fuel vehicles. A golf-cart campus will help distinguish Clemson as a unique top-twenty university.
Golf carts have a place in this community, but will people use them?
43
"If Clemson provides appropriate parking and right of way, golf carts and similar small personal vehicles can serve as a viable transportation option for the community."
13%
17%
24%12%
25%
9% 14%
22%
25%
6%
26%
7%
19%
14%
27%8%
23%
9% 20%
20%
18%6%
24%
12%
On
-cam
pu
s S
tud
ents
Fac
ult
yS
taff
Off
-cam
pu
s S
tud
ents
33.2% of the campus community sees golf carts as a likely viable transportation option.
44
Which of the following trips would you use a golf cart for if designated lanes existed for golf carts?"
On-campus Student
Off-campusStudent Staff Faculty Overall
On Campus 68.0% 64.8% 73.1% 50.6% 64.3%
Football and Events 49.6% 44.4% 25.2% 11.7% 40.2%
Commuting 29.7% 39.8% 12.8% 21.0% 32.7%
Grocery Shopping 36.4% 22.0% 11.0% 15.7% 24.6%
Entertainment and Dining 32.2% 19.0% 14.6% 13.5% 21.7%
Visiting Friends and Family 19.8% 16.4% 6.6% 7.0% 15.5%
Other Shopping 16.2% 11.1% 9.7% 7.5% 12.0%
Medical Care 17.1% 7.9% 4.8% 6.4% 10.1%
45
"Lanes and paths designated for bicycles, golf carts, and mopeds should exist in the Clemson community."
StronglyDisagree Disagree Neutral Agree
StronglyAgree
NotSure
On campus student 7.5% 15.7% 29.0% 13.8% 28.5% 5.5%
Off campus student 6.9% 15.0% 29.0% 10.1% 35.0% 3.9%
Staff 7.0% 11.4% 27.2% 10.1% 38.2% 6.1%
Faculty 6.4% 7.0% 18.6% 8.1% 52.3% 7.6%
Total 7.0% 13.9% 27.5% 10.9% 35.7% 5.0%
Only 1/5 of the community opposes investing in infrastructure for low-speed local transportation.
46.6% of the Clemson community agrees that we have a need.
Venues for Dissemination
Who cares?How relevant is a study of Clemson?
47
Contribution to the Clemson Campus
2006 consultant study of campus transportation needs
Parking & Transportation Management Plan
48
Classes
2005 City and Regional Planning Graduate Studio
2006 Undergraduate Creative Inquiry
Future potential for landscape architecture and engineering studio work
49
Theses
Brown, Mark (2006). Commuter Rail for Small Metropolitan Areas
Boyles, Ben (2006). University Campus Mobility: Creating a Systems Approach to Transportation Planning.
Miller, Ben (2007). Untitled proposal to investigate geographic patterns revealed in the diary to determine barriers to active transportation.
An apparent bias toward students named Ben
50
Presentations / Potential Publications Adams, Boyles, Brown, and Comstock. Presentation to the Clemson University
Administrative Council, January 30, 2006 Dunning, Anne and Boyles, Ben. Carolinas Parking Association Meeting,
Clemson, SC, May 2006. Boyles, Ben and Dunning, Anne. “Maximizing Mobility in a Rural University
Community Environment,” presented at the National Rural Bus and Intercity Transit Conference (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science), Skamania, WA, October 2006.
Boyles, Ben. “Charting a New Path in University Campus Transportation Planning,” presented to the American Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, Dallas, TX, November 2006.
Boyles, Ben and Dunning, Anne. “University Campus Parking: Balancing Supply and Demand,” paper #07-3470 submitted for the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2007.
Brown, Mark and Dunning, Anne. “A Demand Analysis Of A Commuter Rail System Between Clemson University and Greenville, South Carolina,” paper #07-3282 submitted for the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2007.
Three more by the end of the Fall 2006…
51
Concurrent Research
Parking inventory and demand study Clemson Area Transit ridership survey Parking infrastructure needs analysis Parking management audit