Clearing the Confusion: Life Safety, Fire and Smoke Barriers
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Transcript of Clearing the Confusion: Life Safety, Fire and Smoke Barriers
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 2
COURSE TITLE
CLEARING THE CONFUSION
PURPOSE: To provide the attendees with a
clear and concise summary of the uses and
requirements for smoke partitions, fire barriers,
and smoke barriers, as well as basic fire door /
frame and hardware requirements.
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 3
Introduction
Smoke Partitions
- Defined, Illustrated & their Utilization
Fire Barriers
– Defined, Illustrated, & their Utilization
Smoke Barriers
– Defined, Illustrated & their Utilization
Fire Door, Frame, and Hardware– Defined, Illustrated & their Utilization
Conclusion
Question / Answer Session
AGENDA
COURSE OUTLINE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 4
Marsha Whitt
RID, AAHID, EDAC
Principal, Regional VP, Southwest Region
Project Manager, Project Planner
& Construction Administrator
Marsha and Shane have an extensive
working history spanning over the past 20
years. Their project experience
encompasses many types of healthcare
facilities ranging from small Clinical Suites
to Greenfield Hospitals in excess of a
million square feet.
PRESENTERS
Shane Williams
AIA, ACHA, NCARB, LGB
Principal, Practice Area Leader - Design
Project Executive, Project Designer
& Project Planner
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 5
FIRM PROFILE
Array Architects is a 30-year
old healthcare-only design firm
with a nation-wide presence.
Array offers a full complement
of knowledge-based services
founded in a Lean process led
approach including planning,
architecture, interior design,
and advisory services in all
types of healthcare facilities.
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 6
SOUTHWEST REGION
Having a local presence
provides strategic partnerships
and ensures we are available
whenever needed.
Marsha Whitt, AAHID, EDAC, NCIDQ
Principal, Regional VP, Southwest Region
1910 Pacific Avenue
Suite 11100
Dallas, TX 75201
o 214-939-7565 (x1602)
c 817-925-9983
FIRM LOCAL PRESENCE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 8
SMOKE PARTITIONS,
FIRE BARRIERS,
SMOKE BARRIERS
AS SHOWN IN
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
– PARTITION TYPES SHEET
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 9
SMOKE PARTITIONS, FIRE BARRIERS, SMOKE BARRIERS
AS SHOWN IN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN – GRAPHIC DESIGNATION
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 10
DEFINITION* / ILLUSTRATED:
A smoke partition is a continuous membrane
designed to form a barrier to limit the
transfer of smoke.
(A smoke partition should be thought of as a
barrier that reasonably limits, but does not
necessarily prevent, smoke transfer).
710.4 Continuity
Smoke partitions shall extend from the floor
to the underside of the floor or roof deck
above or to the underside of the ceiling
above where the ceiling membrane is
constructed to limit the transfer of smoke.
SMOKE PARTITIONS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 11
PURPOSE / USES:
Corridor Walls in Group I-2
SMOKE PARTITIONS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 12
DEFINITION*:
A fire barrier is a vertical or horizontal
assembly that is fire-resistance rated and is
designed to restrict the spread of fire, confine
it to limited areas, and/or afford safe passage
for protected egress.
The code specifies the fire-resistance ratings
of these barriers in hours (ie., 1/2
hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours).
Fire barriers can help restrict the passage of
smoke; however, they do not necessarily
make an effective smoke barrier.
Just because a wall is fire rated does not
mean it will automatically resist smoke.
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 14
PURPOSE:
Separating Occupancies
Isolating Hazardous Areas
Creating a Horizontal Exit
Enclosing an Exit
Creating a Shaft
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 15
PURPOSE:
Separating Occupancies
Isolating Hazardous Areas
Creating a Horizontal Exit
Enclosing an Exit
Creating a Shaft
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 16
PURPOSE:
Separating Occupancies
Isolating Hazardous Areas
Creating a Horizontal Exit
Enclosing an Exit
Creating a Shaft
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 17
PURPOSE:
Separating Occupancies
Isolating Hazardous Areas
Creating a Horizontal Exit
Enclosing an Exit
Creating a Shaft
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 18
PURPOSE:
Separating Occupancies
Isolating Hazardous Areas
Creating a Horizontal Exit
Enclosing an Exit
Creating a Shaft
FIRE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 19
DEFINITION* / ILLUSTRATED:
Smoke barriers are a prevention
system designed to restrict the
movement of smoke and fire
gases.
A smoke barrier can either consist
of a wall assembly or a full
enclosure. (The full enclosure
consists of walls, ceilings, and
floor assemblies that create a
continuous smokeproof
compartment).
*Per the NFPA 1 Fire Code Handbook, 2012
Edition
SMOKE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 20
PURPOSE / USES:
Wall Assemblies: a wall used as
a smoke barrier must be
continuous from outside wall to
outside wall and from floor slab to
floor slab. It is used mostly in
Institutional occupancies between
areas of refuge.
Vertical Shafts: Vertical shaft
enclosures for stairs, elevators,
and waste and linen chutes must
be smokeproof.
Vestibule: any vestibule used
adjacent to a smokeproof stairwell
or elevator hoistway, between the
shaft and the exterior exit door,
must also be smokeproof.
SMOKE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 21
PURPOSE / USES:
Wall Assemblies: a wall used as
a smoke barrier must be
continuous from outside wall to
outside wall and from floor slab to
floor slab. It is used mostly in
Institutional occupancies between
areas of refuge.
Vertical Shafts: Vertical shaft
enclosures for stairs, elevators,
and waste and linen chutes must
be smokeproof.
Vestibule: any vestibule used
adjacent to a smokeproof stairwell
or elevator hoistway, between the
shaft and the exterior exit door,
must also be smokeproof.
SMOKE BARRIERS
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 22
PURPOSE / USES:
Allow open treatment plan
without corridor doors, and
latching.
Inpatient Sleeping Suite more
than 1,000 square feet require two
exits remote from each other.
Non Sleeping Suite more than
2,500 square feet require two exits
remote from each other.
100’ to exit from suite and 200’ to
an exit. 50’ if there is an
intervening room.
SUITES
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 23
COMPARISON CHART
FIRE BARRIER SMOKE BARRIER SMOKE PARTITION
Shall have 1/2 to 3 hour fire resistant construction – enclosures for shafts, exit access
stairways, exit access ramps, interior exit ramps, exit passageway walls, isolating
hazardous areas, and separating occupancies
Shall be one hour fire resistant construction (with the exception of some atrium separation
walls) – wall assemblies, vertical shafts, and vestibules; constructed in the same manner as
the equivalent fire barriers
Does not need to be one hour fire resistant construction – corridor walls in I-2 occupancies
(IBC only)
Smoke Barriers form compartments (areas of refuge); can be comprised of both walls &
ceiling/floor assemblies
Smoke Partitions form corridors
Shall be continuous to the floor / roof deckabove
Shall be continuous from outside wall to outside wall; must continue to the floor / roof
deck above
Shall extend from the floor to the underside of the floor or roof deck above; can stop at a
ceiling that limits the transfer of smoke
Fire protection rated dampers are required in ducts that penetrate fire barriers with a fire
resistance greater than one hour
Requires smoke (not fire/smoke) dampers for ducted and unducted openings, unless the
ducted opening only serves one smoke compartment
Only requires smoke dampers for unducted air transfer openings
Do not necessarily make an effective smoke barrier
Restricts the movement of smoke Limits the transfer of smoke (are not as substantial as smoke barriers)
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 24
DEFINITION* / KEY INFO:
FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY
3.3.50 - Any combination of a fire
door, a frame, hardware, and
other accessories that together
provide a specific degree of fire
protection to the opening.
5.2.1 – Fire door assemblies
shall be inspected and tested not
less than annually, and a written
record shall be signed and kept
for inspection by the AHJ.
703.2 - Fire door assemblies
shall not be modified.
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 25
ANNUAL INSPECTION:
FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY
5.2.4.2 – As a minimum, the following items shall be
verified:
No open holes or breaks exist in surface
Glazing, vision light frames & glazing beads are
intact
The door, frame, hinges, hardware &
noncombustible threshold are secured, aligned, and
in working order
No parts are missing or broken
The self-closing devise is operational
If a coordinator is installed, the inactive leaf closes
before active leaf.
Latching hardware operates & secures the door
when it is in the closed position
Auxiliary hardware items that interfere or prohibit
operation are not installed
No parts are missing or broken
No field modifications to the door have been
performed
Gasketing and edge seals are inspected
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 26
DEFINED* / KEY INFO:
FIRE DOORS
3.3.49 - The door component of a fire
door assembly.
4.1.1 – Fire doors shall be classified
by designating a required fire
protection rating expressed in hours
or fractions thereof.
703.2 – Fire doors and smoke barrier
doors shall not be blocked or
obstructed or otherwise made
inoperable.
703.2.3 – Swinging fire doors shall
close from the full-open position and
latch automatically. The door closer
shall exert enough force to close &
latch the door from any partially open
position.
9.3 – Clearances at the lintel, jambs,
& meeting stiles shall not exceed 1/8
inch.
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 27
DEFINED* / KEY INFORMATION:
FIRE DOOR FRAMES
3.3.51 - A component forming the
perimeter of an opening in a fire door
assembly that is supplied welded or
knocked down and anchored to the
surrounding structure.
All fire-rated door assemblies must
have a frame that is labeled as a fire-
rated frame.
Unlike fire-rated doors, there are no
specific hourly ratings called out on a
basic fire door frame as they are
rated for 3 hours. If the frame is rated
for something less than 3 hours, then
the frame labeling must specifically
state the rated hours.
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 28
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Hinges
Latching Devices
Fire Exit Hardware
Closing Devices
Hold Open Devices
Note: Fire door assemblies are
rated;
fire hardware is listed.
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 29
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Hinges
- a labeled fire door must be
hung on steel bearing-type
hinges or spring hinges;
(6.4.3.1.1.2 - where spring
hinges are used, at least two
shall be provided)
- Bearing type knuckles on
hinges provide smooth
operation and minimize wear
throughout the lifetime of the
opening
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 30
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Latching Devices
3.3.84 – A spring-loaded latch bolt
or a gravity-operated steel bar
that, after release by physical
action, returns to its operating
position and automatically
engages the strike plate when it is
returned to the closed position.
-Every swinging fire door must
have a labeled automatic latching
device to engage the strike
-The minimum latch bolt length is
indicated on the fire door label
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 31
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Fire Exit Hardware
3.3.55 – Labeled devices for
swinging fire doors installed to
facilitate safe egress of persons and
generally consisting of a crossbar &
various types of latch mechanisms
that cannot hold the latch in a
retracted locked position.
-Exit devices may only be used on
doors that are specifically labeled
“Fire Door To Be Used with Fire Exit
Hardware.” (Door must be properly
reinforced for fire exit devices).
- Exit devices have size and hourly
rating restrictions, and must be
properly labeled and identified as fire
exit hardware.
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 32
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Closing Devices
3.3.26 – A means of closing
a door from the partially or
fully opened position.
-Must be properly sized
-Either spring hinges or a
listed door closer is required
8.4.1.1 – Doors shall be
equipped with self-closing or
automatic-closing devices to
ensure that they shall close
or be closed at the time of a
fire.
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 33
COMPONENTS / KEY INFO:
Hold Open Devices
-Electromagnetic release
devices will close quickly
enough to prevent the
passage of toxic gases and
smoke
-Devices are activated by
electronic detectors that
sense smoke and/or the
products of combustion.
FIRE DOOR HARDWARE
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 34
Summary
In Healthcare, we defend in place. Patients are typically not ambulatory. They
can be placed on ventilators and other equipment that hinders quick movement
of beds. This also places caregivers at risk. Care must be taken in ensuring
that healthcare facilities meet life safety standards.
CONCLUSION
Oklahoma Association
of Healthcare Engineers
November 20, 2014 * Page 35
International Building Code, 2009 Edition
International Fire Code, 2009 Edition
NFPA 80, 2013 Edition
NFPA 1 Fire Code Handbook, 2012 Edition
SDI Technical Data Series – SDI 118-1
REFERENCES