Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities?...
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Transcript of Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities?...
![Page 1: Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities? Patricia Monahan Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dc65503460f94abb121/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area
What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities?
Patricia Monahan
Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program
![Page 2: Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities? Patricia Monahan Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dc65503460f94abb121/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bay Area’s Diesel Pollution Inventory
• In 2002, B.A. diesel engines released– 5,000 tons of fine soot– 117 thousand tons of smog-forming NOx & ROG
• As a share of mobile source pollution, B.A. diesel engines are responsible for– Three-quarters of fine particles – 44% of smog-forming NOx and ROG
Source: CARB Emission Inventory for the Bay Area. Available online at http://www.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/maps/statemap/abmap.htm
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Bay Area Pollution from Mobile Sources: Fine Soot (PM 2.5)
Planes - Dsl
13%
Offroad -Gas6%
Offroad -Dsl
39%
Big Rigs - Dsl
16%
Cars - Gas18%
Ships - Dsl8%
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Bay Area Pollution from Mobile Sources: Smog-forming (NOx & ROG)
Ships - Dsl3%
Cars - Gas46%
Big rigs - Dsl
20%
Offroad -Dsl
17%
Offroad -Gas10%
Planes - Dsl4%
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Bay Area Pollution from Diesel Mobile Sources: Fine Soot (PM 2.5)
Planes17%
Trains1%
Off-road50%
Big Rigs22%
Ships10%
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2002 Bay Area Pollution Diesel Mobile Sources:Smog-forming (NOx & ROG)
Planes10%
Trains3%
Off-road37%
Ships6%
Big Rigs44%
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2002 Bay Area PollutionNonroad Diesel Engines:Fine Soot (PM 2.5)
Construct75%
Industrial7%
Commer-cial8%
Transp. Refrig
7%
Lawn & Garden
1%
Airport Support
2%
![Page 8: Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities? Patricia Monahan Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dc65503460f94abb121/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Diesel engines have been under-regulated by EPA• Highway trucks and buses built before 1988 did
not have to meet ANY soot standard
Why Are Diesel Engines Such Major Polluters? Weak Pollution Standards!
![Page 9: Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities? Patricia Monahan Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dc65503460f94abb121/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why Are Off-road Engines the Largest Single Source of B.A. Soot? Even Weaker Pollution Standards!• Off-road engines, like cranes and bulldozers, did not
have to start meeting any pollution standards until 1996– The pollution standards for off-road diesel engines are
about 10 times weaker than highway standards
• Despite the downturn in the economy, construction has continued
• As a share of pollution from off-road engines, construction equipment accounts for – 75% of fine soot– Over 80% of smog-forming pollutants
![Page 10: Cleaning Up Diesel in the Bay Area What Are the Sources? What are the Clean-Up Opportunities? Patricia Monahan Senior Analyst, Clean Vehicles Program.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dc65503460f94abb121/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Reducing Diesel Pollution from New Engines
• New standards– Heavy-duty standards for new vehicles and ultra-low
sulfur diesel fuel• (90% less PM per vehicle in 2007)• (95% less NOx per vehicle -- 2007/2010 phase in)
– Proposed non-road diesel standards match onroad
• Limitations:– Requirements phased in over next decade– Full benefits are thirty years away– No new standards for trains, planes and ships
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• Diesel engines last a long time– Existing engines may last another 20-35 years
• CARB’s Diesel Risk Reduction Program– Retrofit regs stalled– Incentive programs out of funding
• CARB’s School Bus Program– Nearly out of funding
• The Bay Area needs more local clean up The Bay Area needs more local clean up effortsefforts
What About Trucks and Buses on the Road Today?
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• Replace – Use a cleaner engine powered by alternative fuels,
like electricity or natural gas
• Retrofit – PM control: Particulate matter trap– PM control: Oxidation catalyst (oxy cat)– NOx & PM control: Lean NOx catalyst in
conjunction with PM trap or oxy cat
• Fuel switching– Biodiesel– Emulsified diesel
Diesel Clean Up
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Cleaner Alternative Fuels, like Natural Gas
• Pros– 1/3 reduction in NOx and 90% reduction in PM
compared with new conventional diesel– NG has pushed diesel to become cleaner– Moves transportation system towards hydrogen– Potential for reduced maintenance costs
• Cons– Engines cost $10s of thousands more than diesel– Additional infrastructure costs– NG price fluctuations– Different maintenance procedures
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PM Control: Diesel Particulate Matter Filter (PM trap)
• Pros:– 85% or greater PM & toxics reduction– Soot emissions comparable to NG with oxy cat– Modest cost: around $5K
• Cons:– Can only be used on certain 1994 and newer engines– Must be used in conjunction with low sulfur diesel fuel– Some maintenance costs
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PM Control: Oxidation Catalyst (oxy cat)
• Pros:– 20-30% PM reduction– Inexpensive: $1-2K– Can be used to clean up older engines
• Cons– PM remains high
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PM & NOx Control: Lean NOx Catalyst + Trap
• Pros:– 85% PM, 25% NOx
control
– Only NOx aftertreatment available
• Cons:– 94 and newer engines
only
– Cost >$15K
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Fuel Switching
• BIODIESEL– Pros
• B20 offers 10% reduction in PM/toxics
• Modest cost increase of about 10%
• No engine modification
– Cons• Slight NOx increase• Easy to switch back to
diesel
• EMULSIFIED DIESEL– Pros
• 15% reduction in NOx; 58% reduction in PM
– Cons• Limited to specific
applications• Limited shelf life, some
performance drawbacks (eg, power, torque)
• Cost??
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Models for Diesel Clean-Up
• Boston’s Big Dig
• World Trade Center Clean-Up
• NY Ferries
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Conclusions: Which Sources Should be Targeted for Clean-up?
• Emission inventories can help provide direction– Nonroad diesel (particularly construction) is major
source of diesel PM
• Other factors (eg, children’s health, local “hot spots”) must play a role
• Clean-up technologies/fuels must be tailored to the age and type of equipment, as well as the amount of funding available.