Presented atIndo – Japanese Conference

onFuel Quality and Vehicular Emissions

17-18th March 2009, New Delhi

K.K.GandhiExecutive Director ( Technical )

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Delhi

Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

• Non-profit organization representing 44 vehicle & vehicular engine manufacturers

• Advocacy: Economic Policy, Technical Policy & Public Policy • Networking – Stakeholders National / International• Seminars / Conferences – Technical, Trade & Economic, Road

Safety• Statistical services – Production, Sales and Exports• Auto Expo

Promotes sustainable development of Indian automobile industry

SIAM Members

Auto Industry Growth Trajectory Vehicle Sales : 1972 onwards

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Mill

ions

1990 2.3 mn units

1998 4.1 mn units

2001 5.2 mn units

2006 10.9 mn units

1979 0.4 mn units

Auto Industry Today

Passenger Vehicles

43%

Three Wheelers

2%

Two Wheelers

25%

Commercial Vehicles

30%

Domestic Sales ~ US $ 33.78 bn

Exports ~ US $ 3.46 bnEstimated; All figures for 2007-08

2W0.5

8.02

3WCVPV

1.76

0.54

Total Registered Vehicles ~ 109 Mn

Commercial Vehicles*

13%

Passenger Vehicles

13%

Two Wheelers

74%

As on March 2008

Source: Govt. of India Statistics of Registered Vehicles & SIAM estimates

Vehicle Parc

* Include tractor, trailer, three wheelers and others

CHALLENGES

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

• Air quality

• Energy diversification

• Climate Change

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

• Air quality

• Energy diversification

• Climate Change

IDLE EMI

FAS (DIESEL)

CMVR 91 (PETROL)

CMVR 92

(DIESEL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL)EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II (NCR)

BS-II(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-III (11 CITIES)

BS-III(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-IVREVIEW

BS-I (NCR)

BS-II(3 CITIES)

CURRENT SCENARIO

BS-II(8 CITIES)

BS-II(2 CITIES)

CNG BUSES(DELHI)

BS-IV(SELECT CITIES)

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010

India Unique

IDLE EMI

FAS (DIESEL)

CMVR 91 (PETROL)

CMVR 92

(DIESEL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL)EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II (NCR)

BS-II(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-III (11 CITIES)

BS-III(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-IVREVIEW

BS-I (NCR)

BS-II(3 CITIES)

CURRENT SCENARIO

BS-II(8 CITIES)

BS-II(2 CITIES)

CNG BUSES(DELHI)

BS-IV(SELECT CITIES)

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010

India Unique

Need to evolve future road map

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

• Air quality

• Energy diversification

• Climate Change

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphurDiesel / Petrol

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel 5%Ethanol

Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphurDiesel / Petrol

CURRENT

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphurDiesel / Petrol

The Indian Bio Fuel Program

Among Biofuels, Ethanol & bio diesel are promising renewable fuels which can be used as blending component

with petrol & diesel up to a specified percentage in transport sector without any modification in the existing

set of engines.

Ethanol Programme in India

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States & 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States & 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.200220022002

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to commercial viability & ethanol availability

Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to commercial viability & ethanol availability200420042004

5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country (except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability w.e.f 01.11.2006

5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country (except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability w.e.f 01.11.2006

200620062006

CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending – from Oct ’07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending – from Oct ‘08

CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending – from Oct ’07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending – from Oct ‘08

200720072007

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through two Depots – one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through two Depots – one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)

Dec2008Dec2008Dec2008

Test Results ( Performance / Emission )(Y2K Compliant vehicles-2W)

Legends : -OK within Spec.Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency observed

MODEL ‘A’

Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

CO , gm / km 40 ~ 78 % drop

HC , gm / km 0 ~ 5 % increase

NOx , gm / km 17 ~ 25 % increase

HC + NOx , gm / km 7 ~ 8.5 % Increase

Remarks :- Drop in CO , gm / km, Increase in Nox , gm/km

Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

Power , kW No significant variation

Acceleration , Sec Comparable

Max Speed , kmph

FE , kmpl 2 ~ 7% drop

Comparable

Remarks :- Drop in CO, & Increase in HC, Nox gm / km

Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

CO , gm / km 30 ~ 64 % drop

HC , gm / km 9.5 ~ 24 % Increase

NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 32 % Increase

HC + NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 27 % Increase

Legends : -OK within SpecRemarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency & Acceleration observed

Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :(Y2K Compliant vehicles – 2W)

MODEL ‘B’Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks

Power , kW Increase

Acceleration , Sec 5.5 ~ 7% drop

Max Speed , kmph Comparable

FE , kmpl 2 ~ 4% drop

E10 Studies on Four wheelers

• Driveability of ethanol is lower because of Distillation characteristics & RVP of ethanol blended fuel. Reduced Cold & Hot Startability & Acceleration performance.

• E10 fuel affects material compatibility, engine wear & life. Rubber swelling & metalcorrosion increases.

• Intake valve deposits & stickiness, combustion chamber deposits increases, subsequently leads to loss of compression & reduction in engine performance.

• International experience confirms 3% Increase in Fuel consumption due to lower energy value of ethanol.

• Evaporative emissions increases drastically.

• In In Sweden, about 40% of in, about 40% of in--use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporative use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporative emission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend emission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend –– ((Source: WP29 informal document)

• Misfire (in some cases)

•Ethanol can absorb water; If water enters the fuel tank It dilutes ethanol, reducing its value as a fuel. It causes problems of phase separation in fuel.

• Ethanol absorbs dirts & carries inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus contaminating the car engine system.

• Most of the In-use vehicles are not compatible with E10 fuel

General Trends:

E10 Studies on 4 wheelers

In India, not much vehicle testing taken place to date however the following impact is expected. ( performance and emissions impact is highly dependent on application )

DriveabilityPotential deterioration in startability & cold driveability. Closed loop vehicles can tolerate to some extent.

HC, CO Decreases significantly. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.

NOx Increases. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.

Evaporative emissions Increases drastically to the extent of 40-50%.

Inspection / Maintenance Negligible change.

Rubber / plastics Increased degradation (fuel lines, injectors, seals, connectors)

Aluminum Increased corrosion (fuel rail, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage of E10 fuel.

Steel Increased corrosion (fuel lines, fuel tank, pressure regulator, pump, filler neck, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage.

Deposits Increased intake system deposits.

Vehicle Emissions

Hardware durability

General Trends:

Australia, USA & Japan Studies on E10 Impacts

(4 Wheelers) USA JAPANParameters

Fuel Injected model

Carburetted model

Vehicle PerformanceMileage (or) Fuel economy Drop up to 2.4%Driveability Drop up to 0.8% Drop up to 2.3% Acceleration delayCold Startability Drop up to 2.0% Drop up to 2.5%Hot Startability Drop up to 1.0% Drop up to 3.5%Vehicle Emission ParametersMass emission

CO 10 - 11% drop decreasesHC 15 -16% drop decreases

NOx 3 - 7% increase increasesPM 30 - 42% drop

Evaporative emission Increases IncreasesMaterial compatibility -

Rubber - -decrease in hardness

Aluminium -Corrosion such as

Complete dissolution, reduction in mass

Durability -Engine life -Valve & Combustion chamber seposits

-

Fuel system durability -

AUSTRALIA

-

Increases by 2.8%

Drop by 32%Drop by 12%

Increases by 1%

valve stickiness increases, loss of compression

- Fuel filter clogs- pump life deteriorates- injector drifts

Doubtful / Unsatisfactory- Distortion, stiffening happens in diaphragms.- Crumbling of rubber (breakdown)- Leakage from hoses

Doubtful / UnsatisfactoryReduces

-

10 - 40% increase

10% Ethanol-blended Gasoline

ConcernsVery large number of in-use vehicles are not compatible with 10% blend. Hence, this issue needs to be addressed.For the use of E-10 , as fuel compression ratio needs to be increased to compensate for the FE loss, hence the use of E-0 (in case of a discontinued supply of E-10) may cause knocking.The consumers / vehicle manufacturers should be given assurance of a sustained supply of 10% blend. There should be a clear Road Map for implementation with sufficient lead time for the vehicle manufacturers

Assured supplyDefined percentageLabeled

Pilot E10 Blending Program• SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through

two Depots – one each at Belgaum from Desur (Karnataka) and in Bareilly from Aonla (UP) w.e.f. 15th December 2008

• SIAM study of the field situation in Bareilly– Labeling of Dispensing Units by Oil Companies is more or less

being followed, but needs to be streamlined. – Vehicle Dealers are generally aware that E10 blended

Gasoline is being sold. – There is a wide variation in the Ethanol percentages in

Bareilly; from 0% to 10% from the samples tested by SIAM– Since this variation largely depends on the availability of

Ethanol by each Depot, at any particular time, this variation islikely to continue.

– It may be difficult for SIAM members to conclude the extent of impact of E10 fuel on vehicles due to this inconsistency.

– On-line blending is not being done at IOC Depot at Aonla.

Examples of E10 Sticker on Dispensing Units at Bareilly

)

No labels were observed in the Petrol Station

Bio Diesel studies

Observations during the road test• A car running on Biodiesel shows no particular deviation from a car running

on fossil diesel as far as vehicle performance is considered.

• The vehicle fueled with Biodiesel meets the Euro III emission standard and therefore also the effective Bharat Stage II (EU II) norms with a sufficient margin.

• Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are comparable to that of fossil diesel. However, carbon monoxide emissions tend to increase.

• Particulate emissions from the vehicle have shown significant reductions to those of a car running on fossil diesel.

• The storage stability of the Biodiesel is a parameter which needs to be studied further as increased emissions were observed with aged Biodiesel.

• In order to come to a more conclusive understanding of the performance of JME Biodiesel in Mercedes-Benz Common Rail Diesel engines additional test are being further conducted.

The Tough gets going… !!

Field Trials by OEM’s

Field Trials on State Transport Buses

• Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors

• Haryana Roadways 20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year

• Driveability performance observed satisfactory and smoke found lower

• Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen

CleanFuels

Low sulphurDiesel / Petrol

↓↓Propulsion TechnologyPropulsion Technology

HEVHEV EVEV HH22 FEVFEVHH--CNGCNG

Battery TechnologyBattery Technology : : Heart of EV+Heart of EV+

EVsEVs

Fuel Cell Fuel Cell

HH22ICEICEHH--CNGCNG

Diesel / Diesel / PetrolPetrol

CNG/LPGCNG/LPG

Hydrogen Centric Hydrogen Centric ActivitiesActivities

The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways: The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:

For HFor H22ICE DevelopmentICE Development

Incubation of HIncubation of H22ICEICE

SeedingSeeding

Pilot FleetPilot Fleet

Tech DemoTech Demo

JanJan’’ 0909 JanJan’’ 1010 JanJan’’ 1111 JanJan’’ 1313

For Fuel Cell DevelopmentFor Fuel Cell DevelopmentIncubation

Tech DemoPilot Trials

JanJan’’ 0909 JanJan’’ 12/1312/13 JanJan’’ 15 15 JanJan’’ 1717

OROR

A roadmap for development and implementation of

“zero emission vehicles”

HCNG EV/HCNGHCNG EV/HCNG H2/Fuel CellsH2/Fuel Cells

Hybrids & H2EVHybrids & H2EV’’ss

Yr Yr 2008 2008 YrYr 20102010 Yr Yr 2011/12 2011/12 Yr Yr 20202020 YrYr 20302030

ChallengesChallenges: Production, Storage and Transportation

To sum up………….

1. 5 percent Ethanol Petrol blend introduced in India but sustained availability a concern

2. Issues concerning Fuel Quality & Engine Durability for new & in use vehicles has to be adequately resolved for 10 % blends.

3. Bio diesel is an environmentally & Technically Feasible Alternative Fuel for India

4. Need to evolve standards for Bio Fuels in line with International regulations

5. Prepare roadmap for sustained availability in consultation with all stake holders

6. Electric Vehicles & Hydrogen hold the key for the sustained development of Industry

Commitment of All Stakeholders

GovernmentDepartments

VehicleManufacturers

OilCompanies

Judiciary

VehicleUsers

NGOs

Clean Vehicles /Air &

Energy Security

ResearchInstitutions

Visit us at www.siam.in

Society of Indian Automobile ManufacturersCore 4B, 5th Floor

India Habitat CentreLodi Road, New Delhi

Phone: +91 11 2464 7810 - 12Fax: +91 11 2464 8222

E-mail: kkgandhi@siam.in

Cold weather – High altitude Biodiesel testing

• The Himalaya-trials with Biodiesel was in continuation of road trials in 2004

• 2 C-Class cars & 1 Viano van were utilized for the Cold weather + High Altitude testing of Biodiesel.

Encouraging results from trials…

• Mileage comparable to normal diesel (8-9 km/l for C-Class & 7.5 km/l for Viano).• Engine performance comparable- and marginally better than conventional diesel.• Low particulate emissions: one-third of normal diesel.• Complete combustion (black smoke).• Power loss observed. Not attributable to Biodiesel but due to oxygen rarity at high

altitude.• Fuel sample taken for every 1000kms & sent to Daimler for testing & analysis.