CLAUSES CLAUSES. The Clause A group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is used as...

CLAUSES CLAUSES

The ClauseThe Clause

A group of words that contains a A group of words that contains a verbverb and its and its subjectsubject and is used as part of a and is used as part of a sentencesentence..

A clause has a A clause has a subjectsubject and and verbverb. Not . Not every sentence expresses a complete every sentence expresses a complete thoughtthought..

TYPES OF CLAUSESTYPES OF CLAUSESIndependentIndependent:: Expresses a complete Expresses a complete thought thought

and can stand alone in a and can stand alone in a sentencesentence. Also . Also called a called a mainmain clause clause

Mrs. Knox nodded her head.Mrs. Knox nodded her head.

SubordinateSubordinate:: Does not express a complete Does not express a complete thought and can’t stand alone in a thought and can’t stand alone in a sentencesentence. . Also called a Also called a dependentdependent clause clause

When Jackie answered the questionWhen Jackie answered the question

TYPES OF CLAUSESTYPES OF CLAUSES

The thought expressed by a The thought expressed by a subordinatesubordinate clause becomes clause becomes

complete when it is combined with complete when it is combined with an an independentindependent clause. clause.

independent Clause Subordinate clauseindependent Clause Subordinate clause

Mrs. Knox nodded her head When Jackie answered the question

Mrs. Knox nodded her head Mrs. Knox nodded her head when Jackie when Jackie answered the questionanswered the question..

Types of Subordinate ClausesTypes of Subordinate Clauses

Adjective ClauseAdjective Clause

Noun ClauseNoun Clause

Adverb ClauseAdverb Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSESADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Helpful Hints:Helpful Hints:

SubordinateSubordinate clause that modifies a clause that modifies a nounnoun or or pronounpronoun

AlwaysAlways followsfollows the word it the word it modifiesmodifies ( (N N / Pro/ Pro))

Can remove the Adjective ClauseCan remove the Adjective Clause

Similar to a Participle PhraseSimilar to a Participle Phrase

Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses

Begins with a Begins with a relative pronounrelative pronoun or a or a relative adverbrelative adverb

that which who whom that which who whom whosewhose

when wherewhen where


He invented a vaccine that cured many people.He invented a vaccine that cured many people.

The team, which finished undefeated, won in The team, which finished undefeated, won in the playoffsthe playoffs

We went to the restaurant where I ate five We went to the restaurant where I ate five hamburgers.hamburgers.

He told me about the time when you went to He told me about the time when you went to Europe.Europe.


Jenna wrote a book that was a best seller.Jenna wrote a book that was a best seller.

The man who works at the store is my uncle.The man who works at the store is my uncle.

That is the lake where we spent the week.That is the lake where we spent the week.

The movie, which won an Oscar, is very sad.The movie, which won an Oscar, is very sad.

Noun ClausesNoun ClausesHelpful Hints:Helpful Hints:

SubordinateSubordinate clause used as a clause used as a nounnoun

NeverNever follows a noun or pronoun follows a noun or pronoun

Can Can notnot remove the noun clause remove the noun clause

Can be used as: Can be used as:

SUB DO IO PN OPSUB DO IO PN OP

Noun ClausesNoun Clauses

Usually introduced by:Usually introduced by:

what whatever whichever whoever whomeverwhat whatever whichever whoever whomever

that which who whom whosethat which who whom whose

hhow whether ow whether when wherewhen where whywhy


Whatever you decide will be best.

The hotel was where the family slept.The hotel was where the family slept.

Coach knew that the girls had done their best.

Give whoever wants one an ice cream cone.Give whoever wants one an ice cream cone.

The prize will be given to whoever deserves it the most.


I knew that Kelsey had tried her best.I knew that Kelsey had tried her best.

The shop was where the students met.The shop was where the students met.

Hugh’s reason for being late was that he had Hugh’s reason for being late was that he had overslept.overslept.

I was upset by what he had told me.I was upset by what he had told me.

Whoever wrote the poem is a genius.Whoever wrote the poem is a genius.

Adjective or Noun Clause?Adjective or Noun Clause?

Many of the students who played the game scored Many of the students who played the game scored goals.goals.

Whoever scores the most points wins the game.Whoever scores the most points wins the game.

The system that we are accustomed to is much The system that we are accustomed to is much different.different.

Ian will take whichever CD Adam discards.Ian will take whichever CD Adam discards.

Kim was whom Sarah wanted to play the part.Kim was whom Sarah wanted to play the part.

An apple is a fruit which is good for you. An apple is a fruit which is good for you.

Adjective or Noun Clause?Adjective or Noun Clause?

I read the report that you wrote.I read the report that you wrote.

The book, which I read last week, is great.The book, which I read last week, is great.

That John is tall and athletic is an under- That John is tall and athletic is an under- statement.statement.

Do you know who went to the store?Do you know who went to the store?


Helpful Hints:Helpful Hints:

Subordinate clause that modifies a Subordinate clause that modifies a verb, verb, adjective, or adverbadjective, or adverb

Tells: Tells: how, when, where, why, twe, uwchow, when, where, why, twe, uwc

Can remove the adverb clauseCan remove the adverb clause

Usually introduced by a Usually introduced by a subordinating subordinating conjunctionconjunction (see chart in notes) (see chart in notes)


after as long asas long as because*because* provided provided thatthat

throughthrough wheneverwhenever

althoughalthough** as soon asas soon as before since unless*unless* wherewhere

as as thoughas though if*if* so thatso that until whereverwherever

as ifas if as well asas well as in order in order thatthat thanthan whenwhen while*while*

Adverb ClauseAdverb ClauseHelpful Hints:Helpful Hints:

If Adverb clause is at the beginning of a If Adverb clause is at the beginning of a sentencesentence,, it is off-set with a comma it is off-set with a comma

While driving to the museum, While driving to the museum, Laura ate her lunch.Laura ate her lunch.

The adverb clause is not off-set with a The adverb clause is not off-set with a comma comma if it is at the end of the sentenceif it is at the end of the sentence..

Laura ate her lunch while driving to the museum.Laura ate her lunch while driving to the museum.

Adverb ClausesAdverb Clauses

After Deb played cards, she went to bed.After Deb played cards, she went to bed.

While most students study, some do not.While most students study, some do not.

When we visit Steve, we eat a lot.When we visit Steve, we eat a lot.

Go ask Mr. Droz since he knows best.Go ask Mr. Droz since he knows best.

Before she goes to bed, Andie reads.Before she goes to bed, Andie reads.

We saw the driver as the car drove by.We saw the driver as the car drove by.


Because Joe did not study, he did poorly on the test.Because Joe did not study, he did poorly on the test.

Joe did poorly on the test because he did not studyJoe did poorly on the test because he did not study

After the game Melissa went to sleep.After the game Melissa went to sleep.

After she went to the game, Melissa went to sleep.After she went to the game, Melissa went to sleep.

While writing a love poem, Matt fell asleep.While writing a love poem, Matt fell asleep.

Adverb Clause or Prep Phrase?Adverb Clause or Prep Phrase?

Madeline drove home after the game.Madeline drove home after the game.

Mary drove home after the game had ended.Mary drove home after the game had ended.

Since he knows best, go ask Droz.Since he knows best, go ask Droz.

I have not seen Droz since yesterday.I have not seen Droz since yesterday.

Before the end of the game, Emily will have read Before the end of the game, Emily will have read The The Scarlet LetterScarlet Letter..

Before the game is over, Tori will have eaten a salad.Before the game is over, Tori will have eaten a salad.


The Elliptical ClauseThe Elliptical Clause

Part of the clause is left outPart of the clause is left out

Most elliptical clauses are adv clausesMost elliptical clauses are adv clauses

Most begin with Most begin with thanthan or or asas

Jon likes Hailey more than Kate.Jon likes Hailey more than Kate.

Chris likes Susan as much as Katelyn.Chris likes Susan as much as Katelyn.

Elliptical ClausesElliptical Clauses

Julie can spell better than (me, I).Julie can spell better than (me, I).

I like cookies as much as ice cream.I like cookies as much as ice cream.

Brianna sleeps as much as (her, she).Brianna sleeps as much as (her, she).

Bill can explain the answer better than (I, me).Bill can explain the answer better than (I, me).

Sue needs more time than Jennifer. ______Sue needs more time than Jennifer. ______

Chris is more highly regarded than (she, her).Chris is more highly regarded than (she, her).

Clause ReViewClause ReView• Name two types of clauses. On which one Name two types of clauses. On which one

will we be focusing?will we be focusing?

• Name the three types of subordinate Name the three types of subordinate clauses.clauses.

• Detail information concerning each type of Detail information concerning each type of clause.clause.

• What is an elliptical clause? What is an elliptical clause?

StopStop

Go to Sentence Classification SlidesGo to Sentence Classification Slides

The Process of Compounding The Process of Compounding

The process of compounding sentences deals The process of compounding sentences deals with using proper with using proper punctuationpunctuation when two when two independent independent clausesclauses are present in a are present in a sentence.sentence.

Must be able to differentiate between Must be able to differentiate between

an independent clause and a an independent clause and a

subordinate clause.subordinate clause.

Carmen went home ______ He fell asleep.Carmen went home ______ He fell asleep.

____________

____________

____________

Compounding SentencesCompounding Sentences

If two or more independent clauses If two or more independent clauses are present they need to be:are present they need to be:

Connected with a Connected with a comma comma and and coordinatingcoordinating conjunction. conjunction.

F.A.N.B.O.Y.SF.A.N.B.O.Y.S


Kerri’s math book was open but she Kerri’s math book was open but she was thinking about was thinking about Ethan FromeEthan Frome..

Kerri had her math book open but was Kerri had her math book open but was thinking about thinking about Ethan FromeEthan Frome..


Connected with a semi-colon and Connected with a semi-colon and conjunctiveconjunctive adverb or a semi-colon and adverb or a semi-colon and transitional expressiontransitional expression..

Conjunctive Adverbs- also, anyway, besides, consequently, also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, furthermore, however, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, thereforenevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore

Transitional Expressions- as a result, at any rate, by the way, for as a result, at any rate, by the way, for example, in addition, in fact, in other words, on the contrary, on example, in addition, in fact, in other words, on the contrary, on the other handthe other hand


Mr. Longo is a good teacher Mr. Longo is a good teacher howeverhowever Mrs. Mrs. Foltz is better.Foltz is better.

Students must obey class rules Students must obey class rules otherwiseotherwise chaos would ensue.chaos would ensue.

Mr. Ricci teaches English Mr. Ricci teaches English in factin fact he’s been he’s been at Garnet Valley for 28 years.at Garnet Valley for 28 years.

Compounding SentencesCompounding Sentences Connected with a Connected with a semi-colon.semi-colon.

I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it.I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it.

Railroads are near the center of towns airports are Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away.miles away.

Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 28 years.Valley for 28 years.


Separated by a Separated by a period.period.

I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it.I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it.

Railroads are near the center of towns airports Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away.are miles away.

Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 21 years.Valley for 21 years.


Nick had his book open but was thinking Nick had his book open but was thinking about other thingsabout other things

Nick’s book was open but he was thinking Nick’s book was open but he was thinking about other things.about other things.

Alex danced at the show ____ She won 1Alex danced at the show ____ She won 1stst prize.prize.

Gavin caught the football ____He was out of Gavin caught the football ____He was out of bounds.bounds.

Sentence Fragments Sentence Fragments andand Run- Run-OnOnss

Run-OnRun-On- Two or more - Two or more sentences sentences incorrectly incorrectly written as written as oneone

FusedFused- No - No punctuationpunctuation between two between two thoughts thoughts

Sal has a truck he loves to drive.Sal has a truck he loves to drive.

Comma-SpliceComma-Splice- Has a - Has a commacomma instead of a instead of a period period

Sal has a truck, he loves to drive.Sal has a truck, he loves to drive.

Sentence Fragments Sentence Fragments and and Run-OnRun-Onss

Andrew loves ice hockey he never wants to study.Andrew loves ice hockey he never wants to study.





Compounding SentencesCompounding Sentences (extras)(extras)

John’s book was open but he was thinking of John’s book was open but he was thinking of other things.other things.

John had his book open but was thinking about John had his book open but was thinking about other things.other things.

I can’t study with the radio on and Erica can’t I can’t study with the radio on and Erica can’t study with it offstudy with it off

I can’t study with the radio on however, Erica can’t I can’t study with the radio on however, Erica can’t study with it off.study with it off.


Railroad stations are near the center of town Railroad stations are near the center of town airports are miles away.airports are miles away.

The boys marked off the bases and they The boys marked off the bases and they began to play baseball.began to play baseball.

The boys marked off the bases and began The boys marked off the bases and began to play baseball.to play baseball.


A business can’t stand still it either moves A business can’t stand still it either moves forward or slips back.forward or slips back.

I wrote an angry letter then I decided not to I wrote an angry letter then I decided not to mail it.mail it.

The train was an hour late otherwise we The train was an hour late otherwise we would have missed it.would have missed it.

The children had been eating sweets The children had been eating sweets therefore, they had no appetite.therefore, they had no appetite.

Sentence, Run-On, FragmentSentence, Run-On, Fragment

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