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Classifying Life’s Diversity Determining Relationship Part 1.
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Transcript of Classifying Life’s Diversity Determining Relationship Part 1.
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Classifying Life’s Classifying Life’s DiversityDiversity
Determining Relationship Determining Relationship Part 1Part 1
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http://www.morning-earth.org/
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How are Relationships Determined?How are Relationships Determined?
• Relationships among organisms are determined by similarities in– Structure– Breeding behavior– Geographical distribution– Chromosomes– Biochemistry
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Structural SimilaritiesStructural Similarities
Rosa banksiaeLady Banks' Rose
Rosa californicaCalifornia wild rose
Rosa caninaDog Rose
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Structural SimilaritiesStructural Similarities
Ursus arctosBrown bear
Ursus americanusAmerican black bear
Ursus maritimuspolar bear
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Breeding BehaviorBreeding Behavior
Haliaeetus leucocephalusBald Eagle
Haliaeetus albicillaWhite-tailed Eagle
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Breeding BehaviorBreeding Behavior
Canis lupus familiarisDog
Canis latransCoyote
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Geographical DistributionGeographical Distribution
Geospiza conirostrisLarge Cactus-finch (Galapagos)
Geospiza fortisMedium Ground-finch (Galapagos)
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Geographical DistributionGeographical Distribution
Carduelis citrinella Carduelis carduelisEuropean GoldfinchCitril Finch (Europe)
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Chromosome ComparisonChromosome Comparison
Pan troglodytesChimpanzee
Gorilla gorillaGorilla
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Chromosome ComparisonChromosome Comparison
Brassica oleracea
Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
≠
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
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Tree of Life and Tree of Life and Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification
http://tbi.montana.edu/
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Tree of Life and Tree of Life and Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification
• Phylogeny-Phylogeny- classifies species, in comparison to other species, based on most basic to most detailed similarities.
• Tree of LifeTree of Life– Trunk: what all living things have in common– Lateral Branches: what each domain has in common– Individual Branches: what each (taxa) Kingdom,
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, or Species has in common
Note: each taxa does not contain the given traits of those above it, but contains all the given traits below it.
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Tree of LifeTree of Life
• Cladistics-Cladistics- classification based on phylogeny that characterizes species (in a given taxon) on a branch of a tree of life.
• Cladogram-Cladogram- a diagram that a diagram that shows what organisms are closely related to a specific species.
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Classifying Life’s Classifying Life’s DiversityDiversityThe Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms
Part 2Part 2
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The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms
• Prokaryotes– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria
• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
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The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms
• The main factors that determine which kingdom an organism is classified in are– Cellular structure– Means of obtaining energy
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ProkaryotesProkaryotes
• Prokaryotes-Prokaryotes- unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane.– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
• Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus
• Energy: • Heterotrophy• Autotrophy
– Some chemosynthetic– Others photosynthetic
• Live in extreme environments• Domain Archaea
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EubacteriaEubacteria
• Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus
• Energy: • Heterotrophy• Autotrophy
– Some chemosynthetic– Others photosynthetic
• Found everywhere but in extreme environments
• Domain Bacteria
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ProtistsProtists
• Structure– Some unicellular; some multicellular– Lack complex organ system
• Energy– Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants)
– Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals)
• Domain Eukarya
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FungiFungi
• Structure– Some unicellular– Some multicellular
• Energy– Heterotrophy– Absorb nutrients from organic materials in
environment
• Domain Eukarya
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Plants Plants
• Structure– Multicellular– Cells contain a cell wall– Complex organisms; contain organ systems
• Energy– Autotrophy– Photosynthetic
• Domain Eukarya
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AnimalsAnimals
• Structure– Multicellular– Complex organisms, contain organ systems
• Energy– Heterotrophy– Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
• Domain Eukarya