BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT ON CLASSIFICATION OF WATER BASED ON ITS USAGE

AAQIB IQBAL

DECCAN SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE

Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water vapor).

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[1] It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[2][3]

Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.[2]

INTRODUCTION

A GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOCATIONS OF WATER ON EARTH

SOURCES OF FRESH WATER

1.1 Surface water

1.2 Under river flow

1.3 Ground water

1.4 Desalination

1.5 Frozen water

SURFACE WATER

Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water

is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge

to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface

Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on

these factors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing

reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase

runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream

flow.

Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in

the world, followed by Russia and Canada.

LAKE BAIKAL (Superior) IS THE LARGEST FRESHWATER LAKE IN THE WORLD

(AFRICA)

GROUND WATER Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in

the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing

within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to

make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely

associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an

aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

Humans use sub-surface water unsustainably for a long time

without severe consequences.

Humans can also cause sub-surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become

unusable) through pollution. Humans can increase the input to a

sub-surface water source by building reservoirs or detention

ponds.

DESALINATION

Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.

Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf.

FROZEN WATER

Several schemes have been proposed to make use

of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has

only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is

considered to be surface water.

The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the

World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high

altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of

glaciers outside the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow

from there, and more than a billion peoples livelihoods

depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are

rising more rapidly here than the global average

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER BASED ON ITS USAGE

Domestic Purposes

Civic or Public Purposes

Industrial Purposes

Business or trade purposes

Loss & Waste

DOMESTIC PURPOSES

1 – Drinking : Human body contains about 70 percent of water .Consumption

of water is required for physiological process such as blood formation , food

digestion etc… The quantity of water an average is about 2 Litres per day for

a adult per day .If water for drinking contains undesirable elements it may lead to water born diseases like cholera.

2 – Cooking : Water required for this purpose will depend upon the stage of

advancement of family in particular society in general .The quantity of water

an average is about 5 liters per her per day

3 –Bathing – Water required for bathing purpose will depend on habits of

people & type of climate .For an Indian bath 30 to 40 liters per head & for tub

bath – 50 to 80 liters per head

4 – Washing hands , face : Water required for this purpose will depend on habits of people & may roughly be taken as 5 to 10 liters per day

5 – Household Sanitary purposes : Water is required for washing

clothes, floors utensils , etc. may be assumed to be about 50 to 60

liters per head per day

6 – Private Gardening & Irrigation : In case of developed cities

there will be particularly do demand of water for this purpose .in

underdeveloped cities , the private wells are used to provide

water for private gardening & irrigation

7 –Domestic Animals & Private vehicles – The amount of water

required for use of domestic animals & private vehicles is not

much concern to water supply engineer .With growth &

development of town, the cattle disappear & commercial stables

come into existence. Water required for washing cars & private

vehicles Is very low especially in case of poor countries

CIVIC OR PUBIC PURPOSES

Road Washing – Roads with heavy amount of dust are to be sprinkled with water

to avoid inconvenience to users – Even in case of dust proof roads, periodically ,

washing is necessary .Water required for this purpose maybe 5 liters per day

Sanitation Purposes – Water required in cleaning public sanitary blocks , large

markets etc. for carrying liquid wastes from houses. Water required for this

purpose will depend on growth of civilization will be about 2 to 3 liters per head

per day

Ornamental Purposes – To adorn the town with the decorative features ,

fountains (or) lakes (or) ponds are sometimes provided. These object requires

huge quantity of water for their performance

Fire Demand : Usually a fire occurs in factories & stores. Water required for fire

fighting skills should be easily available & always kept stored in the storage

reservoir. When a fire occurs pumps installed on trucks are immediate rushed to

the site of fire occurrence & these pumps when connected to fire hydrants are

capable of throwing water with high pressure.Fire is brought under control

Civic or Pubic Purposes

INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES

Factories : Water required for this process involved in factories will

naturally depend on nature of products, size of factory etc. & it has

no relation with density of population .Possibility of recycling of

water in plant will have appreciable effect on demand of water for

project . The quantity of water on average is about 45 Litres per

day for a adult per day

Power stations : They are situated far away from cities & they do

not represent serious problem to public water supply

Railways & Airports : In most of cases, the railways & airports make

their own arrangements regarding water requirements. Railways

provide 25 to 70 liters of water per head per day. Airport takes 70

liters of water per head per day

Industrial Purposes

BUSINESS OR TRADE PURPOSES

Some Trades such as Dairies , hotels , laundries ,

motor garages , restaurants ,stables , schools,

hospitals , cinema halls ,theatres etc require large

quantity of water .Such trades are to be maintained

in hygienic conditions & sanitation of such places

should be strictly insisted.

The no of such business centers will depend upon

the population & for a moderate city on an

average value of about 15 to 25 liters of water per

head per day

Business or trade purposes

LOSS & WASTE

Water required under this category is sometimes

termed as the unaccounted requirement. It

includes careless use of water, leakage in mains ,

valves , other fittings etc. .

Unauthorized water connection s & waste due to

other miscellaneous reasons. Quantity of water

lost due to all these reasons if uncertain & cannot

be effectively predicted

WASTAGE OF WATER

Types Of Buildings Consumption per day per head - Litres

1)Factories where bathrooms are provided 45

2)Factories without bathrooms 30

3) Hospital ( Including laundry )

a)No of beds not exceeding 100 340

b)No of beds exceeding 100 450

4)Hostels 135

5)Hotel (upto 4 star) 180

6)Hotel (5 star and above) 320

7)Offices 45

8)Restaurants 70

9) Cinema, Concert Halls & Theatres 15 per seat

10)Schools 45

11)Terminal Stations 45

12)International & Domestic Airports 70

WATER CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS

THE END AAQIB IQBAL

ROLL NO :13131AA001

THIRD SEMISTER

D.S.P.A