CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

DEPTH CLASSIFICATION, 28

Points out that "System" is now left undefined. Indicateshow the Spiral of Scientific Method may be used to definea system with the aid of the concept of Fundamental Laws.Traces the progressive cluttering of connecting symbols.Points out the versatility of a Mixed Notation and of Tele-scoping. Isolates Some unsolved problems in the Idea Planeand states that the so lut ion s for them could only be found bythe further pursuit of the discipline of the Philosophy of Sci-ence. Shows how the hitherto unsolved problems of BranchSystems can now be solved with the aid of Zone Analysis andthereby the Canons for Filiatory Sequence can be satisfied.

CONTRACTION USED

(BC)(BSmF)rcc:~DC)(Me)(SmF)(UDC)

Basic ClassBranch-System FacetColon ClassificationDecimal ClassificationMain ClassSystem FacetUniversal Decimal Classification

EV ASION OF DEFINITION

We shall begin with Rule 641 of ed 5 (1957)of CC. It reads as f'ol l ow s r-

"641 If a Subject is expounded according toa particular System of Thought, its (BC) mustbe fitted with an Amplifying Facet of Kind 1.We may call it also (SmF)"~ This definition of(SmF) assumes the definition of 'System'. But,this term is not defined. It is evidently taken

Mar 1958 V 5 N 1

S. R. RAN G A N A T H A N

as an 'assumed term'. Its meaning is assumedto be easily seen in the context in which it isused. There is some kind of explanation, how-ever, in Ranganathan's 'Depth classification 12:Organisation of notation in Zone 3'. section 21System, (An iib sc, 2, 1955, 69). There weread as f ol l ow s r- "An exposition of a subjectcan only be according to some system. In otherwords, there can be no document on a (BC) qua(BC). The ideas in a (BC) sans system are in-effable. "

11 Help from Enumeration

CC itself relies on the Method of Enumera-tion to convey the connotation of the term "Sys-tem n. The following extract s from it s sched-ules of systems do that work.

B2AB2MB6AB6MB6M3B6M5B6N

CACKeMCM6CM65

Systems of algebraBooleanSystems of geometryNon-EuclideanEllipticHyperbolicLine-complex

Systems of physicsGravitational theoryKinetic theoryEther theoryEf ect.r c-enagnetfc theory

CM9CM96CNCNICN2

JAJB

LALBLCLDLLLM

SA8MSM9SNSNISN14SN17SN2SN3SN36

TATJTLTL2TL5TL6TL7TL8TL9TMTNTNITN3

XAXBXMXM5XM6XNXNlXN16XN17XN19

2

Electron theoryRadio-activity theoryRelativityQuanturn theoryWave rnechanic s

Systerns of agricultureForestry

Systerns of rnedicineAyurvedaSiddhaUnaniHorn oe opathyNaturopathy

Systerns of psychologyExperirnentalPsycho-analysisGestaltBehaviouri smIndividualisticReflexologyTypologicalField psychologyWe-psychology

Systerns of educationCommeniusRousseauKantPestalozziFichteHe r b a r tFroebelMannManual trainingPlatoonMontessoriBasic

Systerns of e c onorrric sWar economicsC o-ope r ative econornic sJoint stock c ornpanyTrust (American)Public utilityGuild socialisrnSyndicalismCommunismTechnocracy

RANGANATHAN

13 An Illusion

The evasion of a formal definition and thedependence on the ~numeration in the sc he dul eproduce an illusion as if "System" and (SmF)are the creation of CC or at least peculiar tothat particular scheme of classification. Inreality. however, the concept of "System" isintrinsic to the universe of knowledge itself."System" and (SmF) exist in the Idea Plane.Literary warrant calls for collecting togetherall the documents belonging to a particular sys-tem. If this is not done, the Canon of HelpfulSequence and the Laws of Library Science them-selve s will be violated. T'he r efo r e , the findingsin the Idea Plane in respect of "Sy st ern s " shouldbe implemented in the Notational Plane by everyscheme of cla s sification.

2 REMOVAL OF THE ILLUSION

The illusion ab out "Systems" is bad. It mustbe removed. To remove it. we should look fora definition of "System". We should atleast pro-duce a definite objective criterion to distinguishone "System" from another.

21 Help from the Spiral ofScientific Method

We are now in a position to evolve such acriterion. This has been made possible by theconcept of the Spiral of Scientific Method ex-pounded in section 814 of Rang anathans "Fivelaws of library science", ed 2, 1957. A sche-matic representation of this concept is given inthe accompanying diagram.

Facts of experience are reduced to empiri-cal laws with the aid of the intellect. Empiri-cal laws are sublimated to fundamental lawswith the aid of intuition. With the aid of the in-te l ect , deduced laws are derived from the fun-damental laws. All the empirical laws are boundto appear among the deduced laws. but some ofthe latter will turn out to be different from theernpirical laws. Such new deduced laws are tes-ted by reference back to experience. Now andagain, it happens that they fail in the te st. Orit also happens that new facts are experienced.which are not in conforrnity to the fundamental

An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

IIIZENITH

FUNDAMENTALLAWS

It-< ..JZ ~\1.1

UV\

r--

Q -~= z ~~ - ~..._ ..- -- . - -- -.--\1.1 1l...JU :IEVl< W

1

L'. FACTS

NADIR

,,

~.

<

SPIRAL OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

laws. Care is taken to secure that every possi-ble fault in the ex pe r irn ent s and ob s er v a t.i on sis e l irn iria te d and that every po s s ib le fallacy inthe derivation of the deduced laws f:rom the fun-darn enta l law s with the aid of logic, sern ant ic 5,

and calculus of every kind is a.lso eliminated.If the contradiction between the new empiricalfacts of experience and the fund arne nt a l lawsstill persists, a crisis is declared. In duecourse, a new set of fundamental laws is for-mulated. When a new set of fundamental law sthus replaces an older one, a new "System"is b or n, We may say that one "System" is dis-tinct from another "System", if the set of fun-damental laws of the one is different from thatof the other.

22 Application of the Criterion

Let us now apply this criterion to some ofthe systems listed in section 12.

M or 1958 V 5 N 7

221 Systems of Physics

Among the Systems of Physic s , the follow-ing questions arise. Are the Ether Theory andthe Electromagnetic The or y based en truly dif-ferent fundamental laws and should they he trea-ted as distinct "Systems"? Sirnilarly, is the setof fundamental laws conriot ed by the QuantumTheory t r uly different from the set connoted bythe Wave Mechanics to justify these two to bedeemed to be two distinct "Systems" of Phys-ics? Does Radio-active Theory constitute a"Sy ste m" of Physics?

222 Systems of Psychology

In Psychology, it needs examination if Ex-pe r irrrent a l Psychology is r eal ly a nSy:;temll ---

that is, if it is based on a distinct set of funda-mental laws of its own. We should also rn a kesure if the fundamental laws implied in Bella.v-

RANGANATHAN

iou r i s rn are truly different from those impliedin Reflexology, to call for these two to betreated as different "Systems" of Psychology.The .Systems" denoted by the terms Psycho-analysis, Individualistic Psychology, andTypological Psychology should also be exam-ined in a similar manner.

223 Systems of Economics

The schedule of "Systems" in Economics isperhaps the worst hotch-potch. Surely, JointStock Company and the American Trust leastdeserve to be called "Systems" of Economics.It is not clear how far different "Systems" ofEconomic Distribution should be taken to beequivalent to different "Systems" of Economicsi.tself. When this matter is cleared up, thewhole schedule of "Systems" in Economics willneed a drastic revision.

224 Systems of Medicine

The "Sy ate m s " enumerated in Medicineimply different sets of fundamental laws so faras Pharmdcognosy and Therapy go. Is it equal-ly so in regard to the other br a.nche s like Anato-my, Phy siology, and Ontogeny? No doubt, lit-erary warrant and the Canon of Helpful Sequencejustify their being treated as if they are different"Systems" of Medicine. But, do their respectivesets of fundamental laws also justify it?

225 Systems of Basic Classesin Mathematic s

As Algebra and Geometry have been devel-oped for long on the basis of explicitly statedpostulate s and axioms, there is the least causefor anxiety for a c1as sificationist in preparingthe schedule of "Systems" in their cases.

3 IDEA PLANE

The difficultie s mentioned above all arisein the Idea Plane. Few (BC) are like those inMathematics. The development of most ofthem is still meandering in the empirical plane.Many of them have no doubt hit upon some fun-darn enta.l laws and have thereby entered the

4-

Spiral of Scientific Method. But a study oftheir fundamental law s has not yet been sy s-tematically made as the foundations of distinct"Systems", in the case of most of the (BC).The modern discipline of the Philosophy of theSciences should enter this region and settle theproblern of "Sv st em s "; Then only the cl a s s if i-cationist will be on safe grounds. Till then hewill have only to depend on flair subjectivelyand on literary warrant objectively.

31 Which Fundamental Category?

Assuming that "Sy stern " shou.ld necessarilybe recognised in the classification of many (BC),the question that arises first is "Of which Fun-damental Category is a System to be d eern ed tobe a manife station? !'. The answer to this que s-tion is be st sought by the Method of Elimination.We can certainly say that a "Sy st em " is not arnanifestation of Time, or Space, or Energy, orMatter. According to one of the postulates per-taining to the Idea PIa.ne, every Isolate of any(BC) should be a manifestation of one and onlyone of the Five Fundamental Categories, Time,Space, Energy, Ma.tt e r , and Personality. Thus,a "System" of any (BC) should be deemed to bea manifestation of Pe r sonal.ity ,

32 Which Round?

The next question to be determined is theRound to which a "Sy stern " belongs. We havestated in section 1 that we cannot state anythingabout a subject unle s s we state it in relation toa "Sy stem" of it. This implie s that the (SmF)of any (BC) belong s to the Fir st Round.

33 Which Level?

The same consideration leads us also tothe conclusion that the "System" should belongto the Earlie st Level of manifestation of Per-sonality in the Fir st Round.

34 Naming of Levels

The simple st and the most expressive way ofdistinguishing the different levels in a round isto name them numerically in the sequence in

An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

which they are best taken. This is the methodadopted by CC in its Rule 67. Further, its Rule670 gives them also expressive and short sym-bolic names. Here are the Rules:-

"67 In each round there may oc cur m or e thanone manifestation of Personality and Matter.The second, third, et c , manifestations of Per-sonality and Matter in one and the same roundare respectively called Second Level Personal-ity, Third Level Personality, etc; and SecondLevel Matter, etc.

"670 Symbols Eke the following may be used:-

=P2] =: Second Level Personality Facet;[P3] =: Third Level Personality Facet; etc.So also [2P2J, [zP3] ••• ~M2J ; etc."

To be more truly expressive, the symbol shouldalso indicate the round and the level. For thispurpose, we may use [IPI] for First RoundFirst Level Personality; [IP2] for the FirstRound Second Level Personality; ; ••• [2Pl]for Second Round First Level Personality; etc.

341 Favoured System

In any cultural epoch, it usually happensthat one particular sy stem alone has large lit-erary warrant - very very large indeed whencompared to the other systems of an earlier orlater date of origin. We shall call it the "Fa-voured System" of the epoch. It de serve s to becalled "Favoured" for another reason also. In'the cultural epoch concerned, it is the booksexpounded in accordance with that system whichinterest most and attract most the generalistreaders. These are seldom interested in thebooks expounded according to any other system.It is only the specialist reader s, who are al-ways few in number, that show interest in theother sy stern s , It is therefore helpful to makethe books in the 'Favoured System' come on theshelves prior to those on the other systems. Asimilar sequence is also helpful among the mainentrie s in a catalogue or a bibliography. It isto implem ent this finding that CC has the follow-ing Rul e r -

"6413 The Focus in the (SmF) should beomitted (ignored), if the exposition is accordingto the currently Favoured System - that is thesystem in which the majority of the books isexpounded."

Mar 1958 V 5 N J

342 Illustration

To illustrate, let us assume that Allopathyis the currently Favoured System of the (BC)Medicine. It then follows that the other <y a-terns such as Ayurveda and Homoeopathy arenon-favoured systems. Then in classifying abook in Allopathy, the (SmF) will be ignored,whereas it will not be ignored in classifyinga book in Ayurveda or Hornoe opathy , Inciden-tally, this Rule brings satisfaction to the Lawof Parsimony also. For, in the majority ofbooks on Medicine in a generalist library, wecan manage as if there were one facet less.

343 :lP11 in Favoured SystemoJ

An important consequence flows from theomission of the (SmF) in the books of the Fa-voured System. The surviving or apparent[ 1P I J of any book in the F av ou r ed Sy stemwill not be (SmF) but a facet based on a regu-lar train of characteristics. For example ina book on Allopathy in Medicine, the OrganFacet will be the surviving or apparent [IPl}.Thus the majority of the books on any (BC) ina generalist library, will accustom the readerto look upon a Facet ba sed on a re gular tr ainof characteristics as the [lPI] .

344 in Non-Favoured System

To avoid confusion, it is desirable to de-note by [IPI] the corresponding facet basedon a train of characteristics, occurring in abook belonging to any non-favoured system also.But from what has been said in section 33,(SmF) sh ouldihave precedence over the facetwhich we now de sire to call [IP 1J . Also,according to section 31, (SmF) is a [pJ. Bywhat symbol are we to denote it? It is obvi-ous that it is (IP]. Therefore the questionto be answered is "T 0 what level should it bedeemed to belong? II As it has to come immedi-ately after (BC), it should be called the Facetof Levell. But we have stated at the beginningof this section that we should adopt the conven-tion of calling the Level based on a Train ofCharacteristics the Facet of Levell. There-fore if at all we should call (SmF) a Facet of

5

RANGANATHAN

Lc\ el a - that is symbols, by [iPOJ. Buteven t hi s is not possible on account of anotherfacet having to be int e r pof at ed between (SmF)and LiPO], in a certain class of books. In CCthis facet is defined by the following Rule:-

"642 If the exposition of a (BC) is restrictedto a limited ra.nge only of any of its facets, its(BC) must be fitted with an Amplifying Facet ofKind 2. We may call it also (SpF). n

In such a document, [iPOJ can only denotethe (SpF). By considering a book admitting of(SmF) as well as (SpF), we are led to inferthat, if at all, (SmF) should be deemed to be aFacet of Level (-i) arid thus be denoted by thesymbol [iP-i]. But section 6 and its sub-divisions will show that even this is not possi-b le , For according to those sections, it mayhappen that a. Branch-System Facet ha s to beinterpolated between (Srr.f ) and (SpF). In thatcase, if at all, we may have to denote (SmF)by [1P-2J.

345 Alternative Approach

The naming of the level of (SmF) is thusprecarious. Who knows that some other facetmay not claim to be interpolated between it and[ IP IJ? All that we can be ce rtain about isthat (SmF) will come immediately after (BC)-that is, no other facet will ever be interpolatedbetween (BC) and (SmF). In view of this, canwe invent an alternative way of naming thelevel of (SmF)? The symbolic metalanguagei.nvented should be such as to be extended toall the levels of facet upto what we have agreedto call [lPl]. Such a symbolic metalanguageshould also avoid the clumsy symbols of negativenumbers for levels. Perhaps, the mixed baseof ordinal numbers used in CC will suggest thereplacement of negative number s by the lowercase letters. For Rule 025 of CC prescribesthe lower case letters as being ordinal num-bers of lower value than 1. In that case, since(SmF) is to come immediately after (BC), itmay be denoted by [lPaJ. This implies that(SmF) is deemed to be a facet of level" a".Then a Branch-System Facet of the first ordermay be denoted by [lPbJ. The one of thenext higher order may be denoted by [IPc]And so on, providing for a reasonable number

6

of orders in branch-systems. But this num-ber is not the same in all (BC). Then to whatlevel are we to assign (SpF)? Perhaps verbalmnemonics may be used here and (SpF) maybe denoted as [IPs] .

4 VERBAL PLANE

When there is lack of clarity in the IdeaPlane itself, we cannot expect anything betterin the Verbal Plane. Indeed, it is all chao:;there. Even where everything is cl ea r'-c ut inthe Idea Plane, we find inconsistency in theVerbal Plane. It is therefore no wonder if theterminology used to denote "Systems" is of nohelp whatever in recognising the existence ofdistinctive "Systems". This is perhaps so inmost of the languages.

5 NOTATIONAL PLANE

While the phenomena in the Idea Plane arequite independent of the Scheme of Classifica-tion used, the re al i sat ion in the NotationalPlane depends entirely on the Scheme. TheFacet Analysis has been applied consciouslyonly in CC. Again it is only CC that has con-sciously recognised (SmF). Moreover, it isthe notational system of CC that is sufficientlymixed and sufficiently correlated to the varietyof the finding s in the Idea Plane, that need tobe implemented in the Notational Plane. Aboveall, it if: only CC that g iv e s Schedules of Sys-tems, however tentative they may be. There-fore, the sections of this communication dealingwith the Notational Plane are all turned on theCC.

50 C'Iutt e ring together ofConnecting Symbols

In em analytico-synthetic scheme of classifi-cation, one of the clumsy phenomena to beguarded against in the notational plane is thecluttering together of two or more connectingsymbols. TEe history of the CC in the notationalplane can be said to be, in one sense, the his-tory of the avoidance of cluttering of connectingsymbols. Before going into this history, it mustbe clearly remembered that the very essence of

An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

an analytico-synthetic classification is the use ofconnecting symbols between different facets •.Probably, it is as well to call them separatingsymbols between the facets of a class number.It has been proved that these are essential tosecure freedom for the isolate in anyone facet,whatever be its position in the class number, tobe sharpened to any degree of intension quiteindependently of what happens to the isolate inany other facet. In other words, the connectingsymbols make it pos sible to maintain Hospitalityin C'ha in in each facet and not merely in the lastof the facets. Without the connecting symbols,all but the last of the facets will be locked orfrozen. It has been further proved that all con-necting symbol s are earlier than any sub stantivesymbol, in the ordinal scale. Even the non-hierarchical notation being experimented on byMr. Coate s has not found it possible to dispensewith the connecting symbols. Both hierarchicaland iaceted notation contribute their re spectivequota to the fulfilment of the Canon of Expres-siveness. The notation of Coates finds it use-ful to retain the Expre s sivene s s contributed byiaceted notation with connecting symbols anddiscards only the Expressiveness contributedby hierarchical notation with decimal fractionnotation used in quite an orthodox way.

51 Stage 1 : Facet Analysis

The chief cause for the de signing of FacetedNotation - implying Facet Analysis in the IdeaPlane - was the irritation caused by the Nota-t ion of DC being too rigid to keep step with thecontinuous proliferations in the Universe of

Knowledge and even with the more specialisedbooks appearing beyond the level of the text-books of old. This was vaguely traced to thefreezing of all the facets but the last of a sub-ject in the notational plane, in spite of one andall of the facets growing in intension in the ideaplane, as time advances. It was to remove thisdifficulty that CC wa s de signed. This was inNovember 1924. At that early stage, the designwas not based on any system of guiding princi-ples or canons. In fact even the Five Laws .ofLibrary Sc ie nc e had not taken shape. Most ofthe work should have been guided from the uncon-scious. To quench the feeling of irritation, whatwas later named "Facet" was vaguely felt in theidea plane and a colon was inserted between theFacets in a Class Number. It was looked uponas a Separating Symbol and not so much as aConnecting Symbol. Nor was the ordinal valueof colon fixed. Cluttering of connecting symbolsthreatened to appear even at that fir st stage. Itwas as irritating as the freezing of facets in DC.The threat appeared systematically in the (MC)History. To use current terminology, the FacetFormula for it was put down as V t >J [E]lT J . But there were many books which were

multi-focal in [EJ • However every book inHistory has a Focus in [T J Though therewas no conscious Rule at that stage on the sub-ject, a multi-focal facet was left vacant in theclass number. But in most (BC), it was thefirst or the last facet appearing in the FacetFormula - and there were usually not morethan three facets in that formula - that had tobe kept vacant. Let us illustrate with the (MC)Botany. It is denoted by I and the facet fo r mu-

r l - J r Ila given was I L P _ : lE : L S J •

Ser Subject Facet Analy sis Class NumberNo

1 Ecology of algae in Arctic zone I [Algae J [Ecology] !Arctic zone] 122:5'!9,~2 Ecology of algae 1 [Algae] [Ecology.!

:=

'- 122:53 Botany of algae I CAlgae J [ J r-

122I..4 Plant ecology in the Arctic zone 1 I [EcoloSyJ [Arctic zoneJ 1 :5: 198- -'

5 Plant ecology I t: -t IEcology] r -, 1:5t, --'6 General botany 1 r J [ 1 IL

------------_._-------------------_ .._-_._--_ .. _--------------

M or 1958 V 5 N 1 7

RANGANATHAN

But, in the main class History, it is only themiddle facet that has to be kept vacant in the

books on General History.no book in History withoutF or example,

For there can bea focu s in [T J .

,serNo

Subject Facet Analysis Cl.-iSSNumber

~--

1 Constitutional history of Indio. till 1950's

2 General history of India 1950's

V [India]

V [India]

rc . . .,t onstltutwnau: V44:2:N5

J: [1950'sJ V44: :N5

This cluttering of colons was irritating. Theinstinctive method adopted in the fir st stageto remove this cluttering was to improvise anisolate in [EJ in the form "1 General".Then the class number became V44:1:N5. Butthis method was a violation of the practice oftreating, in the idea plane, a multi-focal facetas vacant and omitting the vacant facet in thenotational plane. But even such an irnpr ovisa-tion could not be made in the case of a few booksin the (BC) Engineering, in which two middlefacets had occasionally to be treated as vacant.

Thus three colons cluttered together in their callnumbers.

52 Stage 2: System Facet

Within about ten year s of the beginning of CC,the (SmF) was introduced in a few (MC), thoughit wa s done without any conscious principle forguidance. In an equally unconscious way, the(SmF) was omitted in the case of the FavouredSystem. It often tur-ned out that a book in the Fa-voured System did not present [lPl ] . Con-sider the following:-

Subject Facet Analysis Class:";'lrnber.~--------------------------------------------------------------

2 Emotion of women in classicalpsychology

S [

1 Emotion of women in psycho-d.nalysis S [Psycho-analysis} [Woman]: [!~motionJ SM9: 15:5

J: [Women] : [Emotion] 5:15:5

3 S [Classical psychology of emotion J:[ ] : [Emotion] S: :5

The cluttering of colons in the third example hadto be avoided. For this a special Rule had to beimprovised. It was that colon should be addedbefore [lP1] only if it was preceded by (SmF).This is equivalent to saying that that there is noneed to show in the class number that the (SmF)was absent. On the basis of this Rule, the classnumbers of the third subject became S:5 andthat of the second S15:5.

8

53 Stage 3 : Fundamental Categorj,::f"and Opt iona'l ' Facets

By 1949, the five Fundamental Categoriesof Personality, Matter, Energy, Space, andTime,of one and only one of which every Ia.ce tis a manifestation, were postulated. So al so,d ist inc t iv e connecting symbols were postulatedfor each fundamental category. Then, the sub-jects given as examples in History and Psychol-ogy received the following class numbers:-

An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

Ser Subject Facet Analysis ClassNo Number

1 Constitutional history of India till 1950's V [India] : [Constitution] • [1950'~ V44:2.N5

2 General history of India till 1950's V [India] :[ J. ~950'sJ V44. N5

3 Emotion of women in psycho-analysis S [Psycho-analysi~ , [Women] :[Emotion] SM9,15:5

4 Emotion of women in classical psyco-logy S [ ] [Woman] [Emotion] S15:5

5 Emotion in classical psychology S l 1 [ J [Emotion] S:5..1

The omission of the connecting symbol commabetween the (BC) Number and the [P] imme-diately following it is prescribed by the Rule:-"In each round, the connecting symbol precedingthe first [p] should be omitted." This Rulehas not been explicitly stated even in ed 5 of CC.It is left to be covered by the facet formula andby other special Rules. This must be set rightin the next edition.

54 Stage 4 Zone Analysis

In 1950, FID formed its FID/CA ( = Commit-tee on the General Theory of Classification) andasked me to take charge of it. This led me tothink out afresh and objectively about the vari-ous problems arising in the Idea Plane as wellas in the Notational Plane in all the scheme" s ofclassification. The Fifth annual report (1955)was the re sult of examining the potentialitie sof a Mixed Notation - that is, using as the baseof notation several different sets of conventionalsymbols, fixing definite ordinal value s to all ofthem. It was found that CC and UDC had themost Mixed Notation. Of these, CC seemed to

have exploited the potentialitie s of the mixednotation better than UDC. unconscious though itwas. The Sixth annual report (1956) was turnedon examining whether all the potentialities of theMixed Notation was fully exploited. This led tothe de sign of the 'Efficiency T able I. This tableis similar in form to the one given below. Withthis table as tool, it was possible to detect allthe zone s in an array and their r e spective sec-tors, which was left fallow. In connection witheach fallow sector, the probability f or its neverbeing requisitioned in a certain normal way -indicated in the following table - was carefullyexamined in the Idea Plane. If there was a rea-sonable certainty that any sector would not bere qut stttoned in that normal way, it was avail-able for use in some other way. Such an exami-nation sometimes brought to mind the possibilityof a sector being u sed in the normal way too,though it had been lost sight of even in the ideaplane. Work along these lines disclosed thatthe zones and sectors presented by an array hadreal correlates in the idea plane. Thus, thezones and the sectors are intrinsic in the ideaplane itself and not contingent on the notationalsystem used. The following table brings outthese correlates:-

Zone: Sector,,,Idea PlaneNature of Isolates

Notational PlaneNature of Digits

1223

COmlTI')n Isolates by EnumerationSpecial Isolates by EnumerationQuasi Isolates by EnumerationSpecial Isolates by Alphabetical

or Chronological DeviceSpecial Isolates by Chronological

or Alphabetical DeviceCommon Isolates by Subject Device

1121

3 2

4

Mar 1958 V S N 1

Roman SmallArabic Numeral

9 followed by Arabic Numeral

9 followed by Roman Capital

Roman Capital(, that is Starter Bracket (Packet No-

tation)

9

RANGANATHAN

Irr n (BC) any se c t or in any array, not neededf or utilisation by a special device, can betu r ned ov e r- to isolates by enumeration. Theidea is not to leave any sector fallow. TheSeventh annual report (1957) has made a gooduse of turning practically all the sectors of anarray to iso la t e s by enumeration in the case ofMa t t e r Facet. This was also brought out in myopvn i ng address at the International Study Con-ference on Classification and Information Re-t r ieval held at Dorking, England, from 13 to17 May 1957. These will be found in the Pro-cecdin~ of the Conference referred to in Sec-tion 11.

55 Stage 5 Te Ie scoping of Facets

Column 3 of the Efficiency Table for normaluse of sectors, given above, discloses that thesame characteristic is not used as the basis ofdivision in all the sectors of an array. Thismeans that we put ourselves on the crater ofthe volcano of Cross-Classification. But, thisdanger is totally averted by our consciouslytreating the different sectors as different facetsin disguise. If a document presents an isolatein each of two or more sectors of the [pJ, itsclass number will give the isolate numbers be-longing to the different sectors in differentfacets separated by comma in accordance withthe rule s , This is equivalent to regarding eachof such sectors as a distinct level of [pJ 'This means that the levels of[PJ stand fannedout distinctively in the class number, butappear in one and the same array in the sched-le , It is this phenomenon that is called Tele-scoped Face.t.

56 Cluttering of Commas avoided

The Zone Analysis ensures that the first digit(or digits if an oct av is ing digit occurs at the be-ginning) of no two sectors of the array - that isth e level s of [pJ obtained by fanning out thetelescoped array -- will be of the same species.Therefore, there is no need for showing vacantlevels. in the class numbers. In other words,there will be no cluttering of commas in the classnumbers, to indicate the name of the level. Also,invariably, there will be no comma between the(BC) and the first isolate number immediatelyfollowing it, whatever be the sector of the array

10

in the schedule from which it is drawn. This isa valuable contribution to the elegance of classnumber rnade by the concept of Tele scopedFacet which in its turn is a contribution of MixedNotation. Examples of this telescoping will befound in the s ubd iv isions of the isolate '9 Per-sonnel management' in [E J ~ [2P] in theschedules for "X Economics" in CC. Illustra-tions of class numbers in which sectors arefanned out a s levels will be found in Chapter"X Economics" of the Rules of CC and inRanganathan's Depth classification 19:Classifi-fication of Management (An lib sc, 3,1956, 33-72) .

57 Application to System Facet

The numbering of a focus in (SmF) is pres-cribed by the following Rule of CC:-

"6412 The focus in the (SmF) should be gotby the Chronological Device using the Date ofOrigin of the System as Epoch." This meansthat the Systern Isolates are accommodated inthe last octave of Zone 3 of [lPl] Thissector is deemed to be more concrete than theearlier sector s of the array, which are con-taining isolates, got on the basis of specialcharacteristics. This means that, if a docu-ment pre sents an isolate in the sy seem sectoras well as in an earlier sector, the isolatenumber s belonging to the different sector swillstand fanned out into different levels of facetsin the class number. Moreover, since the sys-stern sector is declared to be more concretethan the earlier sector, it will form the firstlevel of [pJ - exactly as required by theidea plane.

571 Pseudo-Chronological Device

The chronological device is governed by thefollowing Rule of CC:-

"6$3 The Chronological Device consists inusing the appropriate Chronologica 1 Number forthe formation of a subdivision of an isolate,which is capable' of chronological formation. orwhen the individualisation of the isolate s or thesub-isolate s may be made to depend convenientlyon the period of year of origin or birth or on theyear of fir st inve st ig-ation or on the year of dis-covery or on the year of initiation or commence-

An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

rn ent or on the year of occurrence, or on theyear that rn ay be definitely associated with there spective isolate s in any other rnarmer; or forany other reason". And as already shown inRule 6412 quoted earlier, the Date of Origin ofthe Sy st ern should be used for constructing theisolate nurnb e r of a sy st ern , But, this is notalways practicable; it is Impr act icabte in thecase of ancient sy stern s, for which we do nothave an accepted chronology worked out. Forex arn pl e , the following five Sy st ern Isolate s aregiven in the (BC) L Medicine.

LA Sy st.e rn s by (CD)LB AyurvedaLC Siddha

LD Urian iLL Horn oe opathyLM Naturopathy

V{E. are rea sonably certain that Hom oeopathyand Naturopathy carn e into vogue as definitesv st ern s of m ed ic ine with literary warrant oftheir own in the eighteenth century and thenineteenth c e nt.ur y respectively. But, littleis known - or atleast agreed upon - aboutthe centuries of origin of the three IndianSchool s of Medicine listed ab ov e , All that isknown is that we are reasonably certain thatarranged chronologically, they would fall intothe sequence in which they are m ent ioned above.Therefore, the function of the isolates digitsB, C, and D respectively used to denote the mis no rnor e than that of showing their relativeposition in the sequence. None of th ern can betaken to denote the rn il.Ienn iurn for which theystand in the chronological schedule. Thus, theyare not chronological isolate digits in the strictsense; they can only be taken to have been de-rived by Pseudo-Chronological Device. In gen-eral, the isolate nurnb er s of sy st ern s originatedin the far-off age s are got only by the Pseudo-Chronological Device.

6 BRANCH SYSTEMS

Let us consider the following selection f r ornthe schedule of Sy ate rn s given in CC:-

SM9SN14

Psycho-analysis (Founder: Freud)Individualistic psychology (Founder:

Adler)Typological psychology (Founder: Jung)SN2

Mar 1958 V 5 N 1

It is known that Adler and Jung began as asso-ciates of Freud within the Sy st ern of Psycho-analysis. Later on, differences arose arn origthern, which led each of thern to give a distinctnarrie to his respective Sy st ern , As surn ing thatthe differences are sufficient to de ern them tobe distinct Sy st ern s of Psychology, the questionis whether the r e is not something substantial,which is cornrn on between them and Psycho-analysis. Assuming that there is, the Canonof Filiatory Sequence would demand that noother System, totally alien to thern , shouldcome between thern , But the use of the ehron-·ol og ic al Device to get the isolate number s ofSy ste m s is liable to bring in between them somealien Sy st ern s , In fact, the schedule in CC hasSN Gestalt Psychology and SN 1 Behaviourism inbetween Psycho-analysis and Individualistic Psy-chology, and SNl7 Reflexology in between Indi-vidualistic Psychology and Typological Psychol-ology. Here the Idea Plane poses a definite prob-lem. But till now, it was felt that the NotationalPlane could not Irnpl.erne nt it. Now that we areable to utilise the ver satility of Mixed Notationwith the aid of Zone Analysis, a srIut ion appearsto be possible.

61 Solution in the Idea Plane

The que stion sugge sted in the Idea Plane isthat Psycho-analysis should be treated as theBasic or Stem Sy stem and that the other twoshould be treated as its Branch Systems. Eachof the Branch Systems should be treated as iso-lates in a (BSmF). The (BSmF) should comeimmediately after the basic (SmF). In otherwords, since the (SmF) is rlPa] , the (BSmF)should be [lPb] Furthe;, the subclasses of(SmF) based on regular Trains of Characteris-tics should have precedence over the BranchSystems. TO,put it in symbolic metalanguage,we should have the se quenc e r-

sS [IP]S [IPa] ,S [lPaJS l1PaJ ,

[IPI][lPb][IPb] , [IFI]

11

RANGANATHAN

62 Implementation in the NotationalPlane and a New Kind of Telescoping

The above finding in the Idea Plane can beimplemented in the notational plane by

1 Postulating that [IPb ] is a dependentfacet -- that is, it cannot come unless it ispreceded by [IPaJ ' both in the Idea Planeand in the Notational Plane; and

2 Telescoping the [lPl] and [lPbJ in theschedule,In the schedule, the isolates of [lPl] occuPYthe second Zone. We may therefore accommo-date the isolate s of [lPbJ - that is, of the(BSmF) -- in the last octave of the third Zone.This can be done though the isolate s of [lPaJ --that is, of (SmF) -- are already accommodatedin that very octave. For, as already stated[lPbJ is a dependent facet which must be prece-

ded by the basic facet [IPaJ This is a newtype of Telescoping.

63 Isolate Number inBranch System Facet

The fact that the isolate s in (BSmF) are tobe accommodated in the last octave of the thirdZone implies that the isolate numbers in thatfacet should begin with a Roman Capital. RomanCapital can be had either by the ChronologicalDevice or by the Alphabetical Device. If the,Chronological Device is used, there is alwaysthe contingency that there will be a second di-git in the isolate number and that it will be anArabic Numeral. To avoid homonym in thenotational plane, we must insert the connectingsymbol, comma, between (BSmF) and [lPl]If we use the Alphabetical Device, the second

digit in the isolate number will also be a RomanCapital. We may then omit the connecting sym-bol, comma, between (BSmF) and [IPl ]And we can afford to have the second digit as anArabic numeral if it is an isolate of [lPl] thatfollows a single-ciigited Branch System IsolateNumber, and as a Roman capital if it is merelythe second digit of the Branch System IsolateNumber. Then all the documents belonging toa Branch System whose isolate number is asingle letter will corne together, and then onlywill c orne the documents belonging to anotherBranch System whose isolate number beginswith the same letter but is followed by anotherletter. It is obvious that the Law of Pa.r s i-mony would prefer the Alphabetic Device, asit would give shorter class numbers.

64 Which Name for AlphabeticalDevice

One of the ne c e s sa ry conditions for the useof the Alphabetical Device is that the names ofthe isolate s should have international name s,Surely, the names of the originators of theBranch Systems are proper names and aretherefore eligible for use in Alphabetical De-vice. If all the Branch Systems are known bythe same name in all the languages - that is,if their names are virtually proper nouns -,the names of the Branch Systems also a.re eligi-ble for use in Alphabetical Device. The choicebetween these two classes of proper narne s isnot easy, except to say that if we cannot becertain that the names of ail Branch Systemswill be proper names, it will be safer to usethe name s of the originator 5 for the Alphabeti-cal Device. In either case, I should be re-placed by J and 0 by P', Here are example s:-

Ser SubjectNo

Class Number by Name ofOriginator System

Psychology of women in PsychoanalysisAdler's Individual PsychologyEmotions .in Adler's Individual PsychologyEmotion of women in Adler's Individual PsychologyJung's Typological PsychologyPsychology of women in Jung's TypologicalPsychologyImmanuel's Jumper PsychologyPsychology of women in Immanuel's JumperPsychology

1234S6

78

S.M9, ISS.M9,AS.M9, A:SSM9,AlS:SS.M9, J

SM9, ISS.M9, JS.M9, J:SS.M9, JlS:SS.M9, T

S.M9,31SS.M9, JM

S.M9, TISS.M9, JU

S.M9, J.M15 S.M9, JUlS

12 An lib sc

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

To make the example s bring out all the feature s,an imaginary Branch System with the nameImmanuel's Jumper Psychology is used.Naturally, the sequence of the subjects will bedifferent in the two methods. But there is noth-

ing to say that one is more helpful than theother. But what does deserve consideration isif the use of the Chronological Device will givea more helpful arrangement to the extent ofoverlooking the rejection of it by the Law ofParsimony.

Statement about"ANNALS OF LIBRARY SCIENCE"

under Rule 8 of the Registration of Newspapers (Central) Rules 1956.

1 Place of Publication2 Periodicity of its publication3 Printer's Name

Nat io nal ityAddre ss

4 Publisher's NameN at ion al ityAddress

5 Editor's NameNationalityAddress

6 Names and address of individualswho own the newspaper and part-nc r s or shareholders holding morethan one per cent of the totalcapital.

Insdoc, NPL, Hillside Road, New Delhi 12QuarterlyS. ParthasarathyIndianIn sdoc , NPL, Hillside Road, New Delhi 12S. ParthasarathyIndianIn sdo c , NPL, Hillside Road, New Delhi 12S. R. Ranganathan (Editor)Indian15 Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane. Madras

-S, Parthasarathy (Jt. Editor)IndianInsdoc, NPL, Hillside Road, New Delhi 12

In sdo c , NPL, Hillside Road, New Delhi 12(an Organisation of the Council of Scientificand Industrial Research, New Delhi)

I, S. Parthasarathy, hereby declare that the particulars given above are trueto the be st of my knowledge and belief.

Date 18. 3. 1958i.'

M or 1958 V 5 N 1

sa. S. ParthasarathySignature of Publisher

13