Kingdoms Booklet Viruses through Plants. Kingdoms of Living Organisms Your Name.
Classification of Organisms and the Kingdoms of Living Things
description
Transcript of Classification of Organisms and the Kingdoms of Living Things
Classification of Organisms and the Kingdoms of Living
Things
Chapter 14 & 19
Categories of Classification
• Taxonomy- the science of naming organisms• Aristotle- 1st ~2000 years ago- grouped plants
and animals according to structural similarities• Genus- Latin for group -Species- kind• 1700’s descriptive names (polynomials) -
name for a bee- Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus prosticis glabis,untrique margine ciliatus- these are large and awkward
A simpler system
• Linnaeus- Swedish botanist that devised the binomial nomenclature system
• Latin- 2 word system that used Genus and species identifier
• Honey bee- Apis mellifera
A brief history of classification
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Scientific Names• Genus- always capitalized-Quercus• Species- never capitalized- Quercus rubra• Genus may be used by itself when describing
a group of species• Species never used alone• After use of full name the scientific name may
be abbreviated Q. rubra• Names are italicized when typed underlined
when handwritten
Scientific names
• Common way of communicating regardless of language
• Latin- dead language- never changes• No two organisms can have same
scientific name• Common names change with location-
robin and garter snake
Why Common names are confusing
Levels of classification
-Domain contains kingdoms
-Kingdoms contain phyla
-Phyla contain classes
-Classes contain orders
-Orders contain families
-Families contain genera
-Genera contain species
Levels of classification
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Classification of a honeybee
What is a species?• How do you tell two species apart from each
other?• 1942- Ernst Mayr- proposed the biological
species concept• A group of naturally interbreeding populations
that are reproductively isolated from each other
• Sometimes species can interbreed such as dogs and wolves- these are called hybrids
Hybrids
Dog Wolf Dog-Wolf hybrid
There are many differentKinds of hybrids to look upZorse, mule,liger, etc…
Problems with Biological species concept
• Fails to describe asexually reproducing organisms- bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, some animals
• In practice, scientists still use an organism’s features
Number of Species
• Actual number described is much smaller than total number
• 1.5 million described ~ 1 million are arthropods
• Estimated 10 million in world- rainforests, oceans
• Our knowledge is very limited
Evolutionary history
• Classification based on similarities should reflect an organism’s phylogeny- its evolutionary history- not all features are inherited from a common ancestor- wings in birds and insects
• Convergent evolution- similarities evolve in non-related organisms
• Analogous structures- wings, body shape in fish and dolphins
Cladistics• A method of analysis that
reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characters
• Ancestral character- a trait that is common to both all groups under consideration- birds and mammals are both vertebrates
• Derived character- a trait that evolved only in one group buth not any others- feathers evolved only in birds
Cladogram of vertebrates
Cladogram of Plants
Vascular tissue
Seeds
Flowers
Cuticle
Cladistics
• Based on the principle that shared derived characters show that two groups are closely related, shared ancestral characters, however, do not
• Strength of cladistics is objectivity- this does not take into account the “strength” of a trait
• According to cladistics birds are grouped with reptiles
Evolutionary systematics
• Taxonomists give varying degree of importance to charaters
• Phylogenetic tree is created• This allows scientists to use full
powers of observations along with biases they may have
• Both cladograms and phylogenetic trees arrive at similar conclusions
Vertebrate phylogenetic tree
6 Kingdoms of Life
• Where do biologists begin when they classify an organism?
• What makes something an animal? A plant?
• Biologists focus on a few fundamental characteristics
Fundamental Characteristics
• Cell type- prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Cell walls- presence or absence, proteins involved
• Body type-unicellular or multicellular
• Nutrition-autotrophs or heterotrophs
3 Domains• 1977- Carl Woese proposed that
some prokaryotes are so fundamentally different than others that they should be placed separate in their own division
• All eukaryotes are placed together• Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archae
(Archaebacteria), Eukarya (Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals)
3 Domains
3 Domains
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Domain Bacteria• Contains Kingdom Eubacteria• All range from 0.1 to 15 um• Found almost everywhere• Bacteria that we are used to• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan• Unique amino acid sequences in
ribosomes and RNA polymerases• 3 shapes- round, rod, spiral• Obtain energy from organic
compounds, inorganic compoounds, heterotrophic, autotrophic, anaerobic, aerobic, decomposers
Eubacteria
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Domain Archae• Contains Kingdom Archaebacteria• More closely related to Eukaryotes• Cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan• Unique lipids in cell wall• Genes that are interupted by introns like
eukaryotes• Methanogens- form methane gas found in
swamps, sewage, mammal intestines• Thermophiles- found in very hot conditions• Halophiles- found in highly salty areas• Acidophiles- highly acidic areas• Nonextremes- found in same as eubacteria
Archaebacteria
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Domain Eukarya• Contains Protists, Fungi, Plants,
Animals
• Highlyt organized cells- contain nucleus and other organelles
• Multicellularity- cells are coordinated
• Sexual reproduction- haploid gametes fuse to create variation
Kingdom Protista
• Most diverse- more of what they “are not” than what they are
• Pseudopods- protists that use cytoplasmic lobes to move- amoebas- Forams make a shell and project pseudopods through shell
• Flagellates- use flagella to move- Euglena• Ciliates - use cilia- Paramecium
Kingdom Protista• Double shells- diatoms- photosynthetic-
double shells made of silica- part of plankton• Photosynthetic algae- green algae that you
see in lakes and ponds, brown algae, red algae- all the seaweeds
• Fungus-like protists- slime molds and water molds- produce spores and act like a fungus
• Spore-forming protists- nonmotile as adults- parasitic spores produced, complex life cycles- malaria and other diseases
Kingdom Protista
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Kingdom Fungi• Almost all unicellular• Yeasts are unicellular group• Cell walls that contain chitin• Cells interconnected and share cytoplasm• Slender strands called hyphae• Lack chlorophyll, roots, movement, leaves• Heterotrophs- decomposers that secrete
enzymes then absorb the nutrients• Saprophytes- live on dead organsisms- some
are parasitic
Kingdom Fungi
• 3 kinds based on reproductive structures
• Zygomycetes- zygosporangia- common bread mold
• Basidiomycetes- mushrooms- produce basidiomycetes
• Ascomycetes- asci- sac-like structures
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular autotrophs• Most have vascular tissue for transporting
water and organic molecules• Cannot move from place to place• Most have roots, leaves, stems• All do photosynthesis• Cell walls made of cellulose• Seeds or spores
Kingdom Plantae• 4 basic kinds of plants• Nonvascular- lack vascular tissues- mosses-
has cuticle• Seedless vascular- ferns- roots, stems,
leaves, no seeds but spores• Nonflowering seed plants- vascular tissue,
seeds, no flowers- pine trees• Flowering plants- vascular tissue, seeds,
flowers- rose bush, apple tree
Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Animalia• Complex, multicellular heterotrophs- all must
eat something else• No cell wall• Mostly diploid cells• Only group tp have muscles for movement• Most are invertebrates- 99%• Most animals live in the oceans• Can be very large-blue whale 100 ft- or small
0.02 inches- microscopic mites
Kingdom Animalia
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Major animal phyla• Sponges- Porifera• Jellyfish- Cnidaria• Flatworms-
Platyhelminthes• Roundworms-
Nematoda• Worms- Annelida• Mollusks- Molluska• Arthropods-
Arthropoda
• Starfish- Echinodermata• Invertebrate chordates• Vertebrates
– Hagfish– Sharks– Fish– Amphibians– Reptiles– Birds– Mammals
Multicellularity
• Colonial organisms- unicellular organisms begin to cluster together- they cannot communicate and still exist by themselves
• Aggregations- a temporary collection of organisms that come together temoprarily and then separate- slime molds
• True Multicellularity- cells are permanently associated with each other- only found in eukaryotes- cells become specialized for specific functions- differentiation
Complex multicellularity
• Specialized cells and structures mad of these cells
• Tissue (group of cells performing the same function) --> Organ( groups of tissues performing the same function) --> Organ System (groups of organs performing together) --> Organism (multiple organ systems working together)
Viruses
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