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Classification of Matter Use to make foldable The terms in red are your voc. terms.
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Transcript of Classification of Matter Use to make foldable The terms in red are your voc. terms.
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Classification of Matter
Use to make foldable
The terms in red are your voc. terms.
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Pure Substances
• Pure Substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means
Gold - element Manganese Dioxide - compound
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Pure Substance
• Element– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Pure Substances
• Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of individual elements
– Chemical bonds hold the elements together
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Pure Substances - FYILaw of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition
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Molecules
• Groups of two or more atoms bound by chemical bonds
• Can be two of the same element
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Chemical Formula-Extra Info
• Shows the compound and the ratio of atoms
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Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7H2
N2 O2 F2
Cl2
Br2
F2
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Matter Flowchart
Examples:
– graphite
– pepper
– sugar (sucrose)
– paint
– soda
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
element
hetero. mixture
compound
solution homo. mixture
hetero. mixture
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Classification of Matter
uniformproperties?
fixedcomposition?
chemicallydecomposable?
no
no
no
yes
hetero-geneousmixture
solution
element
compound
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
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Elements
only one kindof atom; atomsare bonded itthe element
is diatomic orpolyatomic
Compounds
two ormore kindsof atomsthat arebonded
substancewith
definitemakeup
andproperties
Mixtures
two or moresubstances
that arephysically
mixed
two ormore
kinds ofand
Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
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Mixtures Variable combination of two or more
pure substances. Each keep individual properties
Homogeneous- Evenly Mixed cannot see different parts. (Same)
Heterogeneous – Can see different parts (different)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Tyndall Effect
• The scattering
of light by particles
in a mixture
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gheuYqQ6phE&feature=related
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Mixtures
Solution– homogeneous– very small particles– no Tyndall effect– particles don’t settle
– EX: – rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol
and water)– Air (nitrogen and oxygen)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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MixturesColloid
– heterogeneous– medium-sized particles– Tyndall effect– particles don’t settle– Particles scatter light– EX:
• Milk• Clouds• Smoke• mayo
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Suspension– heterogeneous– large particles– Tyndall effect– particles settle– EX:
• fresh-squeezed lemonade
• Sand in water
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Examples:
– mayonnaise
– muddy water
– fog
– saltwater
– Italian salad dressing
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(a)an element(hydrogen)
(b)a compound(water)
(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)
(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
hydrogenatoms hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
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MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Classification of Matter
MATTER(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
PURESUBSTANCES MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURESELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS
Separated by
physical means into
Separated by
chemical means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
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MatterMatter
SubstanceDefinite composition
(homogeneous)
SubstanceDefinite composition
(homogeneous)
Element(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, silver)
Element(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, silver)
Mixture ofSubstances
Variable composition
Mixture ofSubstances
Variable composition
Compound(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,Aluminum silicate)
Compound(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,Aluminum silicate)
Homogeneous mixtureUniform throughout,also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,gold alloy)
Homogeneous mixtureUniform throughout,also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,gold alloy)
Heterogeneous mixtureNonuniform
distinct phases(Examples: soup, concrete, granite)
Heterogeneous mixtureNonuniform
distinct phases(Examples: soup, concrete, granite)
Chemicallyseparable
Physicallyseparable
Classification of Matter
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Mixture vs. Compound
Mixture
FixedComposition
Bonds between
components
Can ONLY beseparated by
chemical means
VariableComposition
No bondsbetween
components
Can beseparated by
physical means
Alike Different
Contain two or more
elements
Can beseparated
intoelements
Involvesubstances
Compound
Different
Topic Topic
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Compounds vs. Mixtures
• Compounds have properties that are uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. – A formula can always be written for a compound
– e.g. NaCl Na + Cl2
• Mixtures retain their individual properties.– e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
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Top Ten Elements in the Universe
Top Ten Elements in the Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms) 1. Hydrogen 73.92. Helium 24.03. Oxygen 1.14. Carbon
0.465. Neon 0.136. Iron 0.117. Nitrogen
0.0978. Silicon 0.0659. Magnesium 0.05810.Sulfur 0.044
A typical spiral galaxy(Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26
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The Composition of Air
AirAir
NitrogenNitrogen
OxygenOxygenHeliumHelium
Watervapor
Watervapor
NeonNeon
Carbondioxide
Carbondioxide ArgonArgon
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
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Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of nitrogen:
Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of oxygen:
Water consists of molecules consisting of twohydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:
Argon consists of individual argon atoms:
Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consistingof two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom:
Neon consists of individual neon atoms:
Helium consists of individual helium atoms:
N2
O2
H2O
Ar
CO2
Ne
HeZumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
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Reviewing ConceptsReviewing ConceptsClassifying Matter
• Why does every sample of a given substance have the same properties?
• Explain why the composition of an element is fixed.
• Describe the composition of a compound.• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?