Classification of Matter Chapter 2. Objectives LWBAT: 1.Describe the characteristics of physical and...
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Classification of Matter
Chapter 2
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Objectives
LWBAT:
1.Describe the characteristics of physical and chemical properties.
2.Classify mixtures as homogenous or heterogeneous.
3.Describe the characteristics of physical and chemical changes.
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What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
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MaterialsSpecific types of matter
Described according to phases (solid, liquid, gas)
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Pure SubstancesContain only one type of matterCannot be separated physicallyHas a fixed composition (structure)
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Pure Substances
Elements - simplest pure substances made of only one type of atom (Periodic Table)Cannot be broken down into a simpler substances.
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Pure Substances
Compounds - – two or more elements chemically combined (H2O, CuSO4)
Always in a fixed proportion (relationship)
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MixturesPhysical combination of two or more substances
Can be separated physically
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Heterogeneous MixturesPrefix “Hetero-” means differentSubstances can be easily distinguished and separated
Ex: sand and salt, trail mix, sand and gravel, salad
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Homogeneous Mixtures
Prefix “Homo-” means same
Substances are well mixed and appear the same throughout
Ex: Solution
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SolutionsSolute dissolves in solvent to form solution.
(solute + solvent = solution)Concentrated solution contains more solute than dilute solution.
Ex: Kool-Aid, iced tea, coffee
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Physical Properties(appearance changes but materials
stays the same)
Describe substances undergoing physical changes
Ex: viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, density, boiling point and melting point
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ViscosityThe tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing—its resistance to flowing. Example:
Honey – high viscosity Vinegar – low viscosity
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Conductivity
A material’s ability to allow heat to flow
High conductivity – metal spoon Low conductivity – wooden spoon
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Malleability
Ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering
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Hardness
One way to compare the hardness of two materials is to see which of the materials can scratch the other.
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DensityCan be used to test the purity of a substanceFormula: mass/volume
Example: testing fuel in motorcycles
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Melting and Boiling Points
Melting point – temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquidBoiling point – temperature in which a substance boils (liquid to a gas)
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Additional Physical Properties
Color Shape (structure)Texture (how the material feels)
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Using Properties to Separate Mixtures
Filtration – a process that separates materials based on the size of the particles.Distillation – a process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling point.
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Chemical Properties
Describe substances undergoing chemical changes
Ex: flammability, reactivity
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Flammability
A material’s ability to burn in the presence of oxygen.
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Reactivity
The property that describes how a substance combines chemically with other substances; forms a new substance
Iron + water = rust
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Is it a chemical or physical change?
When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter changes. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter remains the same.
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Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is not created or destroyed during a physical or chemical change
Physical Change Chemical Change
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Physical ChangesSame substance remains after changeUsed to separate mixtures
Ex: pounding, tearing, cutting, dissolving, evaporating, melting, boiling, pulling
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Chemical ChangesResults in new substance with new propertiesAlso known as a chemical reaction
Ex: burning, digesting, fermenting, decomposing
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Chemical Change Evidence1. Precipitate forms (solid)2. Gas evolves (bubbles)3. Color change (tarnishing)4. Energy change
•Exothermic = releases energy•Endothermic = absorbs energy
5. Odor produced (sometimes)