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Classification of Living Things
Taxonomy
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Taxonomy
• Definition:– The branch of biology that deals with the
classification and naming of living things
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Early Attempts at Classification• Aristotle
– animals– based groupings on habitats
• air-dwellers, land-dwellers, water-dwellers
• Theophrastus– plants– groupings on stem structure
• herbs (soft stems), shrubs (several woody stems), trees (one woody stem)
• Exploration & Microscopes made these two methods obsolete!
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Early Attempts at Classification
• John Ray– advanced classification via plant studies– first to use term species
• Carolus Linnaeus– father of modern taxonomy– developed hierarchy of classification based
upon structural similarities– methods are still in use today
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Classification Categories• Animal Taxonomy
– Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family • Genus • Species
• Plant Taxonomy– Division replaces Phylum
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Binomial Nomenclature• Definition: a system for naming organisms based
upon two words• Naming of organisms used to be extremely confusing
– many organisms had multiple, multiple names
• Linnaeus “streamlines” by giving each organism a Genus and species name– i.e., Homo sapiens
• Eliminates the confusion of so-called “common naming”
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Modern Taxonomy• Theory of Evolution serves as the basis for
modern taxonomic methods– Species: group of like individuals who can breed with
each other and produce fertile offspring• species separated for periods of time become different
species base upon mutations
• Phylogeny– evolutionary history of a species or a group of
organisms
– similar to a family tree
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Human Phylogenic
Tree
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Another Human
Phylogenic Tree
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What Things Do We Use to Classify?• Structural Information
– skeletal, leaves, etc.
• Biochemical Information– DNA, RNA, protein structure, etc.
• Cytological Information– cell structure, chromosome number, etc.
• Embryological Information– structure in early stages of develpment
• Behavior Information– mating calls in crickets, etc.
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What are the Kingdoms?
• “Old School” (Kingdoms)
– Monera
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
• “New School” (Domains)– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria– Eukaryote
• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
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Archaebacteria
• Live in hostile environments
• Most in oxygen-free environments
• Unicellular & prokaryotic
• Examples– Methanogens– Halophiles– Thermoacidophiles
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Eubacteria
• Make up the majority of modern bacteria• Most are unicellular
– chains or colonies
• Prokaryotic• Most heterotrophic• Disease-causing • Cyanobacteria
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Protista
• Most are unicellular– some colonial and
multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic are protozoa
• Phototrophic are algae
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Fungi• Includes molds, yeasts, mushrooms, etc.• Function as either parasites or decomposers of
dead matter• Most multicellular, some unicellular• Eukaryotic• Have cell walls but of different chemical
structure than plants (chitin v. cellulose)• Cannot photosynthesize• Eat like flies!
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Various Fungi
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Plantae• Include mosses, ferns, liverworts, and seed
plants
• All have cell walls as part of cell structure
• Most all are photosynthetic
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Animalia
• More species in this kingdom than all others
• All are multicellular with a higher level of organization
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Animal Phyla• Porifera• Cnidaria• Platyhelminthes• Nematoda• Annelida• Mollusca• Arthropoda• Echinodermata• Chordata
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Porifera
• Includes the sponges
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Cnidaria
• Includes two body forms,:– polyp – medussa
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Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms
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Nematoda
• The Roundworms
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Annelida
• Segmented worms
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Mollusca• Mollusks
– clams, snails slugs
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Arthropoda
• Segmented bodies, exoskeletons– crustaceans– centipedes– millipedes– spiders– insects
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Echinodermata
• Starfish
• Sea urchins and cucumbers
• Sand dollars
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Chordata
• Spinal cord