Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

(six kingdoms)

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Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.

ClassificationClassification

Classification is an important process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different.

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.

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AristotleAristotle

Ancient Greece— Aristotle (384 BC to 322

BC) was the first to use a

classification system.

classified living things

into two categories: plants

and animals.

Plants -shrubs, herbs, or

trees.Animals -according to

where they lived.His classification system was based on structural

differences that were seen.

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 1778)

Considered to be the Father of modern

Taxonomy

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Swedish Botantist

based hisbased hisclassification on classification on characteristics of characteristics of organisms that organisms that were similar.were similar.

Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.

Linnaeus used Latin for the

Names of his categories,

because this was the language

of educated people and not

likely to change whereas an

everyday language is likely to

change.

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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature

Because scientists speak many different Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming a universal system for naming organisms is used. organisms is used.

The scientific name of an organism is The scientific name of an organism is

based on abased on a two-word systemtwo-word system

calledcalled binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature. .

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Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”)

Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”)

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Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass

•The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined).•The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).

Binomial nomenclature8

Organisms that Organisms that share more share more similarities are similarities are more closely more closely related and are related and are grouped grouped together.together.

9In addition toIn addition to (1)(1) appearanceappearance and and (2)(2)behaviorbehavior, , (3)(3) molecular molecular structurestructure (e.g., DNA) (e.g., DNA) and(4)and(4) evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships are are alsoalso considered when classifying considered when classifying organismsorganisms..

Eight levels of classification

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Least alike

Most alike

Domain

GROUP NAME

ORGANISM

HUMANCHIMPAN

ZEEHOUSE

CATLION

HOUSEFLY

KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda

CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect

ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera

FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae

GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca

SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica

Scientific Name

Homo sapiens

Pan troglody

tes

Felis domesti

caFelis leo

Musca domesti

ca

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Example: Human Example: Human ClassificationClassification

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primate

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Specific : sapiens a. homo Sapiens

b. Homo sapiens

c. Homo Sapiens

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How would you write the scientific name?

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KINGDOMS OF LIFE

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Eu- Bacteria

Archae - Bacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Six Kingdoms of Life

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Three Domains and Six Three Domains and Six Kingdoms:Kingdoms:

Three Domains:Three Domains:Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms: EubacteriaArchaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms:

ArchaebacteriaEukarya- Eukaryotic

Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.

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•Eukaryotes

•Unicellular or multicellular

•Heterotrophic

•Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

•Prokaryotes

•Unicellular

•Heterotropic and autotrophic

•Eukaryotes

•Unicellular and multicellular

•Heterotropic and autotrophic

18 Bacteria Protista Fungi

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Eukaryotes

Multicellular

Autotrophic

Eukaryotes

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Plantae Animalia

6 Kingdoms of Life6 Kingdoms of Life20

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Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms.

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•A tool to identify organisms is

called a dichotomous key.

•It is made from pairs of

contrasting characteristics (e.g.,

has wings/does not have wings).

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EOCT ALERT!!!!EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism A multicellular organism that obtains its food by that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients from absorbing nutrients from the soil belongs to the the soil belongs to the kingdomkingdom

A A AnimaliaAnimalia B B FungiFungi C C PlantaePlantae D D ProtistaProtista

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The study of The study of animals is known animals is known asas

A botanyA botany

B ecologyB ecology

C taxonomyC taxonomy

D zoologyD zoology

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In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucusPapilio glaucus, was , was proclaimed Georgia’s state proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics shares the most characteristics with members of which with members of which taxonomic level?taxonomic level?

A classA class B familyB family C orderC order D phylumD phylum

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One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to

A obtain energyB reproduceC moveD exchange gases

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