classification of biomaterials by vishnumenon.m
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS –II BY
M.VISHNUMENON
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BIOMATERIAL• The Materials Which are used
for structural applications in the fields of medicine are know as biomaterials
• These materials are used to make devices to replace damaged or diseased body parts in human and animal bodies
• A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or injury. Commonplace examples include suture needles, plates, teeth fillings, etc
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Classification Of Biomaterial
Based on the application in the medical
field biomaterial are classified into :• Metals and alloys biomaterials• Ceramics biomaterials • Polymer biomaterials• Composite biomaterials
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Metal And alloys
• Metals and alloys are used as biomaterials due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties
• Types of Metal and alloys are cobalt based alloys, titanium, stainless steel , protosal from cast alloy, conducting metals such as platinum
• The advantage of metal High strength, Fatigue resistance, Relatively good wear resistance, Easy fabrication ,Easy to sterilize ,Shape memory (NiTi-Nitinol)
• Disadvantages are High elastic modulus, Corrosion ,Metal ion sensitivity and toxicity Low wetting
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Applications of Metal and alloy
• Metals and alloys biomaterials are used in implant and orthopedic application
• Stainless steel Predominant implant alloy
• Protosal from cast alloy of Co ,Cr ,Mo used for implant hip Endo prosthesis and advance version of this protosal are widely used in hip joints
• ASTMF-136 used in dental application for making screws wires artificial teeth
• Ni –Ti shape memory alloy used in dental arch wire, micro surgical instrument, blood clot filtes.etc
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Ceramics
• Ceramics are used as biomaterials due to their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility
• Types of Bio-ceramic materials are tri calcium phosphate, Metals oxides such as Al2O3 and SiO2 ,Apatite ceramics, Porous ceramics, Carbon and Alumina
• Advantage - High compression strength, Wear & Corrosion resistance ,Can be highly polished
• Disadvantage -High E modulus (stress shielding) Brittle -Low fracture toughness Difficult to fabricate
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Applications of Ceramics• Al2O3 and SiO2 - used to make
femoral head • Tri calcium Phosphate - bone
repairs• Alumina used in
orthopedic ,Porous alumina used in teeth roots
• Apatite ceramics - bio active ceramics-used as synthetic bone
• Carbon good biocompatibility, wide application in heart valves
• Percutaneous carbon – stimulation of cochlea and visual cortex for artificial hearing and aid the blind respectively
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BIOPOLYMERS
• Biopolymers are macromolecules (protein, nuclei ,acids and polysaccharides) formed in nature during the growth cycles of all organism
• Easy to make complicated items Tailor able physical & mechanical properties Surface modification Biodegradable
• Leachable compounds Absorb water & proteins etc. Surface contamination Wear & breakdown Biodegradation (hydrolytically, enigmatically) Difficult to sterilize
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Application of Biopolymers
• Synthetic polymeric materials have been widely used in medical disposable supplies, prosthetic materials, dental materials, implants, dressings, extracorporeal devices, encapsulates, polymeric drug delivery systems, tissue engineered products
• The main advantages of the polymeric biomaterials compared to metal or ceramic materials are ease of manufacturability to produce various shapes (latex, film, sheet, fibers, etc.)
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COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS • The term “composite” is
usually reserved for those materials in which the distinct phases are separated on a scale larger than the
• biomaterial applications are: (1) dental filling composites
(2) reinforced methyl methacrylate bone cement and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, and
(3) orthopedic implants with porous surfaces. atomic
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Biomaterial in ophthalmology and Dental
OPHTHALMOLOGY• Used to improve vision, eye
implants, to restore cornea, lens when they are damaged
• Contact lens, eye shield , vitreous replacement, correction of corneal curvature
DENTAL• Polymers ,composites
ceramic materials and metals alloys are four main groups of materials used for dental applications
• Ex: stainless steal, Co-Cr-Mo alloy PMMA ,proplast and deacon
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Interesting facts
• As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old