CLASSIFICATION Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on...
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Transcript of CLASSIFICATION Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on...
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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
• Classification is the Classification is the grouping of objects grouping of objects or information based or information based on similaritieson similarities
• Study of Study of Classification is Classification is called called TaxonomyTaxonomy
Why do we classify????Why do we classify????….….
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Classifying isClassifying is useful useful
• To scientists, To scientists, agriculturists, agriculturists, aborists. aborists.
• Often, knowing Often, knowing something about something about a similar species a similar species will give us some will give us some knowledge of a knowledge of a new speciesnew species
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““Lumpers and Splitters”Lumpers and Splitters”
• Classification is a Classification is a continuous continuous process, changing process, changing with new info.with new info.
• Sometimes, there Sometimes, there is is disagreement….disagreement….
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Five Kingdoms, Six Five Kingdoms, Six kingdoms, Domains,kingdoms, Domains,
• -even -even SuperSuperkingdoms?kingdoms?
• Historically, Historically, classification was classification was based on structural based on structural similarities, thensimilarities, then
• -evolutionary -evolutionary relationships.relationships.
• Molecular genetics is Molecular genetics is often used now.often used now.
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Classification is based-Classification is based-
- 1. on similarities 1. on similarities in chromosomes,in chromosomes,
- 2. biochemistry 2. biochemistry (which is coded (which is coded for by for by chromosomes),chromosomes),
- 3. breeding 3. breeding behavior, behavior,
- 4.geographical 4.geographical distributiondistribution
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This basis for classification This basis for classification
-shows probable -shows probable evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
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Let’s begin with the Let’s begin with the smallest groupsmallest group
• SPECIESSPECIES• Definition-very Definition-very
closely related closely related organisms that organisms that interbreed interbreed naturally to naturally to produce fertile produce fertile offspringoffspring
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Even that can be Even that can be confusing-confusing-
• Some taxonomists Some taxonomists useuse
” ” sub-species”, as in sub-species”, as in arctic wolves arctic wolves being a sub-being a sub-species of gray species of gray wolveswolves
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MulesMules
• Come from breeding Come from breeding a horse and a a horse and a donkey.donkey.
• Baby mules do not Baby mules do not come from Mommy come from Mommy and Daddy mulesand Daddy mules
• This shows horses This shows horses and donkey are and donkey are closely related, but closely related, but not the same speciesnot the same species
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An organism’s species An organism’s species
• -is part of its -is part of its Scientific Name,Scientific Name, such assuch as
• Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Species names may Species names may describe the describe the organism;organism;
such as “man who such as “man who thinks”thinks”
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The other part of the The other part of the scientific name isscientific name is
• GENUS, the next GENUS, the next largest largest classification classification groupgroup
• Homo is the Homo is the human genushuman genus
• There are no There are no other living other living species of Homospecies of Homo
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature
• -is the term used -is the term used to describe the to describe the scientific name scientific name using the genus using the genus and the speciesand the species
• Latin is used Latin is used because it doesn’t because it doesn’t changechange
• Scientific names Scientific names are universalare universal
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A TAXONA TAXON
• Is any group of Is any group of organisms, such organisms, such as genus, species, as genus, species, kingdomkingdom
• Plural is TAXAPlural is TAXA
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Genera (plural of genus)Genera (plural of genus)
• belong to a belong to a FAMILYFAMILY
• Families are Families are grouped together grouped together to form an ORDERto form an ORDER
• The next largest The next largest taxa is CLASStaxa is CLASS
• And classes are in And classes are in a PHYLUM a PHYLUM
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Which brings us back toWhich brings us back to
• KINGDOMS, the KINGDOMS, the largest and most largest and most general general classificationclassification
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DOMAINSDOMAINS
• And And SUPERKINGDOM SUPERKINGDOM are groups are groups encompassing encompassing kingdoms within kingdoms within three larger three larger groupsgroups
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We study SIX kingdomsWe study SIX kingdoms
• ARCHAEBACTERIAARCHAEBACTERIA• EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA
• PROTISTSPROTISTS• FUNGIFUNGI• PLANTSPLANTS• ANIMALSANIMALS
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
• Prokaryotic Prokaryotic • UnicellularUnicellular• Heterotrophic or Heterotrophic or
autotrophicautotrophic• SomeSome of the of the
autotrophs are autotrophs are chemosyntheticchemosynthetic, , using energy found using energy found in molecules to in molecules to produce their own produce their own food.food.
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
• Live in extreme Live in extreme environmentsenvironments, such , such as swamps, very as swamps, very salty areas, salty areas, hydrothermal ventshydrothermal vents
• Names like Names like halophiles, halophiles, methanogens, methanogens, thermophilesthermophiles
• Most of these Most of these environments are environments are oxygen-freeoxygen-free
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EubacteriaEubacteria
• Also Also ProkaryoticProkaryotic
• UnicellularUnicellular• Autotrophic Autotrophic
or or HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
• Live in most Live in most environmentsenvironments
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Some eubacteriaSome eubacteria
• cause diseases, cause diseases, but many are but many are helpfulhelpful and most and most are not harmfulare not harmful
• Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria (“blue-green (“blue-green algae”), algae”), coccus, coccus, bacillus, spirillum bacillus, spirillum
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PROTISTSPROTISTS
• Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellsCells• often often unicellularunicellular• MulticellularMulticellular protists protists
do not have complex do not have complex organsorgans
• Heterotrophic-Heterotrophic-animal-like or animal-like or fungus-like or fungus-like or AutotrophicAutotrophic
• Very diverse Very diverse kingdomkingdom
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FUNGIFUNGI
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Unicellular yeast or Unicellular yeast or
multicellularmulticellular• Heterotrophic-Absorb Heterotrophic-Absorb
nutrients from nutrients from environmentenvironment
• Cell walls are Cell walls are composed of chitincomposed of chitin
• Sessile (do not move Sessile (do not move from place-to-placefrom place-to-place))
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PLANTSPLANTS
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• MulticellularMulticellular• AutotrophicAutotrophic• Cell walls are Cell walls are
composed of composed of cellulosecellulose
• SessileSessile
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ANIMALSANIMALS
• Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic, • MulticellularMulticellular• HeterotrophicHeterotrophic, ,
and move from and move from place-to-place for place-to-place for at least part of at least part of their life cyclestheir life cycles