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CONFIDENTIAL NAVORD REPORT 6880

MI ! DEVELOPMENT OF RDX',COMPOSITION CH-6 (U)

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ASTIAARLINGTON HALL STATION

S15 JUNE 1960 ARLINGTON 12. VIRGINIA0

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XE ROX

%,>5 < EZZ T SI 'Y•VL

,,NCE LABOIIATGRY

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY

WHITE OAK, MARYLAND

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"This material contains information affecting theNational Defense of the United States within themeaning of the Espionage Laws, title 18, U.S.C.,Sections 793 and 794, the tranbmission or revelationof which in any manner to an unauthorized person isprohibited by law."

CONFIDENTIALNavOrd Report 6880

DEVELOPMNT OF RDX COMPOSITION CH-6 (U)

Prepared by:L. D. Hampton

Approved by: \t'J .Chief, Explosion Dynamics Division

ABSTRACT: A resume is given of the development ofRDX composition CH-6 at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory,White Oak. Some background concerning the specifica-tion tests is presented. Comparative sensitivity datafor CH-6 and tetryl are also given along with adiscussion of the advantages of the "CH-6". CH-6 issuperior to tetryl in output strength and in itsability to withstand elevated temperatures. Itssensitivity has been carefully adjusted to be essentiallythat of tetryl. Consequently it can be substituted fortetryl in any booster or lead for which reliability hasalready been demonstrated for tetryl without impairingthis established reliability. Pelleting characteristicsof CH-6 are good.

Explosions Research DepartmentU. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY

WHITE OAK, MARYLAND

S... Cc;r 1IUjI1 1AL

CONFIDENTIAL

NavOrd Report 6880 15 June 1960

The work reported here was carried out over a number ofyears and had for its goal the compounding of a booster typeexplosive superior to tetryl from the standpoint of thermalresistance and output. It was essential that the newexplosive be about as sensitive as tetryl, but no moresensitive than tetryl. The work was carried out under TaskExplosives Applied Research 301-6641+/3006/08 and has resultedin a new composition which should find increasing use in fuzeexplosive trains.

This report is circulated for information purposes only andis not to be used as a basis for action. The explosiveCH-6 has been recommended for release by the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory. It is described in MIL-R-21723 Military Speci-fication RDX Composition CH-6, 14 December 1958 and inNavOrd OD 10607 Advisory Manufacturing Process for RDXComposition CH-6, I May 1958.

A number of people at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory havebeen instrumental in developing CH-6. Those who have beendirectly involved in the development include among others,Dr. R. McGill, Mr. R. H. F. Stresau, Mr. J. L. Christian,Mr. L. D. Hampton, Mr. J. N. Ayres, and Mr. I. Kabik.

W. D. COLEMAN

C. ~.ARONSONBy direction

CONFIDENTIAL

.CONFIDENTIALNavOrd Report 6880

CONT ENTSPage

Introduction •1 ......... . • . o 1RDX Composition CH-4 •.. 2RDX Composition CH-6, . . .: . . . . . .: . 4Manufacture and Test of RDXComposition CH-6 6 .. ........... 6Summary . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

I LLUSTRAT IONS

Table I. Wax Spacer Thickness (in inches)for 50 Percent Initiation inBooster Test . . . .....&a 5

Table II. Bullet Sensitivity of CH:-6 andTetryl (Number of Explosions/Number of Trials) # # 0 . 6

Table III. Comparison of CH-6 and Tetry "for Boostering Capabilities,Sensitivity, and Stability . . . 10

iiiCONFIDENTIAL


DEVELOPMENT OF RDX COMPOSITION CH-6 (U)

INTRODUCTION

CH-6 is an RDX explosive composition containingsmall quantities of calcium stearate, graphite, andpolyisobutylene which are added to serve as bindersor desensitizers. The mixture was developed as areplacement for tetryl in applications which requireincreased resistance to heat or a greater output thanthat obtained from tetryl.

Tetryl has been used quite extensively as theexplosive in leads and boosters of ordnance items.However, it has a serious limitation in its greatertendency than certain other explosives to explode(cook-off) when subjected to high temperatures, suchas might be encountered in certain modern weaponenvironments. Various instances exist whereinmeasurements of the cook-off temperature of tetryland other explosives have been made under varyingconditions. One such test is that made by NationalNorthern and reported in reference (1). In thistest the explosive was placed in an oven and thetemperature raised to a predetermined value. Thenthe heat was shut off and the explosive observed tosee whether or not an explosion occurred. The lowesttemperature to which the oven had to be raised toproduce an explosion was recorded as the cook-offtemperature. In this test tetryl cookeg-off when theoven was raised to a temperature of 140 C, while RDXdid not cook-off until a temperature of 180°C wasreached.

Since RDX has better cook-off characteristicsthan tetryl it would be the preferable explosive foruse in ordnance subjected to temperatures approachingand exceeding the cook-off temperature of tetryl.RDX also has a greater output so that an RDX lead orbooster would be effective under circumstances inwhich a tetryl lead or booster might give marginalinitiation of the next charge. However, boosterellets made of RDX are not satisfactory, since theyream up easily upon handling. Furthermore, pure RDX

1CONFIDENTIAL


is somewhat more sensitive than tetryl in both theimpact and gap tests. Since the Navy considers tetrylto be the most sensitive explosive which may be usedbeyond the safety interruption of a fuze explosivetrain, pure RDX cannot be considered in this applica-tion. In this situation one thinks at once of thepossibility of adding a small amount of some materialto the RDX which will act both as a binder and as adesensitizer. Wax has been used with RDX for thispurpose. Composition A is a 91/9 mixture of RDX andwax. This quantity of wax reduces the sensitivitymore than is desired for an explosive which is to beused in leads and boosters. The addition of approxi-mately 3 percent wax desensitizes RDX until it iscomparable to tetryl. Studies of this mixture arereported in references (2) and (3).

An RDX/wax mixture is not entirely satisfactorysince it tends to adhere to the mold when pressed.When using an automatic pelleting machine thistendency leads to breaking of the pellet when ejectedfrom the machine. This is particularly troublesomewith larger diameter pellets (3/4-.nch or greater).For detonators and leads the Army has used RDX withthe addition of 0.5 percent of either calcium resinateor calcium stearate and 0.5 percent of graphite. Forboosters RDX containing from 1.5 to 1.7 percent stearicacid and 0.25 percent graphite has been used. Thismixture is not compatible with lead azide and is there-fore not satisfactory for use in detonators. Cohesionof this material is not all one could desire and pelletslarger than about 1.2 inches in diameter are notpracticable.

RDX COMPOSITION CH-4

The mixtures previously described wereordinarily made mechanically by mixing the ingredientstogether while dry, or by a water slurry method inwhich the separate components were suspended togetherin water and mixed, after which the water was filteredoff leaving one component coated on the other. Suchmethods do not always result in a uniform coating ofthe diluent on the RDX. In order to impxove thisfeature a study was begun of the possiblity of coating

2CONFIDENTIAL


the RDX by precipitating a 'stearate from a solutionas the result of a chemical reaction. If RDX issuspended in a water slurry in which sodium stearateis dissolved the addition of calcium chloride willcause a reaction forming calcium stearate and sodiumchloride. The calcium stearate, being insoluble inwater, will be precipitated and will coat the RDXparticles. Other metallic elements such as magnesiumcan be substituted for the calcium in this process.Several mixtures of this type, containing differentpercentages of the stearates of calcium or magnesium,were made and tested to determine their sensitivityand pelleting characteristics. These investigationsare reported in reference (4). The tests used werethe impact sensitivity test, reference (5), the smallscale gap test, reference (6), and a tumble test.This test is described in reference (4). These testsindicated that it was possible to obtain a satisfactorysensitivity by this method but the pellets were toofragile as judged by the tumble test. In order toremedy this difficulty a small amount of polyisobutylenewas added to the mixture. After some experimentationa mixture of RDX/magnesium stearate/polyisobutylene(97.80/1.45/0.75) was settled upon for further testingin a fuze train. This mixture, which was at firstcalled H-4 but later known as CH-4, was more effectivethan tetryl when tested as the booster explosive in afuze explosive train. CH-4 was tested in one fuzedesign in which it was desired to determine the minimumlength of booster which would give reliable performance.When using CH-4 as the booster explosive a length ofonly 0.25 inch was required while the length of atetryl booster required under the same conditions was0.32 inch. The sensitivity of this mixture as measuredin both the impact and gap sensitivity tests wassufficiently similar to that of tetryl to be con-sidered satisfactory, reference (4). Pellets subjectedto the tumble test showed some superiority over thoseobtained with tetryl.

3CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIIALNavOrd Report 6880

Having been shown to be satisfactory in theserespects the mixture was next tested in automaticpelleting machines. Ten pounds of the material wereprepared and sent to Picatinny Arsenal with a requestthat its suitability for use in automatic pelletingmachines be determined. The results of this testshowed that it was too sticky to work well in thesemachines. The powdered material would not flow fromthe hopper of the machine satisfactorily.

RDX COMPOSITION CH-6

In order to improve the flow characteristics ofthe CH-4 the proportion of polyisobutylene wasreduced from 0.75 to 0.5 percent. At the same timeit was decided to substitute calcium stearate for themagnesium stearate of the CH-4 mixture. The resultwas RDX/calcium stearate/polyisobutylene (98.0/1.5/0.5).Decreasing the amount of polyisobutylene improves theflow characteristics at the expense of some decreasein pellet strength. Results of tumbling and gapsensitivity tests are reported in reference (7). Theloss in weight in the tumbling test was slightlygreater with this material than with tetryl, being0.56 and 0.32 percent respectively. Gaps across whichinitiation were obtained 50 percent of the time inthe small scale gap test were 0.146 inch for thismixture and 0.150 inch for tetryl when confined inbrass. When aluminum confinement was used the gaps atwhich initiation occurred 50 percent of the time were0.088 and 0.093 inch respectively. Thee differencesare not significant.

Tests were made by the Naval Ordnance Plant,Macon, Georgia, to determine the suitability of thismixture for use in automatic pelleting machines. Asa result of these tests, it was decided to add a smallpercentage of graphite to increase the flow of thematerial. The final composition thus arrived at wasRDX/calcium stearate/polyisobutylene/graphite(97.5/1.5/0.5/0.5). This is the mixture which isknown as CH-6.

4CONFIDENTIAL


CH-6 has several advantages over tetryl for useas the explosive cdmpone.nt of a lead or booster. Thechief of these are increased stabilityvhen exposed tohigh temperatures and a greater output for an elementof a given size. Tests have been made of the effectof exposure to heat on CH-6 and tetryl and are reportedin reference (8). The explosive pellet was heated byexposure to a stream of hot air. The temperature ofthe pellet was measured by means of thermocouples andthis temperature was plotted as a function of the timeof exposure to the hot air stream. Under theconditions of this test tetryl pellets showed a run-away reaction after 4 to 5 minutes exposure whileCH-6 pellets withstood the heat for 8 to 10 minutes.

Tests which demonstrate the greater output ofC14-6 as compared with that of tetryl have been madeusing the test arrangement described in reference (9).These are Bruceton type tests of fifteen shots eachin which the thickness of a wax barrier is varied.Main charges of TNT and H-6 were initiated by boostersof tetryl and CH-6 through a wax spacer. The thicknessof spacer for which 50 percent initiation wasobserved is given in Table I.

Table IWax Spacer Thickness (in inches)

for 50 Percent Initiation in Booster TestMain Charge

Booster TNT H-6Tetryl 0.865 1.075CH-6 1.017 1.275

The standard deviation of these values is on the orderof 0.020. The CH-6 booster initiated the main chargethrough a 20 percent greater wax spacer than did atetryl booster.

Sensitivity to bullet impact of CH-6 as comparedwith that of tetryl was measured by the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory using a test similar to that described onpage 49 of reference (10) using a caliber .50 bullet.In the standard bullet sensitivity test the explosiveis contained in a bomb made of a piece of cast ironpipe 3 inches long and 2 inches in diameter with a capon each end. CH-6 and tetryl were also tested with the

5CONFIDENTIAL


pipe having a cap at one end only and also when con-tained in a cardboard tube in place of the pipe. Theresults, as given In Table II, show the two explosivesto be of comparable sensitivity.

Table II

Bullet Sensitivity of CH-6 and Tetryl(Number of Explosions/Number of Trials)

CH-6 TetrXl

In pipe with two caps 1/9 1/9In pipe with one cap 1/11 1/10In cardboard tube 9/11 7/9

On the basis of a number of sensitivity tests it isconcluded that there is no significant difference insensitivity between CH-6 and tetryl.

MANUFACTURE AND TEST OF RDX COMPOSITION CH-6

The Holston Defense Corporation was asked toinvestigate the problems connected with large scaleproduction of CH-6. Several variations of the mixingprocedure were tried which differed from each other inthe order in which the components were added to themixture. Ten pounds of each of five variations weremade and sent to the Naval Ordnance Plant, Macon, forpelleting tests. On the basis of the results of thesetests and also indications on the part of the HolstonDefense Corporation as to difficulties likely to beencountered in one method of preparation as comparedwith another, a choice was made among the fiveprocedures. The procedure adopted is described inreference (11) and is essentially as follows:

The polyisobutylene is dissolved in toluene.

Sodium stearate is mixed with water and calciumchloride dissolved in water in the desiredquantities.

A water slurry of RDX is heated to 75°C in anagitated, Jacketed vessel and the polyisobutylene-toluene solution added slowly.

6CONFIDENTIAL


The graphite is mixed with the sodium stearateand this mixture added to the RDX slurry.

After a short period of agitation the calciumchloride solution is added to the mixture. Theresulting reaction precipitates calcium stearateonto the RDX.

The toluene is removed'by distillation and theslurry cooled to about 50°C.

The mixture is then filtered and washed withdistilled water after which it is dried at70 0 C.

Before the final product is accepted tests aremade of its sensitivity, output, and other desiredcharacteristics. These tests are described in detailin reference (12).

The impact sensitivity is measured usingequipment similar to that described in reference(5). The sensitivity of tetryl is determinedby finding the greatest height at which fifteentrials result in no explosions. Fifteen trialsare then made with CH-6 at 90 percent of thisheight and should result in no burning orexplosions. Material passing this test shouldnot be significantly more sensitive than tetrylwith respect to impact sensitivity.

Sensitivity to initiation by shock is testedby attempting to initiate a pellet of CH-6 bya lead acting through an aluminum barrier. Ifthe CH-6 pellet is initiated so as to produce anappreciable dent in a steel block it is consideredto have fired. In setting up this test no attemptwas made to have the aluminum barrier of suchthickness that the CH-6 pellet would never beinitiated, but rather to choose a thicknessthrough which only a few percent of the CH-6pellets would fire. Tests made with tetrylunder these same conditions indicate that onecould expect 10 or more percent of the tetrylpellets to fire. Material passing this testshould not be significantly more sensitive thantetryl with respect to shock sensitivity.

7CONFIDENTIAL


A similar test is used to determine whetheror not the output of a CH-6 booster is satis-factory. A thinner aluminum barrier is used andthe result of a trial is considered a success ifthe dent produced in the steel block is equal toor greater than a certain specified value.

In both the output and the sensitivity teststhe specification calls for testing fifteenpellets. If all are satisfactory the materialis accepted. If there is one unsatisfactorypellet an additional fifteen are tested. If allof these are satisfactory the material isaccepted.

The ability of CH-6 pellets to withstandhandling is measured by means of a tumble test.Five pellets 0.50 inch in diameter and 0.50 inchthick pressed at 10,000 psi are weighed and placedin a can for tumbling. The closed can is rotatedfor 10 minutes with the axis of rotation beingperpendicular to the axis of symmetry. The lossin weight observed under these conditions is takenas an inverse measure of the resistance to handling.

A density of 1.64 1 0.03 gm/cm3 when pressedat 10,000 psi is specified. The volume of apellet is determined by finding its loss of weightwhen immersed in water.

Tests to determine the moisture content byloss in sample weight and the acidity or alkalinityare described in reference (12). The compositionas determined by chemical analysis set forth inthe specification is RDX, 97.50 1 0.50; calciumstearate, 1.50 1 0.15; graphite, 0.50 1 0.10;polyisobutylene, 0.50 1 0.10. The detailedprocedure for these determinations is given inreference (12).

8CONFIDENTIAL


SUMMARY

The resistance of explosives to cook-off isbecoming of increasing importance as the use ofmodern high speed missiles increases. The increasedoutput, which allows the size of the booster to bedecreased, is also important in connection withminiaturization of boosters in order to provide morespace for other features. CH-6 is superior to tetrylin both respects without having a sensitivity greaterthan that of tetryl. On the other hand its sensi-tivity has not been made less than that of tetryl.Thus it should be possible to substitute CH-6 fortetryl in any booster or lead, for which reliabilityhas already been demonstrated for tetryl, withoutimpairing this established reliability. In factsome increased reliability may be achieved. Pelletingcharacteristics of CH-6 are good. The ingredientsof CH-6 are all readily available and the mixing pro-cess is simple. Consideration of these points leadsto the conclusion that C1-6 is superior to tetrylas a booster explosive.

Table III contains a summary of comparativeproperties of CH-6 and tetryl.

9CONFIDENTIAL

{I


Table III

Comparison of CH-6 and Tetryl for BoosteringCapabilities, Sensitivity, and Stability

CH-6 Tetryl1. BOOSTERING DETONATION ACROSS

A GAP *

Gap (inches) for 50 percenttransmission of detonation.

Initiating TNT 1.017 0.865Initiating H-6 1.275 1.075

2. IMPACT SENSITIVITY **

Drop height (centimeters) atwhich initiation occurs 50percent of time on NOL machine. 26 27

3. SMALL SCALE GAP SENSITIVITYTEST **

Gap (inches) across which theexplosive is initiated by leadazide 50 percent of the time.

In brass confinement 0.146 0.150In aluminum confinement 0.088 0.093

4. BULLET SENSITIVITY TEST ***

Number of explosions/Numberof trials

In pipe with two caps 1/9 1/9In pipe with one cap 1/11 1/10In cardboard tube 9/11 7/9

5. VACUUM STABILITY

cc gas evolved per gram ofexplosive in 48 hours at 100 C 0.10 0.22

6. COOK-OFF ****

Cook-off temperature (OF) 385-406 240-320

10CONFIDENTIAL


Table III (cont'd.)

CH-6 Tetryl7. RESISTANCE TO ABRASION **

Percentage loss in weightafter tumbling test. 0.56 0.32

NOLM 10336d~', NavOrd Report 4320i4 Army Tech. Manual TN 9-1910**** NavOrd Report 4383

11CONFI DENTr IAL

NavOrd Report 6880

REFERENCES

(1) National Northern, Properties of Explosives,Cook-Off Studies, Second Phase Report NN-P-31,September, 1955

(2)'NOLM 10303, A Consideration of RDX/Wax Mixturesas a Substitute for Tetryl in Boosters, L. C.Smith and S. R. Walton, June 1949.

(3) Picatinny Arsenal Technical Report 2204,Characteristics of 97/3 RDX/Wax, July 1955.

'(4) NavOrd Report 3887, Improving the PelletingCharacteristics and Desensitizing Cyclotrimethyl-enetrinitamine (RDX), John B. Christian, December1954.

(5) NOLM 10003, Studies of the ERL Type 12 Drop-WeightImpact Machine at NOL, E. H. Eyster and L. C. Smith,January 1949.

(6) NOLM 10577, Some Studies of the Propagation ofDetonation Between Small Confined Explosive Charges,R. H. Stresau, Jr. and L. E. Starr, Jr., July 1950.

(7) NavOrd Report 4320, Sensitivity and PelletingCharacteristics of Certain Desensitized RDX Mixtures,L. D. Hampton, June 1956.

(8) NavOrd Report 4383, Cook-Off Studies of the BoosterXW-7 and Variants, Gordon Riel, Richard H. F. Stresau,Warren M. Slie, October 1957.

(9) NOLM 10336, The Sensitivity of High Explosives toPure Shocks, E. H. Eyster, L. C. Smith, S. R. Walton,July 1949.

(10) Technical Manual TM 9-1910, Department of the Army,April 1955.

(11) NavOrd OD 10607, Advisory Manufacturing Process forRDX Composition CH-6, 1 May 1958.

(12) MIL-R-21723, Military Specification RDX CompositionCH-6, 14 December 1958.

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