ClassificationChapter 18

Bio 112 Six Kingdoms Assignment: Due date:______________________________ Value: 80 points total

Possible Formats: Poster display, Powerpoint (printed copy), Scrap book, video, other (get approval first)

Information to be included/displayed (For each kingdom): 1) Domain to which the kingdom belongs (3 pts) 2) Type of cell that organisms in the kingdom have (3 pts) 3) Indicate presence/ absence of cell walls and chloroplasts and describe the

composition of cell wall if present (3 pts) 4) Number of cells that organisms in the kingdom have (3 pts) 5) Mode of nutrition (Heterotroph or autotroph) (3 pts) 6) Three other distinguishing facts or characteristics of members in the kingdom

(18 pts) 7) Colored visuals (pictures, drawings, samples etc) of at least five organisms

which belong to the kingdom (the more diversity you can show, the better). Three visuals each for the bacteria kingdoms is adequate. (26 points)

8) Glossary of terms: (10 points) a) eukaryote, b) prokaryote, c) peptidoglycan, d) chitin, e) cellulose, f) unicellular,

g) multicellular, h) colonial, i) autotroph, j) heterotroph, k) any other appropriate scientific terms which you may be including as a result of your research

9) Neatness, creativity and sources of information (11 points)

Classify: To name, and put things into groups, based on similarities.Done to better understand, communicate, study, organisms in a logical way.About 1.5 million different species classified so far.Classification systems have changed over time.Scientists do not always agree on how things should be classified.

Species: A population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other.

Mules (and Hinnies)

Ligers (and Tigons)

But “Cabbits” are not real!

Some exceptions?:

The science of classifying living things is taxonomy.

Over 2000 years ago, Aristotle classified organisms into two large groups-plants and animals.Organisms were given common names, making it difficult for scientists to communicate information.Ex: mountain lion is also called a puma, a cougar,

or a panther depending on where you are in the

world.Mountain Lion Puma Cougar Panther

Swedish Botanist (1700’s)Improved upon existing classification systems by developing binomial nomenclature- we still use itThe rules:a) Scientific names are in Latin (dead language)b) written in italicsc) first word capitalized, second is lower case(Ex: Homo sapiens (humans), Felis domesticus (cat)First part of name is the genus of the organism, second part is the species. Genus: A group of related species

Carolus Linnaeus:

Kingdom (Most general/inclusive many organisms)

PhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies (Most specific only one kind of

organism)

Linnaeus’ 7 Taxons (levels):

*The system is hierarchical

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

The taxons are a hierarchy of levels from the general to the specific in the same way as:

North America Canada NB Oromocto OHS 2nd floor Room 275

(North America is many places, room 275 is one specific place)

A Hierarchy consists of levels:

Kissing Produces Colds Or Flus, Generally Speaking

King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Keep Personal Computer On For Great Surfing

Mnemonics for Taxons:

Carl Linnaeus, the “Father of Taxonomy”

Kingdom = many organisms, Species = only oneSee diagram on page 450:

Taxon: Human: Pet dog: Pet cat:Kingdom: Animalia Animalia AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Chordata ChordataClass: Mammalia Mammalia MammaliaOrder: Primates Carnivora CarnivoraFamily: Hominidae Canidae FelidaeGenus: Homo Canis Felis

Species: sapiens familiaris domesticus

See chart on page 458Linnaeus identified just two kingdoms-now have

six. Now, scientists also refer to an additional taxon (level) above kingdom, called the “Domain”.Domains: a) Eukarya, b) Bacteria and c) Archaea

Questions: Page 461: #’s 1-6

Changing the Classification System:

Classifying zip-lock bags of random objects

With a partner, create a classification tree to organize the objects in a logical way.

I will help get you started.

Classification activity:

See page 462 example

Try to name the plants/leaves shown.

Using Dichotomous Keys:

Using examples we did in class as a guide, create a classification tree diagram, or a dichotomous key to organize and identify the different pastas.

Create a rough copy first, then transfer your good copy to chart paper provided.

Glue samples of the pasta onto the chart where the name is given.

Use proper scientific naming rules (create your own names). Be neat + logical in your creations!

*Grade value: 20 points*Entertainment value: priceless

Pasta classification:

1. Why do scientists classify organisms?2. About how many species have been classified so far?3. How do scientists define a species?4. What is the name of the branch of biology that deals with

classifying living things?5. Over 2000 years ago, which scientist first classified living

things into just two groups?6. What were the two groups into which he placed all life?7. Why don’t scientists use common names for organisms?8. What can you tell me about Carl Linnaeus?9. What are the rules for naming living things scientifically?10. Give an example of a scientific name for a living thing.11. What are the 7 levels of classification (in order) that are

most commonly used and that were developed by Linnaeus?12. What are the six kingdoms of life?

Classification Quiz:

Scientists in the past (including Linnaeus) would group organisms mainly based on visible

similarities (physical characteristics).

These days, scientists also classify based on phylogeny.

Phylogeny = evolutionary history/relationships.

Modern Evolutionary Classification:

Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny?

Just because organisms may look very similar, does

not mean that they are closely related. Organisms of very different ancestry who live in similar environments may develop similar

structures (bodies) through evolution (natural selection).

See page 451-452, crabs, barnacles and limpets…

Convergent evolution:

Both are more closely related to humans, cows and other mammals than any fish.

They look more closely related to fish because they

have evolved to live in the oceans.

Dolphins and whales?

Vestigial (“left over”) hind leg bones

Cladogram = an evolutionary tree based on new characteristics that appear over time.

Derived characters = new characteristics that appear

and are not present in older members of a lineage.

Ex: animals developing a backbone, legs, hair

These can help us classify…

See example on page 453.

Cladograms and derived characters:

Organisms which look nothing alike can be shown to be related based on their genes.Ex: humans share a gene in common with yeast; evidence of a distant common ancestry.More similar DNA = more closely related organisms. More differences = more evolutionary separation.

Using DNA and RNA to classify:

Humans and chimps have more than 99% common DNA!

Using DNA to similarities and differences to show the passage of evolutionary time.

More differences = more time

Changes in specific genes (DNA) happen at a fairly predictable rate. (See page 455)

Human genome project studying our migrations etc

Molecular clocks:

Page 465: #’s 1-20

And

Page 467: #’s 1-8

Review questions assignment: