Classical Narrative - Universitetet i oslo · Greimas’ model of narrative logic. Bremond’s...
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Liv HauskenMEVIT 1110 Audiovisual AestheticsIMK, Nov 11, 2011
Classical Narrative
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From the reading list
• Barthes, Roland (1966) ”Introduction tothe Structural Analysis of Narrative”
• Hausken, Liv (2004) “Textual Theoryand Blind Spots in Media Studies”
Focus: narrative and medium
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Narrative Theory inScandinavian Media Studies
Historically: two fields of study1. News (television)2. Film
Currently also: game studies, ’digitalstorytelling’ etc.
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Narrative Theory inScandinavian Media Studies
1. News (television)Anglo-American theory of modernist
literature
2. FilmEuropean (French) interdisciplinary theory
of narrative logic
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1. News: Anglo-American theory ofmodernist literature
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Detour: Scandinavian filmstudies / American film theory
Narrative film theory, from syllabus:- Seymour Chatman (lit/film; inter-media)- Edward Branigan (Russ form; Genette /
Am modernism)- David Bordwell (Russ form)
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1. News: Anglo-American theoryof modernist literature
• Narration: Narrative voice, point of view• Narrator: Reflection, unreliable narrators• Aim: Literary analysis (analysis + of literature)
• Transfer to media studies: verbal? paperbased? (print? pagination? etc)
• Challenge: translate media specific theory +media sensitive analysis
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2. Film: European, interdisciplinary theoryof narrative logic
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Pre-narratology
• Aristotle: The Greek Tragedy
• Vladimir Propp: The Russian folktale• Claude Levi-Strauss: the myth
Genre; medium?: specific culture?
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2. Film: European, interdisciplinarytheory of narrative logic
• Aim: create a scientific model (theory)of narrative (not literature, film, ...)
• Narrative logic, function, structure
• Transfer to media studies: abstract,media neutral?
• Challenge: media sensitive + analysis
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Same detour: Scandinavian filmstudies / American film theory
Narrative film theory, from syllabus:- Seymour Chatman (lit/film; French
connection)Cognitive film theory:- Edward Branigan (Russ form; Genette)- David Bordwell (Russ form)
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2. Film: European, interdisciplinarytheory of narrative logic
• Narratology: French, structuralistapproach, 1960s
• Part of structuralist program: creatingscientific models in the humanities andsocial sciences (anthropology,sociology, literary theory, ...)
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Karikatur, strukturalisteneStructuralism, inter-disciplinary program
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Structuralism: Basic principles
• Difference: meaning is not a question ofidentities but of distinctions
• The principle of immanence: thesis ofsemantic autonomy
• An object or expression is given meaningfrom its position in a system
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2. Film: European, interdisciplinarytheory of narrative logic
Aim: ModelsPragmatic choice of object:
"Popular tales, myths and traditionalnarratives in general stick closer to thepole of repetition. This is why theyconstitute the preferred kingdom forstructuralism."
Paul Ricoeur (1991),«Life in quest of Narrative»
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New Literary History, 1975
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2. Film: European, interdisciplinarytheory of narrative logic
Why are allnarratives sosimilar?
(Vs Am-trad: howcan we best analyzethis piece ofliterature)
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Narratologists
- Roland Barthes- Claude Bremond- A.J. Greimas- [Gerard Genette]
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Narratology: deep structures
• Barthes 1966: three levels
1.Narration (mediation, POV etc)2.Action (narrative discourse)3.Function (narrative logic; story)
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The principle of immanence
«[...] the narrational code should be the finallevel attainable by our analysis, other thanby going outside of the narrative-object,other, that is, than by transgressing the ruleof immanence on which the analysis isbased. Narration can only receive itsmeaning from the world which makes useof it: beyond the narrational level begins theworld [...]. Just as linguistics stops at thesentence, so narrative analysis stops atdiscourse - from there it is necessary to shiftto another semiotics.»
Roland Barthes, 1966,”Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives”
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Common criticism ofstructuralism
- It is argued they neglect reception andcontext
- This criticism misunderstands the project:
Methodological choice: The principle ofimmanence; focus on langue
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Greimas’ model of narrative logic
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Bremond’s concept of narrative
"All narrative consists of a discourse which integrates asequence of events of human interest into the unity of asingle plot."
Claude Bremond ([1966] 1980),«The Logic of Narrative Possibilities»,
i New Literary History, vol.XI, no.3, p.390, orig: "La Logique despossibles narratifs", in Communications 8.
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Barthes’ model ofnarrative functions
Cardinal function (or, nuclei) catalysers
Functions
indices proper informants
Indices
Narrative
(1966)
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Barthes’ model ofnarrative functions
Cardinal function (or, nuclei) catalysers
Functions
indices proper informants
Indices
Narrative
expansions
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From Mieke Bal (1981)”The Laughing Mice: OnFocalization”, PoeticsToday
Arjuna, Southern India
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Narrative?1. Narration2. Narrative discourse3. Narrative logic
Medium? Expressive resourcesGenre
Analysis: specific purpose- Specific expression- Seen as narrative- How does the medium make adifference?