Classical Greece Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History 5.

Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Mrs. CoxMrs. Cox

Paisley IBPaisley IB

World History 5World History 5

VocabularyVocabulary1. polis1. polis2. acropolis2. acropolis3. agora3. agora4. helots4. helots5. hoplites5. hoplites6. hubris6. hubris7. democracy7. democracy8. solon8. solon

VocabularyVocabulary9. tyrant9. tyrant10. Cleisthenes10. Cleisthenes11. direct democracy11. direct democracy12. archon12. archon13. phalanx13. phalanx14. Pericles14. Pericles15. Socrates15. Socrates16. Plato16. Plato

VocabularyVocabulary17. Aristotle17. Aristotle18. reason18. reason19. reason19. reason20. logic20. logic21. Homer21. Homer22. lyric poetry22. lyric poetry23. Herodotus23. Herodotus24. Thucydides24. Thucydides

VocabularyVocabulary

25. Alexander the Great25. Alexander the Great

26. Hellenistic26. Hellenistic

27. Euclid27. Euclid

28. Eratosthenes28. Eratosthenes

29. Archimedes29. Archimedes

QuestionsQuestions1.Name three known aspects about 1.Name three known aspects about Minoan civilization?Minoan civilization?

2.How were the Minoans and Mycenae 2.How were the Minoans and Mycenae similar? How are they difference?similar? How are they difference?

3. Why do you think each polis followed 3. Why do you think each polis followed the layout described here?the layout described here?

4. Do you think the Spartans’ focus on 4. Do you think the Spartans’ focus on readiness for war was worthwhile? Why or readiness for war was worthwhile? Why or why not?why not?

QuestionsQuestions5. How did Solon change law and 5. How did Solon change law and government in Athens?government in Athens?6. Name three different groups that helped 6. Name three different groups that helped govern Athens at the height of democracy.govern Athens at the height of democracy.7. The Persians invaded Greece twice 7. The Persians invaded Greece twice looking for revenge. What made them looking for revenge. What made them seek revenge each time?seek revenge each time?8. What were the elements that 8. What were the elements that contributed to Athens’s Golden Age.contributed to Athens’s Golden Age.

QuestionsQuestions9. Why do you think that Sparta could not 9. Why do you think that Sparta could not maintain control over Greece?maintain control over Greece?10. What is the Socratic method?10. What is the Socratic method?11. Why do you think Plato believed that 11. Why do you think Plato believed that political leaders should be philosophers? political leaders should be philosophers? Do you agree? Why or why not?Do you agree? Why or why not?12. Why do you think Homer’s epics 12. Why do you think Homer’s epics influenced Greek culture for centuries?influenced Greek culture for centuries?13. How are the histories written by 13. How are the histories written by Herodotus similar to the Iliad? How are Herodotus similar to the Iliad? How are they different?they different?

QuestionsQuestions14. What features did the ancient Greeks 14. What features did the ancient Greeks use in their art and architecture?use in their art and architecture?15. Why was Philip II able to conquer 15. Why was Philip II able to conquer Greece so easily?Greece so easily?16. What places did Alexander the Great 16. What places did Alexander the Great conquered.conquered.17. Why do you think Alexander made 17. Why do you think Alexander made such a strong effort to blend the cultures such a strong effort to blend the cultures in his empire?in his empire?18. How did life change in cities in the 18. How did life change in cities in the Hellenistic world?Hellenistic world?

QuestionsQuestions

19. What was the focus of each of 19. What was the focus of each of the three new schools of philosophy?the three new schools of philosophy?

Minoans and MycenaeansMinoans and Mycenaeans

Much of early Greek history is still Much of early Greek history is still unknown. We do know that two unknown. We do know that two cultures developed in early Greece. cultures developed in early Greece. Minoan civilization developed on the Minoan civilization developed on the island of Crete around 2100 BC and island of Crete around 2100 BC and lasted at least 700 years. Minoans lasted at least 700 years. Minoans settled on many Aegean islands and settled on many Aegean islands and traded among these colonies and traded among these colonies and Crete.Crete.


We know about Minoans from We know about Minoans from excavations at Knossos on Crete, excavations at Knossos on Crete, particularly from the artwork; particularly from the artwork; Minoans had writing, but historians Minoans had writing, but historians have not been able to translate it. have not been able to translate it. Minoan life was tied deeply to the Minoan life was tied deeply to the sea. Women had important roles in sea. Women had important roles in society, and warfare did not seem to society, and warfare did not seem to be a part of life.be a part of life.


We know their civilization fell apart We know their civilization fell apart quickly. The eruption of the volcano quickly. The eruption of the volcano on There, near Crete, may have on There, near Crete, may have weakened society. The Mycenaeans weakened society. The Mycenaeans from the Greek mainland conquered from the Greek mainland conquered the Minoans.the Minoans.

The Mycenaeans built city-states that The Mycenaeans built city-states that often fought one another.often fought one another.


Because they spoke an early form of Because they spoke an early form of Greek, they are considered the first Greek, they are considered the first Greek civilization. They traded with Greek civilization. They traded with the Minoans, then expanded their the Minoans, then expanded their own trade after conquering Crete. own trade after conquering Crete. Mycenaean civilization was Mycenaean civilization was dominated by war, competition, and dominated by war, competition, and powerful kings who built palaces and powerful kings who built palaces and monuments.monuments.

Minoans and MycenaeansMinoans and MycenaeansOne legend tied to the Mycenaeans One legend tied to the Mycenaeans is about the Trojan War, in which is about the Trojan War, in which Greeks, led by Mycaenae, fought Greeks, led by Mycaenae, fought against the city of Troy. It is unclear against the city of Troy. It is unclear whether the Trojan War really whether the Trojan War really happened. But it is known that war, happened. But it is known that war, along with drought, famine, the along with drought, famine, the collapse of trade, and invasion from collapse of trade, and invasion from outside, helped to end Mycenaean outside, helped to end Mycenaean civilization.civilization.


Their cities were mostly in ruins by Their cities were mostly in ruins by 1100 BC, and a dark age followed. As 1100 BC, and a dark age followed. As people struggled to feed and protect people struggled to feed and protect themselves, the use of writing was themselves, the use of writing was lost for several centuries. Greek lost for several centuries. Greek civilization almost disappeared.civilization almost disappeared.

Greek City-StatesGreek City-StatesBy the 800s BC, a new type of By the 800s BC, a new type of society emerged in Greece, centered society emerged in Greece, centered around the polis, or city-state. The around the polis, or city-state. The polis was the basic political unit and polis was the basic political unit and center of daily life and culture. center of daily life and culture. People were very loyal to their polis. People were very loyal to their polis. The typical polis was built around a The typical polis was built around a high area called an acropolis, which high area called an acropolis, which held temples to the gods and space held temples to the gods and space for ceremonies.for ceremonies.

Greek City-StatesGreek City-StatesBelow the acropolis was the agora or Below the acropolis was the agora or marketplace, surrounded by shops, marketplace, surrounded by shops, houses, more temples, and a houses, more temples, and a gymnasium. Around the polis was a gymnasium. Around the polis was a wall for defense, and outside the wall wall for defense, and outside the wall were fields for crops. Each polis were fields for crops. Each polis developed its own political system. developed its own political system. Corinth was an oligarchy, Athens a Corinth was an oligarchy, Athens a democracy, and Thebes an democracy, and Thebes an aristocracy.aristocracy.

Greek City-StatesGreek City-StatesSparta was a mighty city-state, but unlike Sparta was a mighty city-state, but unlike the others. It conquered nearby towns and the others. It conquered nearby towns and made the people helots or state slaves. made the people helots or state slaves. Helots were given to Spartans to do their Helots were given to Spartans to do their manual labor so that the citizens could manual labor so that the citizens could spend all their time training for war. This spend all their time training for war. This was believed to be the only way to keep was believed to be the only way to keep order because the helots outnumbered the order because the helots outnumbered the Spartans and might rebel at any time.Spartans and might rebel at any time.

Greek City-StateGreek City-StateSo Spartans demanded that their So Spartans demanded that their citizens be tough from birth. Babies citizens be tough from birth. Babies who were not healthy were left in the who were not healthy were left in the wild to die. Boys entered a school for wild to die. Boys entered a school for combat at age 7. At 20, they became combat at age 7. At 20, they became hoplites or foot soldiers, and served hoplites or foot soldiers, and served in the army for 10 years. Women in the army for 10 years. Women were also expected to be physically were also expected to be physically fit and helped to run the city when fit and helped to run the city when men were away at war.men were away at war.

Greek City-StateGreek City-State

Sparta was led by two military Sparta was led by two military commander kings but eventually, an commander kings but eventually, an elected council of elders made many elected council of elders made many decisions.decisions.

Gods and HeroesGods and Heroes

Ancient Greeks believed in hundreds Ancient Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and goddesses. Each ruled of gods and goddesses. Each ruled over one part of nature or life. The over one part of nature or life. The Greeks believed the gods would Greeks believed the gods would protect them in exchange for protect them in exchange for sacrifices. About 12 of the gods were sacrifices. About 12 of the gods were especially important and were especially important and were thought to live on Mount Olympus, thought to live on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece.the highest mountain in Greece.

Gods and HeroesGods and HeroesThe gods were powerful, but they were not The gods were powerful, but they were not perfect. They often got jealous or made perfect. They often got jealous or made mistakes.mistakes.Most Greeks worshipped the same gods, Most Greeks worshipped the same gods, but each polis also claimed one god or but each polis also claimed one god or goddess as its protector. In addition, all goddess as its protector. In addition, all Greeks considered some locations sacred, Greeks considered some locations sacred, such as Delphi, where priestesses were such as Delphi, where priestesses were thought to receive visions of the future, thought to receive visions of the future, and Olympus, where games were held and Olympus, where games were held every four years.every four years.

Gods and HeroesGods and Heroes

Athletes from different city-states Athletes from different city-states competed in honor of the gods. competed in honor of the gods. Greeks also had myths about heroes Greeks also had myths about heroes that could inspire people to live that could inspire people to live virtuously but without hubris, great virtuously but without hubris, great pride that often led heroes to tragic pride that often led heroes to tragic ends.ends.

Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy

The government of Athens was the The government of Athens was the world’s first democracy, run by the world’s first democracy, run by the people. But Athens had not always people. But Athens had not always been democratic. First it was ruled been democratic. First it was ruled by kings, then aristocrats. Most by kings, then aristocrats. Most Athenians were poor and had little Athenians were poor and had little power. This led to conflict between power. This led to conflict between rich and poor.rich and poor.


Harsh laws made the dispute Harsh laws made the dispute between rich and poor worse, so in between rich and poor worse, so in the 590s BC, a lawmaker named the 590s BC, a lawmaker named Solon got rid of the harshest laws, Solon got rid of the harshest laws, introduced trial by jury, and created introduced trial by jury, and created a council of 400 elected men to help a council of 400 elected men to help govern. Men from any social class govern. Men from any social class could be elected.could be elected.


This was the first real step toward This was the first real step toward democracy. But tensions in Athens democracy. But tensions in Athens flared again, so Peisistratus, a tyrant, flared again, so Peisistratus, a tyrant, seized power by force. After he died, seized power by force. After he died, Cleisthenes took over. He increased Cleisthenes took over. He increased the council to 500 and gave men the council to 500 and gave men from every class the same rights.from every class the same rights.


However, only free male Athenians However, only free male Athenians over age 20 who owned property and over age 20 who owned property and had military training were allowed to had military training were allowed to vote. In the 300s BC, that was about vote. In the 300s BC, that was about 10 percent of the population. Those 10 percent of the population. Those who could were expected to vote in who could were expected to vote in all elections, to serve if elected, and all elections, to serve if elected, and to serve on juries and in the military to serve on juries and in the military if needed.if needed.


At its height, Athenian democracy. At its height, Athenian democracy. The Council of 500 wrote the laws The Council of 500 wrote the laws that would be voted on by the that would be voted on by the assembly. The third part was the assembly. The third part was the courts. Members of the courts came courts. Members of the courts came from the assembly. One elected from the assembly. One elected official was the archon, who acted as official was the archon, who acted as the head of both the assembly and the head of both the assembly and the Council of 500.the Council of 500.

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

In the 500s BC, Persia had conquered In the 500s BC, Persia had conquered Greek cities in Ionia, in what is now Greek cities in Ionia, in what is now Turkey. When the Ionians rebelled, Turkey. When the Ionians rebelled, they asked their fellow Greeks for they asked their fellow Greeks for help. The Persians quickly put down help. The Persians quickly put down the revolt, then attacked the Greek the revolt, then attacked the Greek mainland, especially Athens, in mainland, especially Athens, in revenge. revenge.

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

In 490 BC, thousands of Persians In 490 BC, thousands of Persians landed near a town called Marathon. landed near a town called Marathon. The Athenians surprised the Persians The Athenians surprised the Persians and defeated them. The Athenians and defeated them. The Athenians fought in a phalanx, a tight rectangle fought in a phalanx, a tight rectangle formation in which soldiers held long formation in which soldiers held long spears out ahead of their shields.spears out ahead of their shields.

The Persian WarsThe Persian WarsThe Persians planned revenge. In 480 BC, The Persians planned revenge. In 480 BC, a huge army entered Greece. The city-a huge army entered Greece. The city-states worked together. The Persians states worked together. The Persians burned Athens, but the entire Greek fleet burned Athens, but the entire Greek fleet was in the nearby Bay of Salamis. The was in the nearby Bay of Salamis. The Greeks destroyed Persian supply ships Greeks destroyed Persian supply ships that tried to reach the mainland, stranding that tried to reach the mainland, stranding the Persian army. In 479, Sparta led the the Persian army. In 479, Sparta led the Greek army to victory in the Persian Wars.Greek army to victory in the Persian Wars.

The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens

Eventually, Athens became the Eventually, Athens became the leading city-state in Greece. It led leading city-state in Greece. It led the Delian League, an alliance of the Delian League, an alliance of several city-states for defense. Those several city-states for defense. Those who resented Athens’ power and who resented Athens’ power and rebelled were attacked. The league rebelled were attacked. The league was basically an Athenian empire.was basically an Athenian empire.

The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of Athens

Athens had been burned and had to Athens had been burned and had to be rebuilt after the Persian Wars. be rebuilt after the Persian Wars. Several temples including the Several temples including the Parthenon, roads, and walls were Parthenon, roads, and walls were built, and the port was expanded. built, and the port was expanded. Much of the rebuilding was due to Much of the rebuilding was due to Pericles, a military and political Pericles, a military and political leader in the 460s BC.leader in the 460s BC.

The Golden Age of AthensThe Golden Age of AthensAlthough he had a lot of power, he Although he had a lot of power, he supported democracy. He also supported supported democracy. He also supported the arts, wanting Athens to be the most the arts, wanting Athens to be the most glorious city in Greece. During this Golden glorious city in Greece. During this Golden Age, trade brought wealth to Athens, and Age, trade brought wealth to Athens, and merchants brought new food and customs, merchants brought new food and customs, making the city very cosmopolitan. There making the city very cosmopolitan. There were also festivals, religious games, and were also festivals, religious games, and great dramas. great dramas.

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian WarSparta wanted to end the Delian Sparta wanted to end the Delian League’s dominance, so they formed League’s dominance, so they formed the Peloponnesian League with allies. the Peloponnesian League with allies. Athens and Sparta declared war on Athens and Sparta declared war on each other in 431 BC. At first, Sparta each other in 431 BC. At first, Sparta dominated on land. Athens at sea. dominated on land. Athens at sea. After a few years, they agreed to a After a few years, they agreed to a truce. This lasted six years, then truce. This lasted six years, then Athens attacked one of Sparta’s Athens attacked one of Sparta’s allies.allies.

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian WarThis time, Sparta destroyed the Athenian This time, Sparta destroyed the Athenian fleet. Athens had to surrender. The war fleet. Athens had to surrender. The war nearly destroyed Athens, and also nearly destroyed Athens, and also damaged Sparta. Sparta tried to dominate damaged Sparta. Sparta tried to dominate Greece, but is was worn down. In 371 BC Greece, but is was worn down. In 371 BC Thebes defeated Sparta but could not Thebes defeated Sparta but could not maintain control either. In the 350s BC, maintain control either. In the 350s BC, Macedonia, a Greek-speaking kingdom to Macedonia, a Greek-speaking kingdom to the north, took control of all of Greece.the north, took control of all of Greece.

Greek PhilosophyGreek PhilosophyThe people of ancient Greece were great The people of ancient Greece were great believers in philosophy. The golden age of believers in philosophy. The golden age of Greek philosophy was the 400s-300s BC, Greek philosophy was the 400s-300s BC, when the three greatest Greek when the three greatest Greek philosophers lived: Socrates, Plato, and philosophers lived: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.Aristotle.

What we know about Socrates comes form What we know about Socrates comes form his students. He was interested in his students. He was interested in concepts like truth, justice, and virtue.concepts like truth, justice, and virtue.

Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy

He asked questions like, “What is He asked questions like, “What is truth?” When someone answered, he truth?” When someone answered, he challenged the answer with more challenged the answer with more questions. This is known as the questions. This is known as the Socratic method.Socratic method.

Plato was Socrates’ student and a Plato was Socrates’ student and a great philosopher also. He wrote on great philosopher also. He wrote on topics like truth and government.topics like truth and government.

Greek PhilosophyGreek PhilosophyTo spread philosophical ideas, he To spread philosophical ideas, he founded the Academy. It became the founded the Academy. It became the most important philosophy school in most important philosophy school in Greece.Greece.Aristotle became another great Aristotle became another great philosopher. He was more concerned philosopher. He was more concerned with the nature of the world than with the nature of the world than with human nature, which had been with human nature, which had been Socrates’ and Plato’s focus.Socrates’ and Plato’s focus.


He emphasized the importance of He emphasized the importance of reason, or clear and ordered reason, or clear and ordered thinking, and logic. This is the thinking, and logic. This is the process of making inferences, using process of making inferences, using what we already know to learn what we already know to learn something new.something new.

Greek LiteratureGreek LiteratureThe ancient Greek’s development of The ancient Greek’s development of poetry, drama, and history still poetry, drama, and history still influence European culture. Around influence European culture. Around 800 BC, heroic stories began to take 800 BC, heroic stories began to take form. The legendary blind poet form. The legendary blind poet Homer, who may or may not have Homer, who may or may not have been a real person, told a mixture of been a real person, told a mixture of history and legend about the Trojan history and legend about the Trojan War in two epics, the War in two epics, the IliadIliad and and Odyssey.Odyssey.


The people of ancient Greece were The people of ancient Greece were great believers in philosophy. The great believers in philosophy. The golden age of Greek philosophy was golden age of Greek philosophy was the 400s-300s BCE, when the three the 400s-300s BCE, when the three greatest Greek philosophers lived: greatest Greek philosophers lived: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.


What we know about Socrates comes What we know about Socrates comes form his students. He was interested form his students. He was interested in concepts like truth, justice, and in concepts like truth, justice, and virtue. He asked questions like, virtue. He asked questions like, “What is truth?” When someone “What is truth?” When someone answered, he challenged with more answered, he challenged with more questions. This is known as the questions. This is known as the Socratic method.Socratic method.


Plato was Socrates’ student and a Plato was Socrates’ student and a great philosopher also. He believed great philosopher also. He believed governments should be led by governments should be led by philosophers. To spread philosophical philosophers. To spread philosophical ideas, he founded the Academy. It ideas, he founded the Academy. It became the most important became the most important philosophy school in Greece.philosophy school in Greece.

Greek PhilosophyGreek PhilosophyAristotle became another great Aristotle became another great philosopher. He was more concerned with philosopher. He was more concerned with the nature of the world than with human the nature of the world than with human nature, which had been Socrates’ and nature, which had been Socrates’ and Plato’s focus. He emphasized the Plato’s focus. He emphasized the importance of reason, or clear and ordered importance of reason, or clear and ordered thinking, and logic. This is the process of thinking, and logic. This is the process of making inferences, using what we already making inferences, using what we already know to learn something new.know to learn something new.

Greek LiteratureGreek LiteratureThe ancient Greek’s development of The ancient Greek’s development of poetry, drama, and history still poetry, drama, and history still influence European culture. Around influence European culture. Around 800 BCE, heroic stories began to take 800 BCE, heroic stories began to take form. The legendary blind poet form. The legendary blind poet Homer, who may or may not have Homer, who may or may not have been a real person, told a mixture of been a real person, told a mixture of history and legend about the Trojan history and legend about the Trojan War in two epics, the War in two epics, the Iliad Iliad and the and the Odyssey.Odyssey.

Greek LiteratureGreek Literature

The The Iliad Iliad describes the long conflict describes the long conflict of the Trojan War. The of the Trojan War. The OdysseyOdyssey describes the efforts of Odysseus to describes the efforts of Odysseus to get home after the war. In both get home after the war. In both stories, the gods argue and take stories, the gods argue and take sides, and there are human heroes sides, and there are human heroes and villains. These stories influenced and villains. These stories influenced Greek culture for centuries.Greek culture for centuries.

Greek LiteratureGreek LiteratureThe earliest examples of Greek poetry are The earliest examples of Greek poetry are epics like the epics like the IliadIliad and and Odyssey. Odyssey. Literature Literature started when these oral stories were started when these oral stories were written down. At about the same time, the written down. At about the same time, the poet Hesiod wrote poems about everyday poet Hesiod wrote poems about everyday Greek life, and also about the gods. By the Greek life, and also about the gods. By the 600s BCE, Greeks such as Sappho and 600s BCE, Greeks such as Sappho and Pindar were composing lyric poetry, which Pindar were composing lyric poetry, which was sung with the accompaniment of an was sung with the accompaniment of an instrument called a lyre.instrument called a lyre.


At first, drama was much like poetry; At first, drama was much like poetry; a chorus of singers told a story. Over a chorus of singers told a story. Over time the stories became more time the stories became more complicated. At the festival of complicated. At the festival of Dionysus, playwrights competed for Dionysus, playwrights competed for prizes. Aeschylus (ees-ky-luss) prizes. Aeschylus (ees-ky-luss) created drama based on myths.created drama based on myths.


Sophocles specialized in tragedy, the Sophocles specialized in tragedy, the destruction of noble characters by destruction of noble characters by their fatal flaws. Euripides also wrote their fatal flaws. Euripides also wrote tragedies, many of them about tragedies, many of them about women. Comedy also developed, women. Comedy also developed, usually in the form of satire. The usually in the form of satire. The greatest Athenian comic writer was greatest Athenian comic writer was Aristophanes.Aristophanes.


Around the same time that drama Around the same time that drama was being developed, Athenians was being developed, Athenians were also writing history. The first were also writing history. The first major historian was Herodotus, who major historian was Herodotus, who lived during the wars with Persia and lived during the wars with Persia and wrote about them. He use prose, an wrote about them. He use prose, an tried to describe major events as tried to describe major events as they actually happened.they actually happened.


Thucydides lived during the Thucydides lived during the Peloponnesian War and used primary Peloponnesian War and used primary sources like speeches to write about sources like speeches to write about it in detail. Bothe historians tried to it in detail. Bothe historians tried to understand why events happened as understand why events happened as they did. Xenophon picked up when they did. Xenophon picked up when Thucydides left off, but concentrated Thucydides left off, but concentrated more on describing famous men.more on describing famous men.

Greek Architecture and ArtGreek Architecture and Art

The Greeks appreciated the natural The Greeks appreciated the natural world, and tried to understand it world, and tried to understand it using math and science. They using math and science. They wanted art and architecture to wanted art and architecture to represent the world as they saw it, represent the world as they saw it, and to create balance, proportion, and to create balance, proportion, and harmony.and harmony.


Painting and sculpture portrayed real Painting and sculpture portrayed real human beings as ideals. Architecture human beings as ideals. Architecture used clean, simple geometry used clean, simple geometry arranged for balance.arranged for balance.

The Greeks developed methods for The Greeks developed methods for exploring scientific subjects that last exploring scientific subjects that last to this day, such as the use of reason to this day, such as the use of reason and logic. and logic.


Pythagoras, who believed that the Pythagoras, who believed that the universe was held together by universe was held together by mathematics, helped discover the mathematics, helped discover the rules of geometry in the 500s BCE. In rules of geometry in the 500s BCE. In the 300s BCE, Euclid wrote books on the 300s BCE, Euclid wrote books on geometry and math that formed the geometry and math that formed the basis for later European studies. basis for later European studies.


In the late 400s, Hippocrates studied In the late 400s, Hippocrates studied human illnesses, trying to cure them. human illnesses, trying to cure them. Today, doctors swear a “Hippocratic Today, doctors swear a “Hippocratic oath” naming their ethical duties and oath” naming their ethical duties and the methods they will use.the methods they will use.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatIn 359 BCE, King Philip II took power in In 359 BCE, King Philip II took power in Macedonia, the country just north of Macedonia, the country just north of Greece. He reorganized the army. Then he Greece. He reorganized the army. Then he set out to conquer Greece. Most city-states set out to conquer Greece. Most city-states did not realize the danger, so he faced did not realize the danger, so he faced little opposition. The Macedonians quickly little opposition. The Macedonians quickly crushed the armies that stood against crushed the armies that stood against them, and conquered every major Greek them, and conquered every major Greek city-state except Sparta. King Philip was city-state except Sparta. King Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE, so his 20 year assassinated in 336 BCE, so his 20 year old son took over. We know him as old son took over. We know him as Alexander the Great.Alexander the Great.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander had been trained to rule Alexander had been trained to rule from birth, so was ready to lead. As from birth, so was ready to lead. As soon as he took over, there were soon as he took over, there were rebellions in Greece. He used harsh rebellions in Greece. He used harsh measures to reestablish his rule: measures to reestablish his rule: when Thebes rebelled, he crushed its when Thebes rebelled, he crushed its army and burned the city. After army and burned the city. After getting Greece under control, he getting Greece under control, he went into Asia to fight the large but went into Asia to fight the large but disorganized Persian army.disorganized Persian army.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatAlexander’s army was smaller but Alexander’s army was smaller but well-trained and loyal. He won well-trained and loyal. He won several major victories in Asia Minor, several major victories in Asia Minor, then went into Phoenicia and Egypt, then went into Phoenicia and Egypt, which were also ruled by Persia. He which were also ruled by Persia. He was greeted as a liberator; the was greeted as a liberator; the Egyptians even made him pharaoh. Egyptians even made him pharaoh. He then marched into what is now He then marched into what is now Iraq, where he destroyed the Persian Iraq, where he destroyed the Persian army.army.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the GreatBut he was not yet satisfied. He led his But he was not yet satisfied. He led his army deeper into Central Asia, to the Indus army deeper into Central Asia, to the Indus river. At that point his soldiers had had river. At that point his soldiers had had enough, so Alexander turned back.enough, so Alexander turned back.Alexander built a huge empire, but in 323 Alexander built a huge empire, but in 323 he fell ill and died at age 33. He had not he fell ill and died at age 33. He had not named an heir, so his generals fought named an heir, so his generals fought among themselves for power. In the end, among themselves for power. In the end, the empire was divided among three of the empire was divided among three of them: Antigonus rule Macedonia and them: Antigonus rule Macedonia and Greece, Seleucis took over the former Greece, Seleucis took over the former Persian Empire, and Ptolemy ruled Egypt. Persian Empire, and Ptolemy ruled Egypt.

The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic WorldBy creating a huge new empire, Alexander By creating a huge new empire, Alexander brought about a new culture, blending brought about a new culture, blending elements form Greece, Persia, Egypt, elements form Greece, Persia, Egypt, Central Asia and other regions. Historians Central Asia and other regions. Historians call this culture Hellenistic, or Greek like.call this culture Hellenistic, or Greek like.Alexander worked to bring people and Alexander worked to bring people and ideas together. He appointed officials from ideas together. He appointed officials from various cultures to help rule. He also built various cultures to help rule. He also built dozens of new cities (most named dozens of new cities (most named Alexandra) throughout the empire an Alexandra) throughout the empire an encouraged Greeks to move to them.encouraged Greeks to move to them.

The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic World

The most famous of these was in The most famous of these was in Egypt at the mouth of the Nile. It Egypt at the mouth of the Nile. It became Egypt’s capital and at one became Egypt’s capital and at one time had the busiest harbor in the time had the busiest harbor in the world. Palaces and monuments were world. Palaces and monuments were built, such as the Pharos lighthouse built, such as the Pharos lighthouse and the great library. It became a and the great library. It became a center for culture and learning.center for culture and learning.

The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic WorldMany other cities throughout the Many other cities throughout the empire also became trading centers. empire also became trading centers. Traders went to East Africa, Arabia, Traders went to East Africa, Arabia, India, and even China. Traders India, and even China. Traders helped spread not only goods but helped spread not only goods but ideas like the teachings of Judaism.ideas like the teachings of Judaism.The shift to a Hellenistic world The shift to a Hellenistic world brought drastic changes to people’s brought drastic changes to people’s lives.lives.

The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic World

Perhaps most importantly, the city-Perhaps most importantly, the city-state was no longer the main political state was no longer the main political unit. Traditional forms of government unit. Traditional forms of government such as democracy were replaced such as democracy were replaced with monarchy. Women’s lives also with monarchy. Women’s lives also changed: for the first time, they changed: for the first time, they were given the rights to be educated were given the rights to be educated and to own property.and to own property.

Hellenistic AchievementsHellenistic AchievementsThe blending of cultures in the Hellenistic The blending of cultures in the Hellenistic world led to an exchange of ideas, which world led to an exchange of ideas, which then led to advances in philosophy, then led to advances in philosophy, literature, and science.literature, and science.

Interest in philosophy spread, and new Interest in philosophy spread, and new schools of philosophy developed. One was schools of philosophy developed. One was the Cynics. They rejected pleasure, wealth, the Cynics. They rejected pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility, believing people and social responsibility, believing people should live according to nature.should live according to nature.

Hellenistic AchievementsHellenistic AchievementsThe Epicureans, on the other hand, The Epicureans, on the other hand, thought people should seek out thought people should seek out pleasure and try to avoid pain. Stoics pleasure and try to avoid pain. Stoics emphasized reason, self-discipline, emphasized reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal emotional control and personal morality.morality.Artists in this period learned to Artists in this period learned to convey emotion and movement in convey emotion and movement in their works.their works.

Hellenistic AchievementsHellenistic Achievements

Women became much more common Women became much more common subjects of art. This was also true in subjects of art. This was also true in literature, where love stories became literature, where love stories became popular for the first time. There were popular for the first time. There were also important advances in science, also important advances in science, especially in Egypt. Euclid formulated especially in Egypt. Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry, while many ideas about geometry, while Eratosthenes calculated the Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the globe.circumference of the globe.

Hellenistic AchievementsHellenistic Achievements

Others studied the movement of the Others studied the movement of the stars and the workings of the human stars and the workings of the human body. Archimedes, one of the body. Archimedes, one of the greatest inventors of the ancient greatest inventors of the ancient world, used math and physics to world, used math and physics to design machines such as pulleys to design machines such as pulleys to lift heavy loads and a mechanical lift heavy loads and a mechanical screw for drawing water out of a well.screw for drawing water out of a well.

Classical Greece Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History 5.

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Transcript of Classical Greece Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History 5.