Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick...

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Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment

Transcript of Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick...

Page 1: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Classical Era

The Age of Enlightenment

Page 2: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Things are a-changin’Things are a-changin’

Baroque EraLouis XIV, XV

Frederick the Great

Catherine the Great

POWER

WEALTH

Baroque EraLouis XIV, XV

Frederick the Great

Catherine the Great

POWER

WEALTH

Classical EraFrench and American RevolutionsMiddle class becomes more influential

“The first law is to enjoy oneself.”

Classical EraFrench and American RevolutionsMiddle class becomes more influential

“The first law is to enjoy oneself.”

Page 3: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

What’s IN?rational, logical, empirical, reasoned

What’s OUT?Status quo, supernatural (What comes into question?)

The “brotherhood of man” becomes a popular theme, and Freemasonry grows. Both of these are, to some degree, at odds with the principals of enlightenment thinking.Contradiction, inconsistency, paradox = quite acceptable, almost the norm.

What’s IN?rational, logical, empirical, reasoned

What’s OUT?Status quo, supernatural (What comes into question?)

The “brotherhood of man” becomes a popular theme, and Freemasonry grows. Both of these are, to some degree, at odds with the principals of enlightenment thinking.Contradiction, inconsistency, paradox = quite acceptable, almost the norm.

Page 4: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

The Classical EraThe Classical Era

European society is becoming more cosmopolitan.European society is becoming more cosmopolitan.

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The Classical EraThe Classical Era

“Classical,” “classic,” “classicism”= very broad terms; not particularly well suited to describe this time in history. Interest in clean, simple lines of classical Greek architecture may provide connection.

Approximately the 18th Century

“Classical,” “classic,” “classicism”= very broad terms; not particularly well suited to describe this time in history. Interest in clean, simple lines of classical Greek architecture may provide connection.

Approximately the 18th Century

Page 6: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Classicism DefinedClassicism Defined

The period of the ancient Greeks and RomansA standard (enduring)

Genre of musicTime period

The period of the ancient Greeks and RomansA standard (enduring)

Genre of musicTime period

1750-1820

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The Classical EraThe Classical Era

Cultural, societal adolescence--much change (often violent) & growth

Industrial revolution:move from agrarian to industrial economy

migration from country to cities

huge cities--e.g., 1800 Vienna = 250,000!!

American and French Revolutions:Europe in turmoil caused by Napoleon’s expansionism after French Revolution

redefine relationship of government and people

Cultural, societal adolescence--much change (often violent) & growth

Industrial revolution:move from agrarian to industrial economy

migration from country to cities

huge cities--e.g., 1800 Vienna = 250,000!!

American and French Revolutions:Europe in turmoil caused by Napoleon’s expansionism after French Revolution

redefine relationship of government and people

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The Classical EraThe Classical Era

How is the relationship of government/aristocracy and common people redefined?

IndIvIdual becomes central. Government exists to serve ME; I do not exist to serve government (and, no, I will NOT eat cake...).

The American and French Revolutions illustrate the point.

How is the relationship of government/aristocracy and common people redefined?

IndIvIdual becomes central. Government exists to serve ME; I do not exist to serve government (and, no, I will NOT eat cake...).

The American and French Revolutions illustrate the point.

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The Rise of the Middle ClassThe Rise of the Middle Class

a VIMP sociological processindustrialization produces more money for lower classes

eventually more “wealth” produces more leisure time

more leisure time leads to search for entertainment that produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fundamental changes in the arts:music functions mostly as Entertainment (not worship as in Baroque era)

a VIMP sociological processindustrialization produces more money for lower classes

eventually more “wealth” produces more leisure time

more leisure time leads to search for entertainment that produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fundamental changes in the arts:music functions mostly as Entertainment (not worship as in Baroque era)

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Classical ThinkingClassical Thinking

Reason was supreme

Sought the perfect society

Enlightenment

Beauty

Rules were valuable

Reason was supreme

Sought the perfect society

Enlightenment

Beauty

Rules were valuable

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Classical Period ArtClassical Period Art

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RococoRococoEmphasis on ultra beauty and nature

Less dramatic (more sweet) than Baroque

Themes: aimed at the wealthy class

Lighter, frivolous

Picnics, lovers, Greek gods

Portraits

Emphasis on ultra beauty and nature

Less dramatic (more sweet) than Baroque

Themes: aimed at the wealthy class

Lighter, frivolous

Picnics, lovers, Greek gods

Portraits

Page 13: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1768-9

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Art in the 18th CenturyArt in the 18th Century

Baroque had been the style from 1600 to 1750

Elaborate, impressive

Show glory of church and/or state

New direction was disputed

Baroque had been the style from 1600 to 1750

Elaborate, impressive

Show glory of church and/or state

New direction was disputed

Baroque

Classical (Simpler) Rococo (Sweeter, nature)

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Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David

Napoleon Crossing

the Alps

Napoleon Crossing

the Alps

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Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David

Coronation of Napoleon

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Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David

Napoleonin his study

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Sculpture and ArchitectureSculpture and Architecture

Horatio GreenoughWashington

Horatio GreenoughWashington

University of Virginia (Designer – T. Jefferson)

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ArchitectureArchitectureRecalled ancient classical

U.S. Capital

Monticello

Recalled ancient classical

U.S. Capital

Monticello

Page 20: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Petit Trianon, Versailles, France 1764 (Louis XVI)

NEO-CLASSICAL

Petit Trianon, Versailles, France 1764 (Louis XVI)

NEO-CLASSICAL

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Fragonard,The Swing,

1769

Fragonard,The Swing,

1769

Rococo

Page 22: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

David, The Death of Socrates, 1787David, The Death of Socrates, 1787NEO-CLASSICAL

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1787 –

Date dataDate data

1600 –

1742 –

Caravaggio, The Calling of St Matthew; Baroque beginnings

Handel’s Messiah oratorio

J.L. DavidDeath of Socrates (Mozart, Don Giovanni)

1789 – French Rev.

1776 – Amer. Rev.

Page 24: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Age of EnlightenmentLiterature and Philosophy

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The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Application of the scientific method to social problems

Parallel to the scientific awakening

Foundation of Classical art and music

The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed

Application of the scientific method to social problems

Parallel to the scientific awakening

Foundation of Classical art and music

The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed

Page 26: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Basic PremisesBasic Premises

Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society

Human race can be educated and all people are important

Emergence of the middle class

Belief in God based on reason

Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society

Human race can be educated and all people are important

Emergence of the middle class

Belief in God based on reason

Page 27: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Growth of DeismGrowth of DeismIntellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker"

Deists skeptical of organized religion

Catholic church was attacked

Deists struggle with personal standards

Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau)

Denial of evil

Intellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker"

Deists skeptical of organized religion

Catholic church was attacked

Deists struggle with personal standards

Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau)

Denial of evil

Page 28: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Empiricism

"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not

real." – Hobbes

Empiricism

"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not

real." – Hobbes

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Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesGovernment

"[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan

Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind

Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization

Government

"[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan

Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind

Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization

Page 30: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

John LockeJohn LockeThe forefather of our forefathers

Attacked by Charles II

Friend of Newton

Influential in American

revolution

The forefather of our forefathers

Attacked by Charles II

Friend of Newton

Influential in American

revolution

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John LockeJohn LockeGovernment

Second treatise of Civil Government

Chaos without governmentGod gave mankind natural rights

– Life, liberty, pursuit of property

Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments

Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people

– People have a right to rebel against tyrannies

Government

Second treatise of Civil Government

Chaos without governmentGod gave mankind natural rights

– Life, liberty, pursuit of property

Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments

Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people

– People have a right to rebel against tyrannies

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John LockeJohn LockeTheory of Knowledge

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Reasoning puts man above animals

Rejected concept that ideas are innate

Outer ideas from experience

Inner ideas from contemplation

Mankind can attain all knowledge

Theory of Knowledge

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Reasoning puts man above animals

Rejected concept that ideas are innate

Outer ideas from experience

Inner ideas from contemplation

Mankind can attain all knowledge

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Alexander PopeAlexander PopeEnglish PoetContributed to political thought and love of languageBelieved that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our goodEssay on ManEssay on Criticism

Many famous sayings came from these books

English PoetContributed to political thought and love of languageBelieved that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our goodEssay on ManEssay on Criticism

Many famous sayings came from these books

Page 34: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

“Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,Make use of every friend – and every foe.A little learning is a dangerous thing;”

– Alexander Pope from Essay on Criticism

“Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,Make use of every friend – and every foe.A little learning is a dangerous thing;”

– Alexander Pope from Essay on Criticism

Page 35: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

Hated injusticePolitically activeSatirist

Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest Proposal…

Hated injusticePolitically activeSatirist

Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest Proposal…

Page 36: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

“For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce

freedom of action?”

Swift, “On Abolishing Christianity” (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]

“For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce

freedom of action?”

Swift, “On Abolishing Christianity” (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]

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PhilosophePhilosophe

French name for philosopherEnlightenment reached height in France

French name for philosopherEnlightenment reached height in France

Page 38: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

VoltaireVoltairePen nameCritical of Catholic churchInfluenced others by lettersDenied writings to avoid problems

Exiled to England for a whileReturned to live on Swiss border

Pen nameCritical of Catholic churchInfluenced others by lettersDenied writings to avoid problems

Exiled to England for a whileReturned to live on Swiss border

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“The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than

a monster.”

Voltaire

“The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than

a monster.”

Voltaire

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“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire

“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire

Page 41: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques RousseauContest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?"

No!As civilizations progress, they move away from morality

Examples: Romans, Greeks, EgyptiansCivilization itself leads away from true fundamentalsTechnology and art give false desires

Social Contract“Noble Savage”

Contest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?"

No!As civilizations progress, they move away from morality

Examples: Romans, Greeks, EgyptiansCivilization itself leads away from true fundamentalsTechnology and art give false desires

Social Contract“Noble Savage”

Page 42: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

Influence on French and American revolutions

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"Invest all rights and liberties into a society

Compare to a corporation

Influence on French and American revolutions

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"Invest all rights and liberties into a society

Compare to a corporation

Page 43: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

“Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”

Rousseau

“Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”

Rousseau

Page 44: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Summary of Rousseau's Teachings

Summary of Rousseau's Teachings

Old System

(Powerful Ruler or Chaos)New System

(Social Contract Concepts)

Instinct Justice

Strength and intelligence People equal on moral rights

Might Right

Natural inclinations Reason

Personal liberty Civil liberty

Page 45: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

EncyclopediaTeach people how to think criticallySolicited articles from many expertsControversial articles brought criticismOverall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment

EncyclopediaTeach people how to think criticallySolicited articles from many expertsControversial articles brought criticismOverall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment

Page 46: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual."

- Diderot in L'Encyclopedie: Article on Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.

"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual."

- Diderot in L'Encyclopedie: Article on Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.

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Immanuel KantImmanuel KantFrom GermanyStrict habitsThe Critique of Pure Reason and …Practical Reason

Weakness of EmpiricismTranscendentalism

Empiricism and other knowledgeEx: infinity

Categorical Imperative

From GermanyStrict habitsThe Critique of Pure Reason and …Practical Reason

Weakness of EmpiricismTranscendentalism

Empiricism and other knowledgeEx: infinity

Categorical Imperative

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"You should behave with only those types of behavior that are dictated by the absolute nature of the basic principle on which the act is based."

"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxim (principle or model) for all others and at all times."

– From Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative

"You should behave with only those types of behavior that are dictated by the absolute nature of the basic principle on which the act is based."

"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxim (principle or model) for all others and at all times."

– From Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative

Page 49: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

David HumeDavid Hume

Scottish philosopherLeader of empiricism movementGrew to distrust all

Scottish philosopherLeader of empiricism movementGrew to distrust all

Page 50: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Scottish professorWealth of Nation (1776) Free trade/capitalismDevised capitalismLaissez Faire la natureLiterally, "let do": a philosophy that advocates minimal government interference in the economy.

Scottish professorWealth of Nation (1776) Free trade/capitalismDevised capitalismLaissez Faire la natureLiterally, "let do": a philosophy that advocates minimal government interference in the economy.

Page 51: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Urged reform in England

Anti-religious bias

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Urged reform in England

Anti-religious bias

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Effects of the EnlightenmentEffects of the Enlightenment

EnglandCivil war and establishment of a limited monarchyAnger in the colonies because they are treated differently than "mother England"

France No immediate change but seething discontent that will lead to revolution

Other countriesAttempts to adopt Enlightenment principles

EnglandCivil war and establishment of a limited monarchyAnger in the colonies because they are treated differently than "mother England"

France No immediate change but seething discontent that will lead to revolution

Other countriesAttempts to adopt Enlightenment principles

Page 53: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsFrederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)

Rebelled against fatherLater developed finest armyBuilt Sans Souci (Potsdam)Invited Voltaire to the court

Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)

Rebelled against fatherLater developed finest armyBuilt Sans Souci (Potsdam)Invited Voltaire to the court

Page 54: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsCatherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)

German born wife of Czar Peter IIIControlled government after Peter III’s accidental(?) deathIncreased European culture in RussiaPeasant ReformsTerritorial ExpansionCorresponded with Diderot

Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)

German born wife of Czar Peter IIIControlled government after Peter III’s accidental(?) deathIncreased European culture in RussiaPeasant ReformsTerritorial ExpansionCorresponded with Diderot

Page 55: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsGustav III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792)

Forced Parliament to accept new constitutionStimulated literature

Charles III of Spain (r. 1759-1788)

Bourbon familyImproved life for SpanishSuppressed Jesuits

Gustav III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792)

Forced Parliament to accept new constitutionStimulated literature

Charles III of Spain (r. 1759-1788)

Bourbon familyImproved life for SpanishSuppressed Jesuits

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Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1740-1780)

Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1740-1780)

16 children Economic reformsLimited power of the PopeReduced power of the lordsJoseph abolished serfdomPoland divided

16 children Economic reformsLimited power of the PopeReduced power of the lordsJoseph abolished serfdomPoland divided

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Enlightened Despots vs. Absolute RulersEnlightened Despots vs. Absolute Rulers

Focused on improving country

Economic reform

Sought advise

Focused on improving country

Economic reform

Sought advise

Reluctant to change

Economic disasters

Dictated

Reluctant to change

Economic disasters

Dictated

Page 58: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

French Revolution

Page 59: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Causes and AttitudesCauses and AttitudesThe EnlightenmentAnglophile feeling in FranceThe American RevolutionFrench system’s lack of change

Louis XVI clung to AbsolutismKing’s response to the poorClass resentmentEconomic problems

The EnlightenmentAnglophile feeling in FranceThe American RevolutionFrench system’s lack of change

Louis XVI clung to AbsolutismKing’s response to the poorClass resentmentEconomic problems

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First Stage (1789-1793)First Stage (1789-1793)

King desired new tax to stabilize economyEstates General (3 estates)

Not met for 150 yearsNeeded to meetCertified by Parlement (high court)Election in early 1789

Finally met in Spring 1789

3rd Estate walked out

King desired new tax to stabilize economyEstates General (3 estates)

Not met for 150 yearsNeeded to meetCertified by Parlement (high court)Election in early 1789

Finally met in Spring 1789

3rd Estate walked out

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First StageFirst StageNational Assembly (1789-1793)

3rd estate met in indoor tennis courtResolved to stay in session until constitution could be writtenKing couldn't get moneyKing instructed 1st and 2nd estates to meet with National Assembly3rd estate doubled their numbers1st and 2nd sat on right, 3rd sat on leftFormed municipal government

National Assembly (1789-1793)

3rd estate met in indoor tennis courtResolved to stay in session until constitution could be writtenKing couldn't get moneyKing instructed 1st and 2nd estates to meet with National Assembly3rd estate doubled their numbers1st and 2nd sat on right, 3rd sat on leftFormed municipal government

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First StageFirst StageEvents at Bastille

July 14, 1789Municipal government trying to get arms

Revolts in the countryside

Events at Bastille

July 14, 1789Municipal government trying to get arms

Revolts in the countryside

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Actions of the National Assembly

Actions of the National Assembly

Destruction of privilegeDeclaration of the Rights of ManSecularization of the churchNew constitution

Destruction of privilegeDeclaration of the Rights of ManSecularization of the churchNew constitution

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Second StageRadical revolution

Second StageRadical revolution

Disillusionment of the lower class (inflation)Girondists (moderates) had no strong leaderFrance drawn into war with EuropeFailure in wars (1st coalition, 1792-1797)

Moderates removed as leaders of National Assembly Counter-revolutionsKing and queen arrested

Jacobins take control

Disillusionment of the lower class (inflation)Girondists (moderates) had no strong leaderFrance drawn into war with EuropeFailure in wars (1st coalition, 1792-1797)

Moderates removed as leaders of National Assembly Counter-revolutionsKing and queen arrested

Jacobins take control

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Second StageReign of Terror (1793-1794)

Second StageReign of Terror (1793-1794)

Committee for Public SafetyFrance losing war with others in EuropeReforms

Metric systemNew calendarUniversal suffrageSlavery eliminatedParis communeLand redistributionDefaced churches

Guillotine20,000 dieKing and queen die

Committee for Public SafetyFrance losing war with others in EuropeReforms

Metric systemNew calendarUniversal suffrageSlavery eliminatedParis communeLand redistributionDefaced churches

Guillotine20,000 dieKing and queen die

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Third Stage—Return of the moderates (1794-1799)

Third Stage—Return of the moderates (1794-1799)

Thermidorian reaction Counter-revolution

"Whiff of grapeshot"(1795)

Death of Marat, Danton, Robespierre

Moderates gained control of National Convention

Return of expatriate noblemen allowed (money)National Assembly re-electedAdoption of new constitution

Rule by the Directory

Thermidorian reaction Counter-revolution

"Whiff of grapeshot"(1795)

Death of Marat, Danton, Robespierre

Moderates gained control of National Convention

Return of expatriate noblemen allowed (money)National Assembly re-electedAdoption of new constitution

Rule by the Directory

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Third Stage—Return of the moderates

Third Stage—Return of the moderates

The Directory governedSome military successes (Napoleon)Directory criticized for poor leadershipDirectory desperate for a popular leader

2nd Coalition (1799-1801) formedNapoleon invited to be consul

The Directory governedSome military successes (Napoleon)Directory criticized for poor leadershipDirectory desperate for a popular leader

2nd Coalition (1799-1801) formedNapoleon invited to be consul

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Page 69: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

You Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louieby Allan Sherman

You Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louieby Allan Sherman

Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in 1789.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was the worst since Louis the First.King Louis was living like a king,

but the people were living rotten.So the people, they started an uprising which they called theFrench Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry, which will never be forgotten:You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You made the population cry.'Cause all you did was sit and petWith Marie AntoinetteIn your place at Versailles.And now the country's gone kablooie.So we are giving you the air.That oughta teach you not toSpend all your time fooling 'roundAt the Folies Bergere.If you had been a nicer king,We wouldn't do a thing,But you were bad, you must admit.We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,And shorten you a little bit.

Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in 1789.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was the worst since Louis the First.King Louis was living like a king,

but the people were living rotten.So the people, they started an uprising which they called theFrench Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry, which will never be forgotten:You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You made the population cry.'Cause all you did was sit and petWith Marie AntoinetteIn your place at Versailles.And now the country's gone kablooie.So we are giving you the air.That oughta teach you not toSpend all your time fooling 'roundAt the Folies Bergere.If you had been a nicer king,We wouldn't do a thing,But you were bad, you must admit.We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,And shorten you a little bit.

You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.And now you ain't got far to go.Too bad you won't be here to seeThat great big Eiffel Tower,Or Brigitte Bardot.To you King Louie we say fooey.You disappointed all of France.But then what else could we expectFrom a king in silk stockingsAnd pink satin pants.You filled your stomach with chop suey.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And when they told your wife MarieThat nobody had bread, she said"Let 'em eat cake."We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,It's somewhere in the heart of town.And when that fella's throughWith what he's gonna do,You'll have no place to hang your crown.You came the wrong way Old King Louie.Now we must put you on the shelf.That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie,You're pretty revolting yourself!

You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.And now you ain't got far to go.Too bad you won't be here to seeThat great big Eiffel Tower,Or Brigitte Bardot.To you King Louie we say fooey.You disappointed all of France.But then what else could we expectFrom a king in silk stockingsAnd pink satin pants.You filled your stomach with chop suey.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And when they told your wife MarieThat nobody had bread, she said"Let 'em eat cake."We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,It's somewhere in the heart of town.And when that fella's throughWith what he's gonna do,You'll have no place to hang your crown.You came the wrong way Old King Louie.Now we must put you on the shelf.That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie,You're pretty revolting yourself!

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NOTNOT

V.

Page 71: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

NOTNOTHEART vs. HEAD

EMOTION vs. INTELLECT

IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS

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Music of the Classical Era Music of the Classical Era

Began: death of BachEnded: Beethoven (mid-life)

Began: death of BachEnded: Beethoven (mid-life)

Page 73: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Music changes to meet Middle Class needs

Music changes to meet Middle Class needs

more music-making in the home creates needs:simpler music for less skilled musiciansmusic industry (instrument manufacture, publishing, performing organizations)music education (instrument & voice lessons, composition, appreciation)

opera: characters and plots revolve around commoners, not the aristocracy or mythology as in the Baroque era. Plots often ridicule the aristocracy.

more music-making in the home creates needs:simpler music for less skilled musiciansmusic industry (instrument manufacture, publishing, performing organizations)music education (instrument & voice lessons, composition, appreciation)

opera: characters and plots revolve around commoners, not the aristocracy or mythology as in the Baroque era. Plots often ridicule the aristocracy.

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Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era

Austria (particularly Vienna) and Germany are the cultural centers.Patronage, an important music/economic institution in the mid-1700s breaks down by 1790. Why?Concert Halls and opera houses flourish providing entertainment for middle class audiences.Publishers influence what composers write.[Why? What is the connection to middle class music-making?]

Austria (particularly Vienna) and Germany are the cultural centers.Patronage, an important music/economic institution in the mid-1700s breaks down by 1790. Why?Concert Halls and opera houses flourish providing entertainment for middle class audiences.Publishers influence what composers write.[Why? What is the connection to middle class music-making?]

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Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era

Much more secular music is composed and performed. The religious fervor of earlier Baroque composers such as Bach is gone.

Much more secular music is composed and performed. The religious fervor of earlier Baroque composers such as Bach is gone.

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Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era

Function of Music: Entertainmentin the concert hall, opera hall, theater, estate drawing roomIn the home--filler of leisure time (Gebrauchmusik, i.e., “useful” music.)[Useful for what?]dancing is VIMP pastime

“Music must meet listeners where they are.”What are the implications of this statement?

Function of Music: Entertainmentin the concert hall, opera hall, theater, estate drawing roomIn the home--filler of leisure time (Gebrauchmusik, i.e., “useful” music.)[Useful for what?]dancing is VIMP pastime

“Music must meet listeners where they are.”What are the implications of this statement?

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Ruminate on...Ruminate on...patronage and

HaydnMozartBeethoven

why the French Revolution and industrialization led to the demise of patronage.why less complex music is favored in classical culture.

patronage andHaydnMozartBeethoven

why the French Revolution and industrialization led to the demise of patronage.why less complex music is favored in classical culture.

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Viennese Classical StyleViennese Classical Style

Characteristics of the Viennese Style

● Strong melody from Italy

● Dedication to form from Germany

Vienna

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Classicism in MusicClassicism in Music

Viennesse School: Four ComposersFranz Joseph Haydn

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ludwig van Beethoven

Franz Schubert

Viennesse School: Four ComposersFranz Joseph Haydn

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Ludwig van Beethoven

Franz Schubert

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Patronage SystemPatronage System

Exchange of artistic services for A place to live

A Salary

Clothes

Rank in SocietyDepends on the patron.

Servant to aristocratic patronage.

Exchange of artistic services for A place to live

A Salary

Clothes

Rank in SocietyDepends on the patron.

Servant to aristocratic patronage.

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Music of the Classical EraMusic of the Classical EraWritten for middle class

Non-sophisticated ListenerSimple and Melodic Themes

Bach: Fugue Mozart: Eine Kleine…

Large RoomBach: Air Beethoven: 9th

Movements have beginning, middle, endBach: Brandenburg Beethoven: 5th

Easier to playBach: Fugue Beethoven: Für Elise

Written for middle classNon-sophisticated ListenerSimple and Melodic Themes

Bach: Fugue Mozart: Eine Kleine…

Large RoomBach: Air Beethoven: 9th

Movements have beginning, middle, endBach: Brandenburg Beethoven: 5th

Easier to playBach: Fugue Beethoven: Für Elise

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“I write my music in order that the weary and worn or the men burdened with affairs might enjoy a few minutes of solace and refreshment.”

— Haydn

“I write my music in order that the weary and worn or the men burdened with affairs might enjoy a few minutes of solace and refreshment.”

— Haydn

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Structure of MusicStructure of Music

Melody carried the interest

Form still needed to give meaningNote power of the human voice

Instrumental music uses strong melody as power

Melody carried the interest

Form still needed to give meaningNote power of the human voice

Instrumental music uses strong melody as power

Page 84: Classical Era The Age of Enlightenment. Things are a-changin’ Baroque Era Louis XIV, XV Frederick the Great Catherine the Great POWER WEALTH Baroque Era.

Style in Classical MusicStyle in Classical Music

Melody – singable symmetrical, lyrical.Harmony- diatonic, tonic to dominant relationshipsRhythm – regular and symmetricalTexture- Homophonic with some polyphony at times.Folk elements: national themes, folk themes, dances etc. used in instrumental works.

Melody – singable symmetrical, lyrical.Harmony- diatonic, tonic to dominant relationshipsRhythm – regular and symmetricalTexture- Homophonic with some polyphony at times.Folk elements: national themes, folk themes, dances etc. used in instrumental works.

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“There can be no art

without form.”

Igor Stravinsky

“There can be no art

without form.”

Igor Stravinsky

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Musical ObjectivesMusical Objectives

Explore major-minor system

Develop homophonic system

Focus on simple melody

Chords and cadences

Large structures

Cultivate human voice

Explore new instruments

Explore major-minor system

Develop homophonic system

Focus on simple melody

Chords and cadences

Large structures

Cultivate human voice

Explore new instruments

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STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS

STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS

Introduction of a new instrument, the fortepiano

Contrasted with strings and winds

Favored by amateurs and rising middle class

Development of the “Accompanied Sonata”

Introduction of a new instrument, the fortepiano

Contrasted with strings and winds

Favored by amateurs and rising middle class

Development of the “Accompanied Sonata”

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Music and Literary Analogy

Music and Literary Analogy

Musical notes

Musical phrases

Musical themes

Musical movements

Symphonies

Musical notes

Musical phrases

Musical themes

Musical movements

Symphonies

Letters

Words

Sentences

Chapters or short stories

Books

Letters

Words

Sentences

Chapters or short stories

Books

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Forms of MovementsForms of Movements

Theme and Variation

Rondo

Minuet and Trio

Sonata-allegro form

Theme and Variation

Rondo

Minuet and Trio

Sonata-allegro form

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Forms of Entire WorksForms of Entire Works

Concerto (expanded)

Symphony

Concerto (expanded)

Symphony

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Classical Architecture and Music

Classical Architecture and Music

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Music JournalismMusic JournalismCA 1790 Music Journalism exploded on the European scene.

“Intellect, intellect, intellect!” Herr Beethoven’s music is too complex. It isn’t musical entertainment; it’s intellectual

“mind games.” Once again Beethoven wrote something that no one wants to hear.

He is known to have replied to one reporter,

“Of course you don’t understand it. I wrote the piece for future generations. They will understand and

appreciate it.”

He was correct.

CA 1790 Music Journalism exploded on the European scene.

“Intellect, intellect, intellect!” Herr Beethoven’s music is too complex. It isn’t musical entertainment; it’s intellectual

“mind games.” Once again Beethoven wrote something that no one wants to hear.

He is known to have replied to one reporter,

“Of course you don’t understand it. I wrote the piece for future generations. They will understand and

appreciate it.”

He was correct.

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Music of the Classical EraMusic of the Classical Era

Characteristics (Viennese style)

Dedication to form From the Germans

Strong melody From the Italians

Homophonic

Characteristics (Viennese style)

Dedication to form From the Germans

Strong melody From the Italians

Homophonic

Vienna

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OverviewOverview

The SYMPHONY emerges

CHAMBER MUSIC emerges

OPERA continues & evolves

Three major composers:HAYDN

MOZARTBEETHOVEN

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LIFE-TIME-LINESLIFE-TIME-LINES

BEETHOVEN 1770-1827

MOZART 1756-1789

HAYDN 1732-1809

1770 1820

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Musical InfluencesMusical Influences

Influence of Turkish music (Janissary band) felt in Vienna and Berlin due to the amount of Turkish immigrants to Austria.

Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven wrote Turkish Marches.

Added percussion to orchestra

Bass drum, triangle, cymbals

Whirling dervish ceremony imitated in Beethoven

Influence of Turkish music (Janissary band) felt in Vienna and Berlin due to the amount of Turkish immigrants to Austria.

Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven wrote Turkish Marches.

Added percussion to orchestra

Bass drum, triangle, cymbals

Whirling dervish ceremony imitated in Beethoven

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SUMMARY – 18TH CENTURYSUMMARY – 18TH CENTURY

IDEAS – Enlightenment & rationalist Criticism ART – 3 genres: Rococo, Neo-Classical, Bourgeois (Genre) MUSIC – Genres such as the SYMPHONY and the STRING QUARTET emerge, all emphasizing CLARITY of musical ideas and the organization of CONTRAST, exemplified by SONATA FORM key composers: HAYDN, MOZART & early Beethoven

IDEAS – Enlightenment & rationalist Criticism ART – 3 genres: Rococo, Neo-Classical, Bourgeois (Genre) MUSIC – Genres such as the SYMPHONY and the STRING QUARTET emerge, all emphasizing CLARITY of musical ideas and the organization of CONTRAST, exemplified by SONATA FORM key composers: HAYDN, MOZART & early Beethoven

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NOTNOT

V.

HEART vs. HEAD

EMOTION vs. INTELLECT

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NOTNOT

IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT

KINDS OF EMOTIONS