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IVAN PAVLOV

Classical conditioning was discovered around thebeginning of the 20thcentury by Russian physiologist

Ivan Pavlov.

Pavlov was studying digestive

process in dogs when hediscovered that the dogs

salivated before they received

their food.

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGClassical conditioning is a type of learning that had amajor influence on the school of thought inpsychology known as behaviorism.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

- Unconditional Stimulus

- Unconditional Response

- Conditional Stimulus

- Conditional Response

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The Unconditioned

Stimulus

Is one thatunconditionally,

naturally, and

automatically triggers a

response

The Unconditioned

Response

Is the unlearned responsethat occurs naturally in

response to the

unconditioned stimulus

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More examples:

1. You step on a nail and scream in pain.

Stepping on the nail is an unconditioned

stimulus that causes your scream which is the

unconditioned response.

2. A baby sees her mother make a

funny face and laughs. Her giggle is

caused by her mother's funny face(the unconditioned stimulus).

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The Conditioned

Stimulus

Is previously neutralstimulus that, after

becoming associated with

the unconditioned stimulus,

eventually comes to triggera conditioned response.

The Conditioned

Response

Is the learned response tothe previously neutral

stimulus.

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1. Ben eats at a nice restaurant and then

gets sick from the flu. Now every time thathe goes to the restaurant he feels

nauseated. The restaurant has become a

conditioned stimulus, which Ben

associates with being sick.

More examples:

2. Kids love ice cream and they get excited to

eat it. When they hear the music from the ice

cream truck coming they get excited.Conditioned stimulus: music from ice cream

truck

Conditioned response: happy, excited when

hearing music from ice cream truck

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Examples of

Classical

Conditioning

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Classical

Conditioning a Fear

Response

One of the most famous

examples of classical

conditioning was John B.

Watson's experiment inwhich a fear response

was conditioned in a

young boy known as Little

Albert.

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Classically Conditioning Taste

Aversions

ResearchersJohn Garcia and Bob Koelling first noticed this phenomenon when

they observed how rats that had been exposed to a nausea-causing radiation

developed an aversion to flavored water after the radiation and the water were

presented together.

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Classical Conditioning in the Real

World

There are numerous real-world applications forclassical conditioning.

For example, many dog trainers use

classical conditioning techniques to help

people train their pets.

These techniques are also

useful in the treatment of

phobias or anxiety problems.

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Classical Conditioning Theory

Involves learning a new behavior via the process ofassociation. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to

produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

There are three stages to classical conditionin:

Stage 1: Before Conditioning

Stage 2: During Conditioning

Stage 3: After Conditioning

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Stage 1: Before Conditioning

In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)produces an

unconditioned response (UCR)in an organism. In basic termsthis means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior /

response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural

response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behavior hasbeen learned yet.

For example:

A stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In

another example a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or

desire (UCR).

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Stage 2: During Conditioning

During this stage a stimulus which produces no

response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the

unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes

known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

For example:

A stomach virus (UCS) might be associatedwith eating a certain

food such as chocolate (CS). Also perfume (UCS) might be

associatedwith a specific person (CS)

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Stage 3: After Conditioning

Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been

associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to

create a new conditioned response (CR).

For example:A person (CS) who has been associated with nice

perfume (UCS) is now found attractive (CR).

Also chocolate (CS) which was eaten before a

person was sick with a virus (UCS) is now produces aresponse of nausea (CR).

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Watsonand Rayner

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner had

shown that classical conditioning could be

used to create a phobia through little Albert.

A phobia is an irrational fear, i.e. a fear that is out of

proportion to the danger.

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Classical conditioning emphasizes the importance of

learning from the environment, and supports nurture over

nature. However, it is limiting to describe behavior solely in

terms of either nature or nurture, and attempts to do this

underestimate the complexity of human behavior. It is more

likely that behavior is due to an interaction between nature

(biology) and nurture (environment).

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A final criticism of classical conditioning theory isthat it is deterministic

This means that it does not allow for any

degree of freewill will in the individual.

According a person has no control over the

reactions they have learned from classical

conditioning, such asphobia.

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Reference

http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm

http://psych.answers.com/abnormal/classical-conditioning-and-fear

https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100306022739AAAogNt

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/conditioned-stimulus-examples-definition-quiz.html#lessonhttp://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/condresp.htm

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/unconditioned-stimulus-examples-definition-quiz.html#lesson

Conditioned Stimulus: Examples, Definition & Quiz | Education Portal

education-portal.com

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