CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BANANA WEEVIL BORER, Cosmopolites sordidus (COLEOPTERA;

CURCULIONIDAE WITH NATURAL ENEMIESCURCULIONIDAE WITH NATURAL ENEMIESFROM INDONESIA WITH EMPHASIS

ON WEST SUMATERA)ON WEST SUMATERA)

AHSOL HASYIM, YUSDAR HILMAN AND ERI SOFIARI,

))))

PRESENTATION OUTLINEPRESENTATION OUTLINEPRESENTATION OUTLINEPRESENTATION OUTLINE

1.POTENTIAL OF CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL2 BANANA WEEVIL BORER2.BANANA WEEVIL BORER3. PEST STATUS OF BANANA WEEVIL IN ASIA 4 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES5. CONCLUSION

Potential of biological control for banana weevil borer

A large number of beneficial organisms (parasite, predators and pathogens) occur naturally in bananaplantationsThe spiders coccinellids lacewings reduviids ants andThe spiders, coccinellids, lacewings, reduviids, ants and parasitic flies and wasps are the most important beneficial insect groups active in banana plantations.beneficial insect groups active in banana plantations.

• Explorations for specialized natural enemies in area of origin & introduction into new areasorigin & introduction into new areas.

• Establishment & high impact expected• In some cases approach has been phenomenally• In some cases approach has been phenomenally• successful, e.g. cassava mealybug, water hyacinths,

cottony cushion scale etc.y• HOWEVER, concealed pests and beetles have in

general comparatively lower success rates inclassical biological control

At present, no single management strategy appears likely to provide complete control of banana weevil.likely to provide complete control of banana weevil.Therefore, a broad integrated pest management strategy might provide the best chance for success in controlling this pest.Banana weevil is an exotic pest in Africa and Latin AmericaClassical biological control my be possibleClassical biological control my be possible.Early searches for natural enemies in the insect's areaof origin in southeast Asia uncovered several opportunisticof origin in southeast Asia uncovered several opportunistic predators.

Biological control for banana weevil borerBiological control for banana weevil borer

PathogenPredatorParasitoid

?

g

? • Plaesius javanus• Odontomachus sp.

• Beauveria • Metarrhizium

BANANA WEEVIL BORERBANANA WEEVIL BORER

1. Weevil attack can prevent crop establishment cause significant yield reductions in ratooncause significant yield reductions in ratoon crops.

2 C ib h d l i lif2. Contribute to shortened plantation life3. Adult banana weevils are free living (not g (

confined to the banana plant), but most oftenfound at the base of banana mats or associated with crop residues

4 Adults generally have one-year life span but4. Adults generally have one year life span but may live up to four years

TYPICAL SYMPTOM OF BANANA WEEVIL BORERBANANA WEEVIL BORER

reduced plant growthreduced plant growth--reduced plant growth,reduced plant growth,--Chocking of the bunch in the pseudostemChocking of the bunch in the pseudostem--Yellow leafYellow leafYellow leafYellow leaf--Weak or dying suckerWeak or dying sucker--Yield loss increase from 5 % (Fisrst Cycle)Yield loss increase from 5 % (Fisrst Cycle)

fourth cycleup to 44 % (Fourth cycle)up to 44 % (Fourth cycle)fourth cycle

TABLE 1. BANANA WEEVIL STATUS IN ASIA TABLE 1. BANANA WEEVIL STATUS IN ASIA

Country Pest importance (*) Data onincidence

Data on yield Losessincidence Losess

BurmaThailand

?+

--

--

LaosCambodiaMalaysia

?+

+++

---

---Malaysia

VietnamBruneiIndonesia

+++++++++

--

--

IndonesiaPhilippinesIndiaS i L k

++++++

---

---

Sri Lanka + - -

(*) +++ Important / ++ Moderately important / + Present.( ) Important / Moderately important / Present.Sources: Viswanath (1977), Geddes and Iles (1991), Waterhouse (1993);adapted from Gold (1998).

The objectives of this study were

(1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatera throughselected sites in West Sumatera through onfarm estimates of damage,

(2) to survey parasitoids and predators through(2) to survey parasitoids and predators throughon-farm observation and laboratory rearing studies,studies,

(3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies throughimportant natural enemies throughlaboratory studies.

RESULTSRESULTS

Research activities on banana weevil borerResearch activities on banana weevil borerResearch activities on banana weevil borer Research activities on banana weevil borer in West sumaterain West sumatera, Indonesia , Indonesia

Table 2. Fates of field collected and trap hostbanana weevil eggs from different sites inbanana weevil eggs from different sites in

West Sumatera (2002-2003)

Location Dead* Hatched Signs of parasitism

Total

Bukit TinggiSitiung

1360 (15)745 (14)

7773 (85)4699 (86)

0 (0)0 (0)

91335444Sitiung

PariamanBt. Sangkar

745 (14)545 (18)

1212 (18)

4699 (86)2507 (82)5519 (82)

0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)

544430526731

Average 3862 (16) 20,468 (84) 0 (0) 24,360

*Egg that died either due to fungal attack, mechanical injury or failed to hatch during 2-3 weeks of rearing

Table 3. Fates banana weevil larvae Table 3. Fates banana weevil larvae collected from farmers fields in Westcollected from farmers fields in Westcollected from farmers fields in West collected from farmers fields in West Sumatera (2002Sumatera (2002--2003)2003)

Location Deada Hatched Signs of parasitismb

Total

Bukit TinggiSitiung

162 (19)155 (24)

691 (81)492 (76)

3 (0.6)7 (1 0)

475647Sitiung

PariamanBt. Sangkar

155 (24)120 (25)217 (19)

492 (76)355 (75)926 (81)

7 (1.0)2 (0.2)5(0.5)

6471143853g

Average ( )

654 (21)( )

2464 (79)( )

17(0.5) 3118

a Number of larvae that died or had not pupated within 2 weeks of collection.b Number of dishes with Phorids

Table 4. Abundance of Coleopteran and Dermapteran Table 4. Abundance of Coleopteran and Dermapteran predators of banana weevil found in crop residues predators of banana weevil found in crop residues in farmerin farmer´́s fields in survey of five locations in west s fields in survey of five locations in west Sumatera (mean number/residu Sumatera (mean number/residu ±± SE n = 30 per SE n = 30 per farm)farm)farm)farm)

Sites No. Hesteridae/residue Staphylinidae/Residue

No. Dermaptera/Residue cheliso-

Total predator/

(three species)

chidae Othersapresidue(nine species)

P j Oth (O (tP.javanus Other species

(One species)

(two species

Bukit Tinggi 1,6 ± 0.1 b 0.9 ± 0.03 a 0,8 ± 0.1 b 7.8 ± 0.3 a 0,4 ± 0.1 a 10.7 ± 0.4 aggSitiungPariamanBt. SangkarPasaman

1.3 ± 0.1 b1,1 ± 0.1 b2.0 ± 0.1 a2,1 ± 0.1 a

0.1 ± 0.03 b 0.0 ± 0.03 b0.1 ± 0.03 b 0.1 ± 0.03 b

0.5 ± 0.1 bc1,3 ± 0.1 a0.9 ± 0.1 b0,3 ± 0.1 c

3.1 ± 0.3 b3,4 ± 0.3 b8.2 ± 0.3 a2,6 ± 0.3 c

0,0 ± 0.0 b 0,0 ± 0.0 b0,0 ± 0.0 b0,4 ± 0.1 a

4.9 ± 0.4 b5,9 ± 0.4 b

11.1 ± 0.4 a5,5 ± 0.4 b

Mean in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0 005% level according to least significant different testP<0.005% level according to least significant different test.a One species each from Forficulidae and Labiidae.

Table 5. Ants associated with bananas farmerTable 5. Ants associated with bananas farmer´́s s fields in five locations in West Sumatera.fields in five locations in West Sumatera.

Subfamily Species Sitea Abundance (average # colonies per

Weevil stage attacked

40 transect)

AmblyoponinaeDolichodeninae

Myopopone castaneaTechnoremex sp.

1,2,42

< 5< 5

L-

Formicidae

p

Anoplolepis gracilipes SmithCamponotus (Tanaemymex) sp.Polyrhachis dives Smith

all sites2,3, 52

>155-155 15

--E L

Ponerinae

Polyrhachis dives SmithPolyrhachis proxima Roger

Diacamma rugosum Le Guillou

22,3

2

5-15< 5

5-15

E, L-

E, LgLeptogenys peuqueti AndreOdontomachus rixosus SmithOdontomachus similiamus SmithPseudolsius sp

33, 53,11 2 3 4 5

5-155-155-15>15

--E,L

Myrmicinae

Pseudolsius sp.

Monomorium spPheidole plagarua Smith

1,2,3,4,5

1all site

>15

5-15>15

-

-E,L

aSite(1) Pariaman, (2) Pasaman, (3) Sitiung, (4) Bukit Tinggi (5) Batu SangkarE= banana weevil eggs, L= banana weevil larvae (_) stage was not established; attack by combining ants and banana weevil stages in petridish and noting dissappearence of prey after an interval of time.

Table 6. Consumption rates of life stages of the banana weevil by three predators in laboratory experiment

Predator group %±SE of banana weevil stage eaten in 48 h

y p y pover 48-h period at TFRI, Solok West Sumatera.

g p g(n=15)Egg Larvae Pupae Teneral

adultChelisochidaeStaphylinidae

42.0 ± 3.5 a21 3 ± 3 1 b

25.0 ± 3.4 d50 4 ± 3 1 c

2.7 ± 3.4 d10 7 ± 3 3 c

0.0 ± 0.0 c0 0 ± 0 0 cStaphylinidae

P. javanus larvaeP. javanus adult

21.3 ± 3.1 b0.0 ± 0.0 c0.0 ± 0.0 c

50.4 ± 3.1 c87.6 ± 2.9 a74.7 ± 3.2 b

10.7 ± 3.3 c53.5 ± 3.5 a37.6 ± 2.9 b

0.0 ± 0.0 c0.0 ± 0.0 c0.0 ± 0.0 c

Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.005 according to least g y gsignificant differences test.

Figure 1. Correlation of banana weevil damage and predator-prey ratio on plant at surveyand predator prey ratio on plant at survey location in West Sumatera.

Table 6. The effect of the three concentration of each B. bassiana isolatea against the mortality of banana

il d l C didTreatment Day after inoculated by B. bassiana

weevil adul C. sordidus .

7 14 21 28 35BS1 3,2 x 104

BS2 3 2 1066.67 de

36 67 b56.67 d86 67 b

80.00 c100 00 a

86.67 b100 00 a

6.67 b46 67 aBS2 3,2 x 106

BS3 3,2 x 108

4

36.67 b46.67 a

86.67 b96.67 a

100.00 a100.00 a

100.00 a100.00 a

46.67 a46.67 a

ST1 3,2 x 104

ST2 3,2 x 106

ST3 3,2 x 108

6.67 de 16.67 c13.33 cd

46.67 ef76.67 e90.00 ab

60.00 d93.33 b

100.00 a

76.67 c96.67 ab

100.00 a

6.67 b46.67 a46.67 a

SS1 3,2 x 104

SS2 3,2 x 1060.00 e0.00 e

30.00 g53.33 de

43.33 e66.67 d

56.67 d96.67 ab

6.67 b46.67 aSS 3, 0

SS3 3,2 x 108

SK1 3 2 x 104

0.00 e3.33 e

0 00 e

53.33 de60.00 d

23 33 g

66.67 d80.00 e

43 33 e

96.67 ab100.00 a

63 33 c

46.67 a46.67 a

6 67 bSK1 3,2 x 10SK2 3,2 x 106

SK3 3,2 x 108

0.00 e3.33 e3.33 e

23.33 g40.00 f83.33 bc

43.33 e46.67 e96.67 ab

63.33 c86.67 b

100.00 a

6.67 b46.67 a46.67 a

CONCLUSION

• 84% of eggs were hatched; fungi killed 16% of the eggs.• No conclusive evidence of parasitism of banana weevil larvae

t o t d iteat our study sites.• The mean number of predators per residue was range 4.9–

11.1. • Chelisochids, staphylinids and P. javanus accounted for

>90%. • At least 13 species of ants were found on banana mats• At least 13 species of ants were found on banana mats. • P. javanus larvae and adults consumed high number of

larvae and pupae, • Staphylinid B. ferrugatus consumed intermediate number of

banana weevil eggs, larvae and pupae. • The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by entomopa-• The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by entomopa-

thogen fungi of B. bassiana from Baso was 96,67%