PRESENTED BY: WUZNA HAROONPRESNTED TO: DR.AMINA MUAZZAM

CLASSICAL AND OPERANT

CONDITIONING

BEHAVIORAL COUNSELING

Counseling and psychotherapy are concerned with behavior change

The purpose of behavioral counseling is to change ineffective and self-defeating behavior into effective and

winning behavior

To behavioral counselor, the individual is a product of conditioning.

PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING

DRIVE CUE RESPONSE REINFORCEMENT

CONDITIONING

“A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to associate a desired behavior with a previously unrelated

stimulus is called conditioning.”

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

“Classical conditioning is defined as learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an

unconditioned stimulus; because of pairing the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same

power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the organism.”

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES

Learning experiences of the average individual can be explained through the classical conditioning.

Important of these experiences, from the counselor’s point of view, are the maladaptive or neurotic learning experiences.

Eysenck and Rachman have suggested a three-stage explanation of the development of abnormal behavior.

FACTORS AFFECTING CLASSICAL CONDITIONIG

Relationship In Time : Contiguity

Contiguity refers to the degree to which the NS/CS and US occur close together in time.

Forward (delay) conditioning: CS comes first, but

continues until US starts. Conditioning occurs

readily

Forward (trace) conditioning: CS comes first

ends before start of US. Conditioning occurs readily

but response is somewhat weak.

Forward trace conditioning with longer delay:

Conditioning is weaker

Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US co-occur.

In most cases, conditioning is weak or hard to

demonstrate.

Backward conditioning: CS follows US. After a

few repetitions, CS becomes inhibitory- that is a

signal for a time of absence of the US-and

conditioning is weak.

US

CS

CS

US

CS

US

CS

US

US

CS

Consistency And Reliability: Contingency

Conditioning also requires contingency, which refers to the degree to which the NS/CS reliably signals that

US is going to be presented.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Acquisition

Higher Order Conditioning

Expectancies

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Generalization

Discrimination

COUNTERCONDITIONING

A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli

so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive significance is called as

counterconditioning.

TECHNIQUES BASED ON COUNDERCONTIONING

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

Counseling Intention

Counseling intentions is to teach anxiety reduction strategies and self-control skills to clients.

Definition

Systematic Desensitization therapy, developed by Joseph Wolpe, involves having the extinction process occur while the client is in a state of relaxation. The relaxation response, in combination with exposure, is presumed to reduce levels of anxiety.

Components of systematic desensitization

Identification of Anxiety-Provoking Situations

Construction of Hierarchy of Stimulus Situations

Selection and Teaching of Counterconditioning or Coping Responses

Evaluation of Client’s Capacity to Generate Images

Steps in Gradually Prolonging Exposure to an Anxiety-Provoking Situation

Homework and Follow-up

AVERSION THERAPY Another counseling intervention based on

counterconditioning principles is aversion therapy. When a client has had a strong positive association to

something, the pursuit of which has brought about negative consequences for the client, aversion therapy can help the client develop a negative association to

that

thing.

Types of Aversion therapy Overt sensitization

Covert sensitization

OTHER TECHNIQUES BASED ON CLASSICAL

CONDITIONING

EXPOSURE THEARPIES

Flooding

Flooding therapy constitutes either an in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking

stimuli for a prolonged period of time. The principles underlying flooding are similar to

those for desensitization.

Imaginal Flooding

IN Vivo Flooding

Implosive Therapy

Implosive therapy was developed by Stampfl (1970).

Implosive therapy is a variation of flooding therapy that uses exaggerated imagined

scenes that often draw upon hypothesized psychoanalytic sources of anxiety.

Senate Focus Senate focus, a technique based on the classical

conditioning involves in vivo desensitization. This technique is common for couples with sexual disorders.

In summary, senate focus is used to reduce sexual performance anxiety by having couples learn to associate pleasurable sensations (relaxation) with what were once anxiety producing situations

Assertion Training Wolpe and Andres Salter were responsible for the

development of this therapy. Assertion training therapy is also known as Practice and Rehearsal Approach.

Clients are taught to express their feelings without interfering with the expression of feelings of others. Often relaxation, behavioral rehearsal, in vivo, and modeling are combined with assertion training

Therapeutic Graded Exposure

Therapeutic graded exposure is similar to the systematic

desensitization; except the relaxation training not involved

and treatment is carried out in a real life context that is the

individual must brought on contact with the warning

stimulus to learn firsthand that no dangerous consequences

will ensure .exposure is graded according to the hierarchy.

Advantage of Classical Conditioning Techniques

There are many advantages of classical condition techniques some them are listed below which are

Short duration of therapy

Easy to train the clients

Cost effective

Duration of treatment is usually 6-8 weeks

Application Widely used in mental health setting and for the treatment

of various problems like Phobia, Anxiety disorder, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, Certain sexual disorder such as paraphilia, Physical disability, Chronic pain, and Rehabilitation center.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

“Phrase applied by B.F Skinner to a process in which behavioral change (and presumably learning) occurs

due to reinforcing (rewarding) certain desired behavior and withholding rewards or punishing undesired behavior. Operant conditioning is also known as

instrumental conditioning”.

LAW OF EFFECT Thorndike developed a principle of learning that he called the law of effect. The law of effect states that

given situation, behaviors that lead to positive, satisfying consequences will strengthened, such that

the next time the situation occurs, the behavior is more likely to be repeated. In addition, the law of

effect also states that in a given situation, behaviors that lead o negative, discomforting consequences will

be weakened, such that the next time the situation occurs, the behavior will be less likely to be repeated

PRINCIPLE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

REINFORCEMENTThe process of reinforcement

means that the strengthening of a response that occurs when the

response is rewarded

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

In Positive reinforcement, the behavior leads to the addition of something pleasant to the environment of the organism.

The counselor who wishes to use positive reinforcement is confronted at the outset by a number of questions.

Which behavior should be rewarded?

What type of rewarded should be used and how frequently should it be dispensed?

Should the positive reinforcement be combined with another technique, such as extinction, punishment, or modeling?

NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT

Negative reinforcement involves the escape from or avoidance of aversive (unpleasant)

stimuli. The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid the unpleasant

condition.

PUNISHMENT It is referred to as aversive

control, in which the consequences of a certain

behavior result in a decrease of that behavior.

POSTIVE PUNISHMENT

In positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of behavior

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of the target behavior.

OPERANT REINFORCER

PRIMARY REINFORCERS

Primary reinforcers produce comfort, end discomfort, or fill an immediate physical need. They are natural, non-learned, and rooted in biology, Food, water and Sex are obvious examples.

Secondary Reinforcers

Money, praise, attention, approval, success, affection, grades, and the like, all serve as learned or secondary reinforcers. There are two types of secondary reinforcers:

Token Reinforcer

Social Reinforcer

Schedule provides reinforcement in different ways according to different criteria, and work well in different situations.

CONTINOUS REINFORCEMENT

A schedule in which every correct response is followed by a reinforcer is called as continuous reinforcement.

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT

In partial reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

TYPES OF PARITAL REINFORCEMENT

Fixed-ratio schedules

Variable-ratio schedules

Fixed-interval schedules

Variable-interval schedules

OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES

Behavioral therapies based on operant conditioning principles are usually described as behavior modification.

Mode of Action of behavior Modification

TOKEN ECONOMY

It is a technique in which subjects are given tokens for good performance or behavior which they can exchange for treats or other primary reinforcers.

Counselors use token economy to shape client behavior when approval and other reinforcers do not work.

MODE OF ACTION

The target behavior is identified

The nature of the token is identified

The unconditioned reinforcers are identified.

The schedule of reinforcement

The schedule of reinforcement

Keep records.

SHAPING

Based on operant conditioning, each step towards the desired final goal or behavior is

rewarded. This technique is known as shaping. Shaping is a technique which

involves reinforcing behavior that approximates the desired goals.

CHAINING

In chaining, complex task is broken down into sub tasks. Starting with the simplest task, each

next step is built on the previous one. For example, to teach a child brush his teeth, the

task is broken in to small tasks such as holding a brush, applying the paste, putting the brush

in to mouth and so on.

MODELING

Modeling involves one person demonstrating some

voluntary behavior and another person imitating the model.

In counseling, clients seeking to develop certain operant

responses imitate models who demonstrate the response.

BEHAVIORAL CONTRATING THERAPY

Behavioral contracting therapy is an agreement contract.

Methods

1. The client selects the reinforcer and the counselor selects the behavior to be changed.

2. Contingencies are made explicit so the client completely understands the program.

3. Win the participation of the client.

4. There should be mutual understanding between the clients and attending counselor.

PREMACK PRICINPLE

The Premack principle can be useful when it is difficult to come up with reinforcers for a client, and it is the reinforcement of low-frequency behaviors

with the high –frequency behaviors. This is the performance of low-frequency before high frequency

behaviors.

Time-out is a simple procedure in which individual is removed from the area where the inappropriate behavior is reinforced.

Most of the studies indicated that the effect of repeated applications of TO was to produce rapid decreases in rate of coercive social behaviors in children.

GUIDELINE FOR USING TO

Be clear in advance with the child about what behavior warrants a TO.

War the child that a TO is imminent if the specific behavior does not cease.

Have a specific spot (e.g. room or quiet space) where the child will be sent if behavior does not cease.

Be clear on the amount of time that will be spent in TO. One minute per age has been traditional.

Praise compliance when the child complete TO and positively reinforce appropriate behaviors.

Time-out area should not be reinforcing

RESPONSE COST

Response cost is a punishment procedure based primarily on assessing fines or withdrawing positive reinforcers.

Typically, response cost is one part of token economy systems. If the individual exhibits inappropriate or maladaptive behavior, tokens will be removed or fines assessed

CONTINGENT ELECTRIC STIMULATION

Although rarely used, brief electric shock to suppress a behavior that has been causing self-harm has shown dramatic results. the use of this type of

punishment needs to be seriously considered only when it can remarkably improve an individual’s well-being and in consultation with parents and experts in

this kind of technique

OVERCORRECTION

Azrin and Foxx introduced overcorrection in the early 1970s as a viable method to reduce maladaptive

behavior.

The purpose of overcorrection is to decrease the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the inappropriate

behavior that precedes the application of the overcorrection technique, it is, by definition of

punishment.

STIMULUS CONTROL

Stimulus control occurs when a stimulus is altered and the new, healthier behavior that results from the altered stimulus is reinforced

Altering the sight of drug, alcohol, food to reduce an addiction; or rearranging furniture in a house to make it easier for older person to live in his or her home.

When practicing stimulus control, it is critical to ensure that the individual is reinforced as a result of the changed stimulus. For instance, the sole act of removing alcohol from the home may not result in the new desired behavior (reduction in drinking). At the very least, positive reinforcement for new, non-drinking behaviors should be occurring also.

BIOFEEDBACK

Evaluation Classical and Operant Conditioning Therapy

These therapies prove to be its greatest advantage in the counseling setting; namely, it deals directly with the symptoms

Most of the difficulties that counselor is confronted with take the form of behavioral problems.

In this respect, behavioral counseling, with emphasis on the symptom itself, offers a practical bonus.

APPLICATION