Classic Urban Models. Three models of urban structure: –Concentric Zone model –Sector Model...
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Transcript of Classic Urban Models. Three models of urban structure: –Concentric Zone model –Sector Model...
Classic Urban Models
Three models of urban structure:
– Concentric Zone model– Sector Model– Multiple Nuclei Model
Use of the models outside North America:
– European cities– LDC’s
A. Concentric Zone Model
1. Ernest Burgess (1920s): depicts use of urban land as a set of concentric rings
- each ring devoted to a different land use (studied Chicago)
2. Concentric Zones:
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) that is the most accessible zone where most of the tertiary employment is located
Zone II: Zone of Transition where many industrial activities locate (nearby labor, markets, transport terminals like ports & rail)
Zone III: Zone of Independent Workers is used by some industrial activities in inner cities and ethnic enclaves- contains the poorest segment of the urban population
Zone IV: Zone of Better Residences is dominated by the working class (often second generation immigrants)
Zone V: Commuter Zone represents higher quality suburban housing linked with higher commuting costs
Cleveland, Ohio
The density gradient in Cleveland
shows the expansion of dense
population outward from the city
center over time.
Social Area Analysis: Percent Renters IN
Indianapolis, IN
The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model
3. Concentric Zone Weaknesses:
– too simple– developed for American cities– cars uncommon at time (horses &
streetcars)– assumes reliance on public transit– lots of spatial differences in terms of
ethnic & social patterns
B. Sector Model1. study done in 1939 by Homer Hoyt in
Chicago
2. land use NOT random: defined by functional sectoral wedges
- transportation “corridors” impact land uses- rail lines, major roads, public transport create
“sectors”
THE Hoyt “SeCTOR MODEL”
In his model, Hoyt is taking into account differences in accessibility and, therefore, in land values
along transportation routes
Indianapolis: Household Income
The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.
C. Multiple Nuclei Model
1. the Harris & Ullman Multi-Nuclei Model (1945) looks at a city as being multi-nucleated with a downtown center & satellite centers on the periphery
– presence of many competing decentralized centers– reflects influence of automobile
Five areas:1. CBD2. Wholesaling & light manufacturing area3. Heavy industrial area4. Residential areas5. Outlying suburban areas
Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.
URBAN MODEL COMPRISONS
St. Louis Metropolitan Area?
The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states.
Typical Present-day U.S. City
The “Galactic” City
D. Social Differences in Cities
1. Urban life different due to:
– large size– high population
density– socially diversity
Social Geography of U.S. & Canadian Cities
E. Political Definitions of Cities
1. Urban settlements defined in three ways:
– by a legal boundary (a self-governing political unit)
– a continuously built-up area– a functional area
Megalopolis
The Boston–Washington corridor contains about 1/4th of U.S. population.