Class-X G RAMMAR U NDERSTANDING A CTIVE AND P ASSIVE V OICE The Path to Effective Writing.

Class-X

GRAMMAR

UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The Path to Effective Writing

VERBS AND VOICEVoice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action.

There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

ACTIVE VOICE

Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE

In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

REASONS TO USE THE ACTIVE VOICE

Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct.

Compare

Active: The waiter dropped the tray of food.

Passive: The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

WHEN TO USE PASSIVE VOICE

In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice.

Use the passive voice in the following situations:

Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action.

Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

FORM OF PASSIVE VOICE VERBS

The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb.

Example:Active: John baked the bread.Passive: The bread was baked by John. (Was is a form of the verb “be”.)


Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be" , often called linking verbs, so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.

Review the forms of "to be":

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been


Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:

is kicked----------------had been kickedwas kicked-------------is going to be kickedis being kicked---------will be kickedhas been kicked-------can be kickedwas being kicked------should be kicked


Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action.

Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.


Examples: Passive: The cookies were eaten by the

children. Active: The children ate the cookies.

Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.

Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.

LET’S PRACTICE

Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice.1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of

tourists every year. 2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3. These books had been left in the classroom by a

careless student. 4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by

plantation workers. 5. The house had been broken into by someone

while the owners were on vacation.

LET’S PRACTICE

Directions: Change the sentences below to the passive voice.1. Children cannot open these bottles easily. 2. The government built a road right outside her

front door. 3. Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked

through the store. 4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her. 5. The construction workers are making street

repairs all month long.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Present Continuous Tense

Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O

Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O

EX: He is writing a novel at the moment.

A novel is being written (by him) at the moment.


The Present Perfect TenseActive: S + Has/Have + V3

ed + O

Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O

EX: He has just finished a novel.

A novel has just been finished (by him).


The Past Continuous TenseActive: S + was/were + V-ing + O

Passive: S + was/were + being + PP + by + O

EX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday.

A letter was being written (by him).


The Past Perfect TenseActive: S + had + V3

ed + O

Passive: S + had + been + PP + by + O

EX: He had finished his homework before 8.00 yesterday.

His homework had been finished (by him) before 8.00 yesterday.


The Future Continuous TenseActive: S + will/shall + be + V-ing +

O

Passive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O

EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow.

Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow.


The Future Perfect TenseActive: S + will/shall + have + V3

ed + O

Passive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O

EX: By the end of next week, he will have written 10 letters to her.

By the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her.

MODAL VERBS (MV) IN PASSIVE VOICE

Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms.

Active: S + MV (not) + V + O

Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O

EX: We can’t solve this problem.This problem can’t be

solved.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM

Active: S + Has/Have + O1 + V (BI)+ O2

S + Get + O1 + V (to-infinitive) + O2

Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O2 + PP

EX: My father had Tom wash his car.

My father had his car washed by Tom

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEVerbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing

+ Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive.

Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PPEX: He wants someone to take

photographs. He wants photographs to be taken.

Such verbs as “have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe” are used in the following passive structure:

Active: S + V + O + V (BI)Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-Infinitive

EX: The gravity makes things drop down.

Things are made to drop down by the gravity.

Note: The verb following “let” does not bear “to” in the passive sentence.


VOICEWith advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice.

<1>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-infinitive + O2

EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax.

The Council was urged to reduce the tax.


VOICEWith advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice.

<2>Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2

Passive: S1 + V + that + S2 + should be + PP

EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax.

He urged that the tax should be reduced.

OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE

PASSIVE VERB

After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/

consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/

say/think /understand …, we use the infinitive construction.

Simple Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is the same as that of the main active verb.

<1>Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

EX: People said that he was jealous of her.

It was said that he was jealous of her.


Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to + V+ (O)

EX: People said that he was jealous of her.

He was said to be jealous of her.

Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is earlier than that of the main active verb.


Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O)

EX: People say that he was jealous of her.

It is said that he was jealous of her.


Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O)

EX: People say that he was jealous of her.

He is said to have been jealous of her.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEWith advise/insist/propose/recommend

/suggest + Gerund + Object Active: S + V + V-ing + O

Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PP

EX: He recommended using bullet-proof glass. He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.

OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE

VOICEActive: S + V + O + V-ing

Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O

EX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.

Active: S + V + To-inf + O

Passive: S + V + To Be + PP + by + O

EX: She started to learn English 5 years ago.

English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O

Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O

EX: She started learning English 5 years ago.

English started being learnt 5 years ago.

EXERCISE

A piece of plastic had been swallowed by the child.

Two separate people were given rides in the new models by the designer.

Our dog is frightened by loud thunderstorms The store was kept open until 11:00 p.m. by

the overtired workers. The ball is hit straight into the bleachers by

the batter.

DIRECTDIRECT Am, is, areAm, is, are Shall/willShall/will CanCan MayMay MustMust Have/has toHave/has to Ought toOught to

INDIRECT Was/were Should/would Could Might

Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE

DIRECTDIRECT NOWNOW TOMORROWTOMORROW NEXT WEEKNEXT WEEK TONIGHTTONIGHT TODAYTODAY YESTERDAYYESTERDAY LAST NIGHTLAST NIGHT LAST WEEKLAST WEEK HEREHERE THISTHIS THESETHESE

INDIRECT THEN THE FOLLOWING DAY THE FOLLOWING WEEK THAT NIGHT THAT DAY THE DAY BEFORE THE NIGHT BEFORE THE WEEK BEFORE THERE THAT THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES

DIRECTDIRECT SIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PRESENT

CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT

CONT.CONT. SIMPLE FUTURESIMPLE FUTURE

INDIRECT SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONT. PAST FUTURE

1. STATEMENT

HE SAIDHE SAID TO ME

HE TOLD ME

THAT REPORTED WORDS

STATEMENT EXAMPLE

DIRECTDIRECT They said to me: “we are They said to me: “we are

going to visit Borobudur going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.” tomorrow.”

Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today. school today.

Anne told Agus: “My father Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night.got angry with me last night.

INDIRECT They said to me that they were going to visit Borobudur the following day.

Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day.

Anne told Agus that her father had got angry with her the night before.

STATEMENT EXCEPTION:IF THE INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE IS IN THE PRESENT TENSE, THERE WON’T BE ANY CHANGES IN THE REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH .

DIRECTDIRECT Cindy says: “ I will come to Cindy says: “ I will come to

your house tonight.”your house tonight.”

Indra says: “I have seen that Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.” film for twice.”

““Dessy says: “I meet my Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.”boyfriend every saturday.”

Chandra says: “I don’t like Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.”sport.”

INDIRECT Cindy says that she will come to my house tonight

Indra says that he has seen that film for twice.

Dessy says that she meets her boyfriend every Saturday.

Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

HE ASKED MEHE TOLD ME

TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

DIRECTDIRECT The teacher asked me: The teacher asked me:

Open your book page Open your book page 65!” 65!”

Siska asked Manu: “give Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! me a piece of paper”!

““Ronny told him: “call me Ronny told him: “call me tonight!tonight!

INDIRECT The teacher asked me to open my book page 65.

Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper.

Ronny told him to call him that night.

HE ASKED MEHE TOLD ME

NOT TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

DIRECTDIRECT Santy asked Edy: Don’t Santy asked Edy: Don’t

leave me alone leave me alone anymore!” anymore!”

Valenxia asked Indra: Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me “Don’t hurt me anymore”! anymore”!

““Subhan told them: Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me!“Don’t disturb me!

INDIRECT Santy asked Edy not to leave her alone anymore.

Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore.

Subhan told them not to disturb him.

HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

A. YES/NO QUESTION EXAMPLE

DIRECTDIRECT Ricky asked Henry: Does Ricky asked Henry: Does

your father work near your father work near here?” here?”

Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your “have you collected your homework?”homework?”

Dessy asked William: Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight?to Lippo tonight?

INDIRECT Ricky asked Henry if/whether his father worked near there.

Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework.

Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

B. WH- QUESTION EXAMPLE

DIRECTDIRECT The girl asked me: The girl asked me:

“Where Do you come “Where Do you come from?” from?”

My father asked my My father asked my brother: “Why did you brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last arrive at home late last night?”night?”

Handy asked the girl: Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite “what is your favorite movie star?movie star?

INDIRECT The girl asked me where I came from.

My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before

Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

DIRECTDIRECT The students said to The students said to

the teacher: “We the teacher: “We haven’t done our haven’t done our assignment.” assignment.”

My uncle said to my My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot sister: “I cannot come on your come on your birthday party next birthday party next month.”month.”

Patar asked Lina : Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?”“Do you love me?”

My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam?

Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!”

My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!”

My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”

TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH.

The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’

The slave asked his master, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a blow?’

‘Can you speak English?’ she asked me. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the

accused?’ the judge said to the lawyer. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’

asked Ulysses.

KEY

The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him.

The slave asked his master what he had done to deserve so severe a blow.

She asked me if I could speak English. The judge asked the lawyer if he had

anything to say on behalf of the accused. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had

anything to tell him.

TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO DIRECT SPEECH.

Mrs Phelps asked her if she knew she could take the books home with her.

Matilda answered it was very nice of her to tell her.

She said she would visit the library once every week.

Mrs Phelps told her not to forget to return the old ones.

Matilda asked Mrs Phelps if someone had borrowed 'Kim' from Rudyard Kipling.

Mrs Phelps answered that she had had it for a few days.

KEY

“DO YOU KNOW YOU CAN TAKE THE BOOKS HOME WITH YOU?”

“IT IS VERY NICE OF YOU TO TELL ME.” “I WILL VISIT THE LIBRARY ONCE EVERY

WEEK.” “DO NOT FORGET TO RETURN THE OLD

ONES.” “HAS ANYONE BORROWED 'KIM' FROM

RUDYARD KIPLING?” “I HAVE HAD IT FOR A FEW DAYS.”

refers to a phrase or expression that cannot be understood by knowing what the individual words in the phrase mean.

WHAT IS AN IDIOM?

58

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

words are put together to make a clever phrase that means something other than what the individual words mean

59

HUH?For example:Barking up the

wrong treeTo misunderstand a

situation and complain to a wrong person or blame a wrong thing

60

CAN I SEE ANOTHER EXAMPLE?

Being Cool as a Cucumber means being very calm and relaxed even in a difficult situation

61

OH, I GET IT…

This is a humorous expression that is used when you found out someone else was thinking about the same thing as you were.

62

TRY THESE ON YOUR OWN…

You got it…a couch potato. It’s usually someone laying around a lot!!!

Now try this one….

63

CAN YOU GUESS THIS ONE?

Very good, it’s… putting your foot in

your mouth. It means that you

said something you shouldn’t have.

64

THIS IS A LITTLE MORE DIFFICULT…

Did you guess it? I bet you did…it’s…

cat’s got your tongue.

It means that you don’t know what to say.

65

SEE IF YOU CAN FIGURE THESE OUT….

On a ballA dog’s

life

Holy Cow

Proud as a peacock

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CAN YOU FIND SOME ON YOUR OWN?

Get with a partner and see how many you can find.

Remember to illustrate them Be creative

You certainly couldn't call him modest because he's always blowing his own trumpet.

(a) saying how fit he is(b) saying how healthy he is(c) saying how clever he is(d) saying how tall he is

You can always rely on him to throw a spanner in the works and suddenly everything stops.

(a) make things go wrong(b) make things go slowly(c) make things go quickly(d) make things go right

He tried and tried and tried but in the end he decided the time had come to throw in the towel.

(a) stop running

(b) stop looking

(c) stop laughing

(d) stop trying My advice is to stop worrying about it and put

your best foot forward.(a) make a step

(b) make an effort

(c) make a start

(d) make a try

EXPANSION OF PROVERBS

Variety is the spice of life.Doing a lot of different things

makes life more interesting

Nothing ventured, nothing gained.

PRECIS WRITING The medieval period was the period of the

Imperial Cholas when the entire south India was under a single administration. The period between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries, during which the Chola power was at its peak, there were relatively few foreign incursions and the life for the Tamil people was one of peace and prosperity. It also provided the opportunity for the people to interact with cultures beyond their own, as the Cholas ruled over most of the South India, Sri Lanka and traded with the kingdoms in southeast Asia. The Cholas built numerous temples, mainly for their favourite god Siva, and these were celebrated in numerous hymns. The Prabhanda became the dominant form of poetry. The religious canons of Saiva and Vaishnava sects were beginning to be systematically collected and categorised.

Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of Rajaraja Chola I, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called Tirumurais. The hagiology of Saivism was standardised in Periyapuranam (also known as Tiruttondar Puranam) by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of Kulothunga Chola II (1133–1150 CE). Religious books on the Vaishnava sect were mostly composed in Sanskrit during this period. The great Vaishnava leader Ramanuja lived during the reigns of Athirajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I, and had to face religious persecution from the Cholas who belonged to the Saiva sect. One of the best know Tamil work of this period is the Ramavatharam by Kamban who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III..

Ramavatharam is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki, his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. Kamban imports into his narration the colour and landscape of his own time. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poetess Auvaiyar who found great happiness in writing for young children. Her works, Athichoodi and Konraiventhan are even now generally read and taught in schools in Tamil Nadu. Her two other works, Mooturai and Nalvali were written for slightly older children. All the four works are didactic in character. They explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane life

HEADLINE EXPANSION

Chhota shakeel men held for Dey’s murder Monsoon advancing in north India

LETTER WRITING Police officers found a live cobra in

the bag of a passenger at Calcutta airport on

Wednesday night. the police said the passenger

was on his way to Bangkok from Calcutta.

When a police officer wanted to know during

the security check what was in the bag, the

passenger replied that he was carrying food.

The police officer suspected that it was something

else. As he opened the bag and put his hand inside,

the cobra raised its hood.The passenger put the snake inside the bag and was led out of the frisking area. He later claimed that he was a magician. the snake which was about 3 ½ feet long was handed over to his father who had gone to see him off. He was fined Rs. 500 by the Customs officials for carrying the snake without permission. the police said he was released after the officials were satisfied with his testimonials.

WRITE ANY ONE LETTER BASED ON THE ABOVE ARTICLE:

Be yourself. You were standing in line just behind this man when the snake was discovered. Write a letter to your friend telling her what happened. Describe your feelings about the incident. How do you feel about the punishment given to the man?

BUSINESS LETTER-Be the policeman who discovered the snake. Write to your supervising officer, describing the event and complaining that the Custom Officials only fined the offender a mere Rs.500. You do not consider this a sufficiently strict punishment.

PHRASES

A phrase is a group of words that does not make complete sense. It usually begins with a prepositions.

example : in the middle, at the corner

PICK OUT ANY FIVE PHRASES FROM THE FOLLOWING MICHAEL JACKSON’S SONG:

As I, Turn Up The Collar On MyFavourite Winter Coat

This Wind Is Blowing in My MindI See The Kids In The Street,With Not Enough To EatWho Am I, To Be Blind?Pretending Not To SeeTheir Needs

A Summer's Disregard,A Broken Bottle TopAnd A One Man's SoulThey Follow Each Other OnThe Wind You' Know 'Cause They Got NowhereTo GoThat's Why I Want you to know.

I'm Starting With The Man InThe MirrorI'm Asking Him To ChangeHis Ways

And No Message Could HaveBeen Any ClearerIf You Want Make The WorldA Better Place(If You Want Make TheWorld A Better Place)Take A Look At Yourself, AndThen Make A Change(Take A Look At Yourself, AndThen Make A Change)

Class-X G RAMMAR U NDERSTANDING A CTIVE AND P ASSIVE V OICE The Path to Effective Writing.

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Transcript of Class-X G RAMMAR U NDERSTANDING A CTIVE AND P ASSIVE V OICE The Path to Effective Writing.