CLASS VIII 2015-16 - WordPress.com filePandit Jasraj (Hindi: पिडत जसराज; born 28...
Transcript of CLASS VIII 2015-16 - WordPress.com filePandit Jasraj (Hindi: पिडत जसराज; born 28...
HANDBOOK
ON THEORY OF
VOCAL MUSIC
CLASS VIII
2015-16
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, SURAT
Music Music is an art that puts sounds together in a way that people like or find interesting. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, or drums.
The word music comes from the Greek word μουσική (mousike), which means "(art) of the Muses". In Ancient Greece the Muses included the goddesses of music, poetry, art, and dance. Someone who makes music is called a musician.
Music is sound that has been organized by using rhythm, melody or harmony. If someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person bangs saucepans or pots in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music.
There are four things which music has most of the time:
x Music often has pitch. This means high and low notes. Tunes are made of notes that go
up or down or stay on the same pitch.
x Music often has rhythm. Rhythm is the way the musical sounds and silences are put
together in a sequence. Every tune has a rhythm that can be tapped. Music usually has
a regular beat.
x Music often has dynamics. This means whether it is quiet or loud or somewhere in
between.
x Music often has timbre. This is a French word (pronounced the French way: "TAM-br").
The "timbre" of a sound is the way that a sound is interesting. The sort of sound might
be harsh, gentle, dry, warm, or something else. Timbre is what makes a clarinet sound
different from an oboe, and what makes one person's voice sound different from another
person.
Indian Classical Music
Indian classical music is the art music of the Indian subcontinent. The origins of
Indian classical music can be found in the Vedas, which are the oldest scriptures in
the Hindu tradition dating back to 1500 BC. The Samaveda was derived from
the Rigveda so that its hymns could be sung as Samagana. These hymns
were sung by Udgatar priests at sacrifices in which the Soma ritual drink, clarified
and mixed with milk and other ingredients, was offered in libation to various deities.
This chanting style evolved into jatis and eventually into ragas. Indian classical music
has also been significantly influenced by, or syncretised with, Indian folk
music. Bharat'sNatyashastra was the first treatise laying down fundamental
principles of dance, music, and drama.
Indian classical music is monophonic in nature and based on a single melody line,
which is played over a fixed drone. The performance is based melodically on
particular ragas and rhythmically on talas. Because of the focus on exploring the
raga, performances have traditionally been solo endeavours, but duets are gaining in
popularity.
Divisions of Indian Classical Music
x Hindustani Music
x Carnatic Music
Hindustani Music
Hindustani music is mainly found in North India. Khyal and Dhrupad are its two main
forms, but there are several other classical and semi-classical forms. There is a
significant amount of Persian influence in Hindustani music in terms of the
instruments, style of presentation, and ragas such as Hijaz Bhairav, Bhairavi, Bahar,
and Yaman. Also, as is the case with Carnatic music, Hindustani music has
assimilated various folk tunes.
Carnatic Music
Carnatic music, from South India, tends to be more rhythmically intensive and
structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification
of ragas into melakarthas, and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western
classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and
shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have a
much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical
concert structure was put in place by the vocalist Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar.
Instruments: Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include
the sitar, sarod, surbahar, veena, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, violin, santoor,
pakhavaj and tabla. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music
include venu, gottuvadyam, harmonium, veena, mridangam, kanjira, ghatam and
violin.
Status in the 21st Century
An emergent trend of the past few decades has been that of fusion music, where
genres such as khyal and western music are intermixed to appeal to a wider
audience. Pandit Ravi Shankar was one of the earliest to have collaborated with
western musicians.
A few of the organizations that promote classical music include Saptak, Sangeet
Sankalp, which was established in 1989 and SPIC MACAY, which was established
in 1977 and has more than 500 chapters in India and abroad. SPIC MACAY claims
to hold around 5000 events every year related to Indian classical music and dance.
Pandit Jasraj
Jasraj was initiated into vocal music by his father. He received training from his elder
brother, Maniram, and later from Maharaja Jaywant Singh Waghela and Ustad
Gulam Kadar Khan of Mewat Gharana. In addition, he trained under Swami
Vallabhdas of the Agra Gharana. In 1960, when Jasraj went to visit Bade Ghulam Ali
Pandit Jasraj (Hindi: पि डत जसराज; born 28
January 1930) is an Indian classical
vocalist. He belongs to the Mewati
gharana of Hindustani classical music.
Jasraj was born in Hisar, Haryana in an
orthodox Brahmin family to Motiram, a classical singer. His family performed
the Mewati gharana style. Motiram died
when Jasraj was four, on the day he was to
be appointed as the state musician in the
court of Osman Ali Khan.
Khan in hospital, Khan asked him to become his disciple, but Jasraj declined saying
that he could not accept Khan's tutelage since he was already Maniram's disciple.
As a means of livelihood, Maniram took Jasraj as an accompanying tabla player.
However, at the time, like sarangi players, tabla players were considered minor
artists. At the age of 14, unhappy with his treatment as an accompanying artist,
Jasraj left and vowed not to cut his hair until he learned to sing. He finally cut his hair
after garnering his first AIR Radio performance, where he sang Raga Kaunsi
Kanada (a combination of Malkauns and Darbari Kanada).
Jasraj has many students, including Rattan Mohan Sharma, Sanjeev
Abhyankar,Girish wazalwar, Ankita joshi, Ramesh Narayan, Suman Ghosh, Tripti
Mukherjee, Pritam Bhattacharjee, Kala Ramnath and Sadhana Sargam.
In memory of his father, Jasraj organises a musical festival every year called
the Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh inHyderabad, India
In 1962, Jasraj married Madhura, the daughter of film director V. Shantaram, who he
had first met in 1955 during the filming of Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje. After their
marriage the couple lived in Kolkata for some time. They have a son, Shaarangdev
Pandit, and a daughter, Durga Jasraj, a television anchor and presenter. Madhura
has directed documentaries and children's plays, and directed and produced
ballets, Geeta-Govinda, Kaan Kahaani and Surdas, and the TV series, Faster Phene. Madhura made a film, Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj in 2009 and directed
her first Marathi film, Aai Tuzha Aashirwad, in 2010, in which her husband and Lata
Mangeshkar sang in Marathi.
Music composers Jatin-Lalit are Jasraj's nephews, and Sulakshana Pandit is his
niece.
Harmonium
A harmonium is a keyboard instrument similar to an organ. It blows air through the
air vessels reeds, producing musical notes. The harmonium sounds like
an accordion.
There are two sorts of harmonium. In a foot-pumped harmonium, the player pumps a
foot pedal which operates a bellows that sends the air to the reeds.
A hand-pumped harmonium has a hand bellows that blows the air. It is used in music
of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan and is also used in othe asian contruies. In
a foot pumped harmonium both hands are free to use the key board. In a hand
pumped harmoum only one hand can be used. Very skilled players pump enough air
with one hand, remove it and play with both hands wherever necessary. It is used as
an accompanying instruments in classical Hindustani music, Sufi music, bhajan
singing, musical renditions of the classics and a variety of genres. nomadic singers
string it and wear it around their shoulders and go from village to village taking part in
village fairs and festivals.
The reed organ is a rather young instrument. It was first made in France
by Alexandre Debain in 1840, who patented his Harmonium in Paris on August 9,
1840. In this instrument he used a pressure winding system, with free reeds. Since
that time his invention is used by many others.
Raga Yaman
Yaman (also known as Emaan in West Asia and 'Kalyani' in Carnatic classical music) is
a heptatonic (Sampurna) Hindustani Classical ragaof Kalyan Thaat.
Yaman emerged from the parent musical style of Kalyan, itself a style of
classical Carnatic musical tradition called thaat. Considered to be one of the most
fundamental ragas in the Hindustani Classical tradition, it is thus often on of the first ragas
taught to students. In the context of traditional standards of performance, Yaman ragas are
considered suitable to play at any time of the day, but they are traditionally performed in the
evening.
Thaat Kalyan
Related ragas Yaman Kalyan
Aaroha Sa Re Ga Ma(Kori Ma/trivra Ma) Pa Dha Ni Sa
Avroha Sa Ni Dha Pa Ma((Kori Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#)) Ga Re Sa
Pakad Ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ma(Kori Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#)-Pa-/Ma(Kori
Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#-Pa-Dha/Dha-Ni-Sa'(upper octave)
Vaadi Ga
Samvaadi Ni
Prahar (Time) Night (Pratham Prahar)
Raga Yaman:-
Asthai: Sa Ga -- Re Ga -- Ga Ga Ma# Ga Pa Pa Re -- Sa --
Ka Ro --- Cha Ma -- Aa Ya Ra -- Dha ha Ma -- Re --
Ga Re Ma# Ga Pa Ma# Dha Pa Ni Dha Pa Ma# Re -- Sa --
Vi -- Na --- Pa -- Ni -- Sa Ra Swa Ti Ma --- Ta --
Antara: Pa -- Pa Ma# dha Ni Pa Pa SA -- SA Dha Ni Re SA --
Vi -- Dha --- Bu Dhi Au R Aa -- Li Ka Ba La De --
Ni Re SA Ni Dha Ni Pa --- Ma# Ga Pa Pa Re Re Sa --
Na Vi --- Na Ka Lp Na --- Na Va La Ya Swa Ra De --
History of Music Therapy
Music therapy in the United States of America began in the late 18th century.
However, using music as a healing medium dates back to ancient times. This is
evident in biblical scriptures and historical writings of ancient civilizations such as
Egypt, China, India, Greece and Rome. Today, the power of music remains the
same but music is used much differently than it was in ancient times.
The profession of music therapy in the United States began to develop during W.W.I
and W.W. II, when music was used in Veterans Administration Hospitals as an
intervention to address traumatic war injuries. Veterans actively and passively
engaged in music activities that focused on relieving pain perception. Numerous
doctors and nurses witnessed the effect music had on veterans' psychological,
physiological, cognitive, and emotional state. Since then, colleges and universities
developed programs to train musicians how to use music for therapeutic purposes.
In 1950 a professional organization was formed by a collaboration of music
therapists that worked with veterans, mentally retarded, hearing/visually impaired,
and psychiatric populations This was the birth of the National Association for Music
Therapy (NAMT). In 1998, NAMT joined forces with another music therapy
organization to become what is now known as the American Music Therapy
Association (AMTA).